南師大真題.txt2機會靠自已爭取，命運需自已把握，生活是自已的五線譜，威懾呢們不親自演奏好它？（1）近來把此前自已用過的03-的英語語言學的所有試題打了出來，再加上自已考過的的英語語言學試題的回憶版本，都貼在上面。（2）此外，在我的BLOG裏有個語言學版塊。裏面尚有某些有關戴煒棟編寫的那本語言學的第1---8章的對應的考試題目，大家可以根據需要，自已下載。由于諸多題型很相似，相信會有協助。南師大英語語言學考試題目---初試一、單項選擇題。1.Thescholarswhoputforwardinteractionhypothesishold________.A)languageacquisitionisaprocessof“stimulus-response”.B)humansarepredisposedtoacquirealanguage.C)human’slinguisticpotentialitymustbecombinedwiththeenvironment.D)human’slinguisticenvironmentcanbeignoredaslongashumanshavelanguageacquisitiondevice.2.AmericanBlackEnglishis_______.A)asocialvarietyB)aregionalvarietyC)acombinationofsocialandregionaldialect.D)atemporaldialect3.AccordingtoBasilBernstein,elaboratedcodeisextensivelyusedby_________.A)middleclasspeopleandtheirchildren.B)working-classpeopleandtheirchildren.C)bothmiddleclassandworkingclasspeopleD)parentsofchildrenwithoutanydistinctionofsocialbackground.4.Readthefollowingtwosentencesanddecidewhatkindoferrorthelearnercommitsinthesecondsentence:HepracticedEnglishalotlastmonth.(1)*Shecomedbackhomeearlyyesterday.(2)Theerrorinthesecondsentencebelongstothecategoryof___________.A)mothertongueinterferenceB)overgeneralizationC)cross-associationD)performanceerror5.IntheSemanticTriangleadvancedbyOgdenandRichards,“thoughtorreference”is______.A)word,sentenceB)theobjectC)conceptD)symbol6.Theword“laze”isanexampleof_______inwordformation.A)acronymB)blendingC)functionalshiftD)backformation7.Pragmaticsisastudyof________.A)languagelearningB)languageacquisitionC)languageplanningD)languageinuse8.Alinguistisinterestedin_________.A)whatissaidB)whatisrightbothinsyntaxandinsemanticsC)whatisgrammaticalD)whatoughttobesaid9.InEnglishelementsinconstructionaregenerally_______.A)linearB)continuousC)discontinuousD)endocentric10.__________isasoundproducedbybringingthetipofthetongueintocontactwiththeupperteethtocreatetheobstruction.A)AnalveolarB)AbilabialC)ApalatalD)Adental二、名詞解釋1.linguisticuniversals2.languageacquisitiondevice:3.culturaldiffusion4.suggestopedia:5.polysemy6.utterancemeaning:7.coinage8.articulatoryphonetics:9.endocentricconstruction10.structuralchange:三、判斷1.AccordingtoChomsky,theword“competence”isnotlimitedtotheabilityofanidealnativespeakertoconstructandrecognizegrammaticalsentencesinhislanguage.2.Eskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnowbecausesnowissocommonintheirculturethattheyregarditfarlessimportant.3.PlatoandAristotlearguedthatthecategoriesofthoughtdeterminedthecategoriesoflanguage.4.Audiolingualism,contrarytoAmericanstructuralismandbehavioristpsychology,emphasizestheimportanceofregularpatterns.5.PeopleinthewesttendtoverbalizetheirgratitudeandcomplimentslessthanChinesespeakers.6.Itisunlikelythatthereisaprelinguisticstagewhenbabiesjustbabble.7.Whenvarietiesareclassifiedintermsofuse,theyarecalledregisters.8.Fromsociologicalviewwecanderivemeaningfromcontext.9.Therelationshipbetween“alligator”and“reptile”ishomonymy.10.Denotationidtheadditionalmeaningthananexpressioncarrieswhileoftenshowspeople’sattitudesoremotionstowardsthesubjectsbeingtalkedabout.11.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyAustinandhasbeendevelopedbyGrice.12.Alanguageisweakenedwhenitborrowslargenumbersofwordsfromotherlanguages.13.Searlesuggests5basiccategoriesofillocutionaryactsasfollows:assertives,commissives,expressives,informativesanddeclarations.14.Thereisasinglecauseoflanguagechange.15.Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.16.Spokenutterancessharesomecommonlinguisticfeatureswithwrittenutterances.17.Asmallsetofrulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,allofwhichareidiomatic.18.ICanalysisshowslinearrelationship,soithelpstoaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.19.Linguistsareinterestedinthesoundsthatconveymeaninginhumanlinguisticcommunication.20.Simplyspeaking,amorphemecanbedefinedasaminimalunitofmeaning.四、問答1.Ofallthetheoriesyouhavelearnedonlanguageacquisition,whichoneseemstoyoumostreasonable?Why?2.Pointoutthemarkeddifferencesbetweensociolinguisticstudyandtraditionallinguisticstudies.3.HowdoesthefollowingexchangeofconversationillustratethePolitenessPrinciple?A:We’llmissBillandAgatha,won’tyou?B:Well,we’llmissBILL.4.Whatisthedistinctionbetweensenseandreference?5.Howdoyoutellcompoundsfromthenoncompoundedwordsequence?6.WhatarethetwocriteriasuggestedbyChomskyforjudginggrammar?南師大英語語言學考試題目---復試一、判斷Passageone:Thestudyofhowwedothingswithsentenceisthestudyofspeechacts.Instudyingspeechacts,weareacutelyawareoftheimportanceofthecontextofutterance.InsomecircumstancesThereisasheepdogintheclosetisawarning,butthesamesentencemaybeapromiseorevenamerestatementoffact,dependingoncircumstances.Wecallthispurpose----awarning,apromise,athreat,orwhatever----theillocutionaryforceofaspeechact.Speechacttheoryaimstotelluswhenweappeartoaskquestionsbutarereallygivingorders,orwhenwesayonethingwithspecial(sarcastic)intonationandmeantheopposite.Thus,atadinnertable,thequestionCanyoupassthesalt?meanstheorderPassthesalt!Itisnotarequestforinformation,andyesisaninappropriateresponse.1.Illocutionaryactsarespecialcaseofspeechacts,referringtothespeaker’sintentioninutteringsomething.2.Becausetheillocutionaryforceofaspeechactdependsonthecontextoftheutterance,speechacttheoryisapartofpragmatics.3.Inmostcases,theillocutionaryforceof“Lookout!”isasuggestion.4.ThespeechacttheoryoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosophyJohnAustininthelate70’s.5.BillyandJoewerelong-timepals.OnetimeBillywasindesperateneedofmoney.Hiscarhadbrokendownandheneeded$300tofixit.So,heaskedJoeforaload.JoesaidhecouldlendBillythemoney.ThismadeBillyhappyandhesaidtoJoe;(a)“Youareaterriblefriend.”Itisnon-sarcasticanswer.(b)“Youareafinefriend.”Itisasarcasticone.PassagetwoInflectionalisatermusedinMorphologytorefertooneofthetwomaincategoriesorprocessesofswordformation,theotherbeingderivational.Thesetermsalsoapplytothetwotypesofaffixinvolvedinwordformation.Inflectionalaffixessignalgrammaticalrelationships,suchasplural,pasttenseandpossession,anddonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstwhichtheyareattached;thatis,thewordsconstituteasingleparadigm,e.g.walk,walks,walked.Awordissaidto“inflectfor”pasttense,plural,etc.Intraditional(pre-linguistic)grammaticalstudies,theterm“accidence”wasusedinthissense.Inthephraseinflectinglanguage(“inflectional”or“inflected”language),thetermreferstoatypeoflanguageestablishedbycomparativelinguisticsusingstructural(asopposedtodiachronic)criteria,andfocusingonthecharacteristicsoftheword.Inthiskindoflanguage,wordsdisplaygrammaticalrelationshipsmorphologically:theytypicallycontainmorethanonemorphemebut,unlikeagglutinativelanguages,thereisnoone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthesemorphemesandthelinearsequenceofmorphs.InlanguagessuchasLatin,Greek,Arabicetc.theinflectionalformsofwordsmayrepresentseveralmorphologicaloppositions,e.g.inLatinamo(Ilove),theformsimultaneouslyrepresentspresenttense,active,firstpersonsingular,indicative.This“fusing”ofpropertieshasledtosuchlanguagesbeingcalledfusionalandhadmotivatedtheword-and-amodelofanalysis.Asalwaysinsuchclassifications,thecategoriesarenotclear-cut:differentlanguageswilldisplaythecharacteristicofinflectiontoagreaterorlesserdegree.1.Alanguageinwhichnounshaveinflectionalpropertiesisaninflectionallanguage.2.Theaffix“un-”or“dis-”isaninflectionalaffix.3.Theagglutinativelanguageisalanguagethattypicallyexpressesconceptsincomplexwordsconsistingofmanyelements,ratherthanbyinflectionorbyusingisolatedelements.4.ManyEnglishadjectiveshaveinflectionalproperties.5.TheChineselanguageisanagglutinativelanguage.PassagethreeEachtonguedrawsacircleaboutthepeoplewhomitbelongs,anditispossibletoleavethiscircleonlybysimultaneouslyenteringthatofanotherpeople.Learningaforeignlanguageoughthencetobetheconquestofanewstandpointinthepreviouslyprevailingcosmicattitudeoftheindividual.Infact,itissotoacertainextent,inasmuchaseverylanguagecontainstheentirefabricofconceptsandtheconceptualapproachofaportionofhumanity.Butthisachievementisnotcomplete,becauseonealwayscarriesoverintoaforeigntonguetoagreaterorlesserdegreeone’sowncosmicviewpoint—indeedone’spersonallinguisticpattern.(vonHumboldt[1836]1971:39-40)1.Thispassagemainlydiscussestherelationshipbetweenone’spersonallinguisticpatternandaforeignlanguage.2.Accordingtotheauthorofthispassage,languageisapowerfulinstrumentthatallowsustomakesenseoftheworld.3.Thispassagerevealsthefactthatone’sowncosmicviewpointdetermineslinguisticorientation.4.Theauthorofthispassageseemstobelievethatlanguageandtheworldoutlookaretwosidesofthecoin.5.Theauthorofthispassageseemstoadvocatethatone’slanguagepresupposesone’swayofthinking.二、問答1.Giveexamplestoillustrateseveraldifferentapproachestomeaning.2.Whydoweneedtwoprinciplesofconversation,i.e.thecooperativeprincipleandthepolitenessprinciple?3.Whatdoesitmeanthatalinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notwhathethinksoughttobesaid?4.WhatistheadvantageofICanalysis?Take“Drivethecarnearthestation”asanexample.5.DescribebrieflythesocialdifferencesintheuseoflanguageamongspeakersoftheChineselanguage.三、評論Stateclearlytheinterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition,givingtheoreticalanalysisaswellasempiricalillustration.南師大英語語言學考試題目---復試一、單項選擇題。1.Thestudyofthewaylistenersperceivethesoundsiscalled______.A)acousticphoneticsB)auditoryphoneticsC)articulatoryphoneticsD)phonology2.Theword“FAQ”isanexampleof________inwordformation.A)acronymB)blendingC)functionalshiftD)backformation3._______isasoundmadebybringingthebackofthetongueintocontactthevelum,orthesoftpate.A)AnalveolarB)ApalatalC)AvelarD)Aglottal4.Therelationsbetweenthewords“animal”and“fox”are________.A)hyponymyB)polysemyC)homonymyD)synonymy5.Comparedwith“nurture”position,“nature”positionadvocatesthathumanbeingsareinnatelyequippedwith_______intheprocessofsecondlanguageacquisition.A)comprehensibleinputB)languageacquisitiondeviceC)competenceD)languagetransfer6.Fieldofdiscourse,_________,andmodeofdiscoursearethethreesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister.A)styleofdiscourseB)formalityofdiscourseC)tenorofdiscourseD)contentofdiscourse7._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A)SenseB)ReferenceC)ConceptD)Symbol8.Therelationshipbetween“married/single”is________.A)relationaloppositesB)complementaryC)gradableoppositesD)homonymy9._____wasbuiltonAmericanstructuralismandbehavioristpsychology.A)AudiolingualismB)DirectmethodC)SituationlanguageteachingD)Functionallanguageteaching10.Thesentence“Thehorseracepastthebarnfell”isanexampleof_________.A)simplesentenceB)complexsentenceC)ambiguoussentenceD)gardenpathsentence二、定義1.phoneme2.semanticfeatures:3.idiolect:4.homonymy:5.codeswitching:6.CriticalPeriodHypothesis:7.displacement:8.synchronicity:9.homonymy:10.inflection:三、判斷1.Inmostcases,theillocutionaryforceof“Freeze!”isawarning.2.Sincetheillocutionaryforceofaspeechactdependsonthecontextoftheutterance,speechacttheoryisapartofpragmatics.3.Interlanguageisasecondlanguage.4.Alllanguageschangethroughtime.5.Allgrammarscontainrulesfortheformationofthewordsandsentencesofasimilarkind.6.G.LeechproposestheCooperativePrincipleasasupplementtothePolitenessPrinciple.7.Themeaningofasentenceistheproductofbothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning.8.Illocutionaryactsarespecialcaseofspeechacts,referringtothespeaker’sintentioninutteringsomething.9.Dualityoflanguagedonatesthespokenformandwrittenformoflanguage.10.Tabooreferstoadescriptivetermusedinreferencetowords(oracts)thatarenottobeused(orperformed)in“politesociety”.11.Diglossiareferstoasociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.12.Similargrammaticalcategories(forexample,noun,verb)arefoundinalmosteverylanguageintheworld.13.Thereisnogenderdifferenceintheuseofintonationandlexicalchoices.14.Suchtypesofutteranceslikequestion-answer,greeting-greeting,apology-minimizationareadjacencypairs.15.Themeaningwhichthespeakerdoesn’tassertbutassumesthehearercanidentifyfromthesentencereferstothepresupposedmeaning.四、問答1.Discusstherelationshipbetweenthoughtandlanguage.2.Drawatreediagramforeachofthefollowingtoshowitssyntacticstructure.A.themanwiththehatB.Thechildfoundthepuppy.3.Givesomeexamplestoillustratetheerroranalysis.4.HowdoesthefollowingexchangeofconversationillustratethePolitenessPrinciple?A:Howdoyoulikemypainting?B:Idon’thaveaneyeforbeauty,I’mafraid.5.Whatisthedistinctionbetweensentencemeaningandutterancemeaning?6.Giveexamplestoillustrateseveraldifferentmethodsforadditionofnewwords.南師大英語語言學考試題目---復試一、單項選擇。1.AllthefollowinglanguagesbelongtotheIndo-Europeanfamilyexcept________.A).EnglishB)ChineseC)GermanD)French2.Fromlinguisticsisformalinthesensethat________.A)itstudieslanguagesthatexistedalongtimeago.B)itstudiessocialformalitiesinlanguagelearning.C)itisabranchofscience.D)itstudieslanguagechieflybylookingatitsformalstructure.3.Theword“faction”isanexampleof________inwordformation.A)acronymB)blendingC)functionalshiftD)backformation4.Thesentence“Hopefully,itwillnotraintomorrow.”wascriticizedin_______.A)formalB)functionalC)descriptiveD)prescriptive5.Greetingssuchas“Howareyou”and“Goodmorning”are________infunction.A)phaticB)informativeC)expressiveD)vocative6._______hasbecomeoneofthemainfeaturesoftheinterlanguage.A)FossilizationB)UtilizationC)AssimilationD)Deletion7.Generallyspeaking,_______isnotthetheoriesconcerninghowlanguageislearned.A)behavioristviewoflanguageacquisitionB)innatistviewoflanguageacquisitionC)interactionistviewoflanguageacquisitionD)psychologicalviewoflanguageacquisition8.Whenthenotionof______wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledoverintopragmatics.A)textB)contextC)textureD)intertextuality9.Theterm________referstoasociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.A)diglossiaB)langueC)paroleD)multiculturalism10.“ReceivedPronunciation”(RP)exemplifies_______.A)sociolectB)regionaldialectC)ethnicdialectD)idiolect二、定義1.allophone:2.polysemy:3.culturaldiffusion:4.speechcommunity:5.integrativemotivation:6.speechacttheory:7.context:8.surfacestructure:9.presequence:10.motherese:三、判斷1.Languageitselfisnotsexist,justasitisnotobscene;butitcanconnotesexistattitudes.2.IronycouldbeameanstosolvetheconflictbetweenCPandPP.3.Theprincipalfeaturesofaudiolinguilismareanemphasisonstructuresinlanguagewhichcanbelearnedasregularpatternsofverbalbehaviorandthebeliefthatthelearningisaprocessofhabitformation.4.Thedirectmethodproposesthattheteachershouldbesilentasmuchaspossibleandshouldencouragethelearnerstoproduceasmuchaspossible.5.Meaningshiftreferstoasemanticchangeinwhichthemeaningofawordchangesintime.6.Inmostcasestheillocutionaryforceof“It’snoisyoutside!”isawarning.7.Performativeswerethestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.8.Thefunctionwordsofalanguagearesometimescalledopenclasswords.9.Cognitivelinguisticsisanewbranchoflinguisticswithintheframeworkofsecondgenerationcognitivescience.10.Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfrotheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.11.Thefamoustypeofquestion“Haveyoustoppedbeatingyourwife?”isdisallowedincourt,becauseacceptingthevalidityofthequestionmeansacceptingitspresupposition.12.Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariants.13.ThebasicprincipleoftheIPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet)isusingoneletterfromAmericanEnglishtorepresentonespeechsound.14.Whorf’stheoryisatypicalexampleoflinguisticdeterminism.15Approbationmaximisonemaximofthepolitenessprinciple.四、問答1.Therearetwogroupsofwordsbelow.Analyzetherelationshipsbetweenthem.(a)sofa,chair,bed,furniture,table(b)happy/sad;buy/sell;awake/asleep2.Drawtwopossibletreediagramsforthefollowingsentencetoshowitssyntacticstructure.Theboysawthemanwiththetelescope.3.Specifythetwoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies.4Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology?5.Giveabriefintroductiontopredicationanalysis.五、評論Languageisnotanabstractconstructionofthelearned,profthedictionary-makers,butissomethingarisingoutofthework,needs,ties,joys,affections,tastes,oflonggenerationsofhumanity,andhasitsbasesbroadandlow,closetotheground.----WaltWhitemanDoyoushareyouropinionswithWaltWhitemanornot?What’syourunderstandingoflanguage?南師大英語語言學考試題目---初試一、單項選擇題1.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtothebranchesofphonetics?A)acousticphoneticsB)auditoryphoneticsC)articulatoryphoneticsD)learningphonetics2.Theword“partnerreduction”isanexampleof_______inwordformationoruse?A)acronymB)blendingC)euphemismD)backformation3.______isthestudyofhowlanguageworksinsocialinteraction.A)SociolinguisticsB)PsycholinguisticsC)CognitivelinguisticsD)Neurolinguistics4.Therelationshipbetween“tulip/flower”is_______.A)relationaloppositesB)complementaryC)gradableoppositesD)hyponymy5.______isthestudyofthelinguisticmeaningofwordsandsentences.A)SemanticsB)PragmaticsC)SyntaxD)Morphology6.______isoneofthemainfeaturesofinterlanguage.A)FossilizationB)UtilizationC)AssimilationD)Deletion7.Comparedwith“nurture”position,“nature”positionadvocatesthathumanbeingsareinnatelyequippedwith_______intheprocessofsecondlanguageacquisition.A)comprehensibleinputB)languageacquisitiondeviceC)competenceD)languagetransfer8.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsform________.A)minimalsetB)minimalpairsC)phonemiccontrastD)complementarydistribution.9.Therelationshipbetweenaspeechsoundandthemeaningitrepresentsis________.A)naturalB)arbitraryC)familiarD)non-arbitrary10.“ReceivedPronunciation”(RP)exemplifies________.A)sociolectB)regionaldialectC)ethnicdialectD)idiolect二、名詞解釋1.synchronicstudyanddiachronicstudy:2.linguisticimperialismandculturalimperialism:3.instrumentalmotivationandintegrativemotivation:4.phoneticsandphonology:5.linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity:三、判斷1).Standarddialectisaparticularvarietyofalanguagewhichanymemberofaspeechcommunitycanpossiblyuseregardlessofhis/hersocialandgeographicalbackgrounds,his/hergenderandage.2).Closedclasswordsarethecontentwordsofalanguage.3).Speakersofalllanguagesarecapableofproducingandcomprehendinganinfinitesetofsentence.4).Contexturalismattemptstodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthespeaker”.5).Odgen&Rechard’ssemantictriangleexemplifiedcontextualism.6).Languageisculturallytransmitted.7).Interlanguageissecondlanguage.8).Xbartheoryemphasizesthehead-centeredcharacteristicofphrasestructurerules.9).Whenthenotionoftexturewastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledoverintopragmatics.10).Prescriptivegrammarreferstogrammarian’sattempttolegislatewhatspeakers’grammaticalrulesshouldbe,ratherthanwhattheyare.四、問答1.Drawatreediagramforthefollowingsentencetoshowitssyntacticstructure.Hebelievesthatshelovesthatcat.2.Summarizetheindividualdifferencesinsecondlanguageacquisition.Specifythesixsenserelationsbetweensentences.南師大英語語言學考試題目---復試一、單項選擇題。1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A)Languageisasystem.B)LanguageissymbolC)Animalsalsohavelanguage.D)Languageisarbitrary.2.Theword“partnerreduction”isanexampleof_______inwordformationoruse.A)acronymB)blendingC)euphemismD)backformation3.Allwordscontaina_______.A)rootB)boundmorphemeC)prefixD)suffix4.Whenwesaythatwecanchangethesecondwordinthesentence“Heiswaitingoutside”withanotherwordorphrase,wearetalkingabout________insidethesentence.A)syntacticrelationsB)paradigmaticrelationsC)linearrelationsD)government5.Chomskyholdsthatthemajortaskoflinguistsisto_______.A)tellpeoplehowtospeakappropriately.B)studyreal“facts”indailysettings.C)lookfor“theuniversalgrammar”.D)tellpeoplewhatisrightinlanguageuse.6._______isaphrasewhichcanonlybeunderstoodasaunit,notasasummationofthemeaningofeachconstituentword.A)CollocationB)IdiomC)SemanticcomponentD)synonym7.“Wecandothingswithwords”----thisisthemainideaof______.A)theSpeechActTheoryB)theCooperativePrincipleC)thePolitenessPrincipleD)semantics8.Whichofthefollowingwordsisaderivationalone________?A)blackboardB)teachesC)considerationD)books9.Thefunctionofthesentence“Aniceday,isn’tit?”is_________.A)informativeB)phaticC)directiveD)performative10.________isnotasuprasegmentalfeature.A)AspirationB)IntonationC)StressD)Tone二、定義1.formality:2.constatives:3.illocutionaryact:4.phoneme:5.resultativemotivation:6.cognitivestrategies:7.criticalPeriodHypothesis:8.positivetransfer:9.comprehensibleinput:10.primingeffect:三、判斷1.Simplificationofgrammaroccurs,sodoeselaborationorcomplication.2.Fivegeneraltypesofspeechactssharethesameillocutionarypoint,butdifferinstrength.3.Speakersofalllanguagesarecapableofproducingandcomprehendinganinfinitesetofsentences.4.Phonologyisconcernedwiththeabstractsetifsoundsinalanguagewhichallowsustodistinguishmeaningintheactualphysicalsoundswesayandhear.5.Theanalystcollectssamplesofthelanguageasitisused,notaccordingtosomeviewsofhowitshouldbeused.Thisiscalledtheprescriptiveapproach.6.Theterm“learning”,whenusedoflanguage,referstothegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituation.Theterm“acquisition”,however,appliedtoaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofvocabularyandgrammarofalanguage.7.Broadtranscriptionisnormallyusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.8.Sensemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealphysicalworld.9.Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothesemanticstudyoflanguage.10.Languageisbotharbitraryandnon-arbitrary.四、問答1.Specifythecognitivefactorsinchildlanguagedevelopment.2.Drawthetreediagramforthefollowingsentencetoshowitssyntacticstructure.Theboywhowassleepingwasdreaming.3.Specifythefivetypesofsynonyms.4.Whatarethepossiblecausesoflanguagechange?五、評論Languageisnotanabstractconstructionofthelearned,profthedictionary-makers,butissomethingarisingoutofthework,needs,ties,joys,affections,tastes,oflonggenerationsofhumanity,andhasitsbasesbroadandlow,closetotheground.WaltWhitemanDoyoushareyouropinionswithWaltWhitemanornot?What’syourunderstandingoflanguage?南師大英語語言學考試題目---初試第一部分：英語語言學一、選擇題共10分，10題：選擇題很簡樸，只要看過書，基本上就能拿全分，我只能記得這樣些題：______isnotthevariableofregistertheory.A)fieldofdiscourseB)tenorofdiscourseC)modeofdiscourseD)styleofdiscourse答案是：D______isnottheruleofphonology.A)sequentialrulesB)assimilationruleC)deletionruleD)fossilization答案是：D______istheanalysisofinterlanguageandtargetlanguage.A）erroranalysisB）constractiveanalysisC)informalanalysisD)predicationanalysis答案是：A______proposedcompetenceandperformance.答案是：Chomsky裏面尚有一題是選speechcommunity的,題干是這個詞的名詞解釋。二、名詞解釋共30分，6題。1.allophone:2.Subcategorization:3.Cognitivestrategies:4.Bilingualism：5.Cr