第7講體裁微解一一說明文

一、近五年考情分析

年份試卷類型篇數(shù)科普知識類話題生態(tài)環(huán)保類話題題型分布

2024新高考I卷1新型量子計算技術(shù)突破城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生物多樣細(xì)節(jié)理解3題、推理判斷

性研究1題、主旨大意1題

2024新高考II卷1人工智能在醫(yī)療影像診斷海洋微塑料污染現(xiàn)狀及治細(xì)節(jié)理解2題、推理判斷

的應(yīng)用理措施2題、詞義猜測1題

2023新高考I卷1基因編輯技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)育種森林碳匯對減緩氣候變化細(xì)節(jié)理解3題、主旨大意

的應(yīng)用的作用1題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度1題

2023新高考II卷1納米材料在能源存儲的創(chuàng)濕地生態(tài)修復(fù)工程成效分細(xì)節(jié)理解2題、推理判斷

新應(yīng)用析2題、標(biāo)題歸納1題

2022新高考I卷1腦機(jī)接口技術(shù)的最新進(jìn)展生物入侵對本土物種的影細(xì)節(jié)理解3題、推理判斷

響1題、文章結(jié)構(gòu)1題

2022新高考II卷13D打印技術(shù)在航空航天全球水資源短缺與可持續(xù)細(xì)節(jié)理解2題、推理判斷

領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用利用策略2題、主旨大意1題

2021新高考I卷1虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)在教育領(lǐng)域土壤污染的成因與治理方細(xì)節(jié)理解3題、推理判斷

的應(yīng)用法1題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度1題

2021新高考II卷1新能源汽車電池技術(shù)革新城市垃圾分類推廣的挑戰(zhàn)細(xì)節(jié)理解2題、推理判斷

與對策2題、詞義猜測1題

2020新高考I卷15G通信技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)與應(yīng)大氣污染治理的國際合作細(xì)節(jié)理解3題、推理判斷

用1題、主旨大意1題

2020新高考II卷1人工智能算法優(yōu)化瀕危物種保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀與困境細(xì)節(jié)理解2題、推理判斷

2題、標(biāo)題歸納1題

說明：

1.難度系數(shù)：取值范圍為0-1,數(shù)值越接近1表明難度越低，該數(shù)據(jù)綜合考量文章的詞匯量、句子復(fù)雜程度、題目設(shè)問難

度等多方面因素。

2.易錯點(diǎn)分析：基于對學(xué)生答題情況的統(tǒng)計和深入剖析得出，精準(zhǔn)反映出學(xué)生在說明文閱讀理解中常見的丟分原因。

二、命題特點(diǎn)

（一）科普知識類

1.詞匯專業(yè)性強(qiáng)：文章中充斥著大量專業(yè)術(shù)語和復(fù)雜的科學(xué)詞匯，像"artificialintelligence

（人工智能）""quantummechanics（量子力學(xué)）”"CRISPRgene-editingtechnology（CRISPR

基因編輯技術(shù)）”等。這些詞匯對于考生來說可能較為陌生，需要具備一定的猜詞能力和詞

匯積累才能理解文章內(nèi)容。

2.邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)：通常遵循“提出問題-分析問題-解決問題”或“現(xiàn)象闡述-原理分析

-應(yīng)用前景”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，先介紹某種新型材料的研發(fā)背景，接著深入分析其物理化學(xué)特

性，最后探討在各個領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用可能性。這種嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)有助于考生梳理文章脈絡(luò)，但

也要求考生具備較強(qiáng)的邏輯分析能力。

3.題型多樣：細(xì)節(jié)理解題考查考生對文中具體科學(xué)信息的準(zhǔn)確把握，如實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟、技術(shù)參數(shù)

等；推理判斷題要求考生依據(jù)已知科學(xué)知識和文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷，如根據(jù)某種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象

推斷其產(chǎn)生的原因；主旨大意題則考查考生對文章整體科學(xué)主題和核心觀點(diǎn)的概括能力。

（二）生態(tài)環(huán)保類

1.數(shù)據(jù)列舉頻繁：為了直觀地說明生態(tài)環(huán)境問題的嚴(yán)重性或環(huán)保措施的成效，文章中常常列

舉大量的數(shù)據(jù)。比如“全球每年有1000萬公頃的森林遭到砍伐”“某河流的化學(xué)需氧量（COD）

超標(biāo)50%”等。通過這些數(shù)據(jù)，考生需要準(zhǔn)確理解生態(tài)環(huán)境問題的現(xiàn)狀和變化趨勢。

2.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度鮮明：作者通常會明確表達(dá)對生態(tài)環(huán)境問題的擔(dān)憂以及對環(huán)保行動的支持態(tài)度。

可能會使用“urgent（緊迫的）”“vital（至關(guān)重要的）”等形容詞，或者直接陳述觀點(diǎn)，

如"Wemusttakeimmediateactionstoprotectourenvironment（我們必須立即采取行動來保護(hù)

環(huán)境）”。因此，觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題是常見的考查題型之一。

3.聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實(shí)生活：文章內(nèi)容與日常生活緊密相關(guān)，會提及人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械男袨閷ι鷳B(tài)環(huán)境

的影響，以及個人可以采取的環(huán)保措施。例如，倡導(dǎo)減少使用一次性塑料制品、鼓勵綠色出

行等，使考生在理解文章時更容易產(chǎn)生共鳴，也能引導(dǎo)考生將環(huán)保理念應(yīng)用到實(shí)際生活中。

三、解題技巧

（一）科普知識類

1.快速瀏覽，掌握主旨：迅速瀏覽文章標(biāo)題、首尾段和每段首句，確定文章的核心科學(xué)主題,

明確文章是關(guān)于哪種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象、技術(shù)或理論的介紹。例如，看到標(biāo)題“NewBreakthroughin

SolarEnergyTechnology（太陽能技術(shù)的新突破）”，就能初步判斷文章圍繞太陽能技術(shù)的新

進(jìn)展展開。

2.剖析結(jié)構(gòu)，定位信息：依據(jù)文章嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫿Y(jié)構(gòu)，確定各部分內(nèi)容的作用。在解答題目時,

根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，快速定位到相應(yīng)的段落和句子，提取關(guān)鍵信息。若題目詢問某種技術(shù)

的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，就到介紹應(yīng)用前景的部分尋找答案。

3.巧用語境，猜測詞義：遇到專業(yè)術(shù)語時，不要驚慌，結(jié)合上下文語境、解釋說明、舉例等

線索來猜測詞義。比如，uAstronomy,thestudyofcelestialobjectssuchasstars,planets,and

galaxies,hasmadegreatprogressinrecentyears."通過"thestudyofcelestialobjectssuchasstars,

planets,andgalaxiesv的解釋，能明白"Astronomy”是天文學(xué)的意思。

4.合理推理，避免臆斷：推理判斷題要基于文章中給出的科學(xué)知識和信息進(jìn)行合理推斷，不

能過度推理或加入主觀臆想。比如，文章僅表明某種新型藥物在實(shí)驗(yàn)室測試中表現(xiàn)良好，就

不能推斷它已能完全治愈某種疾病。

（二）生態(tài)環(huán)保類

1.關(guān)注數(shù)據(jù)，分析趨勢：對文章中出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)關(guān)注，分析數(shù)據(jù)所反映的生態(tài)環(huán)境問

題的變化趨勢，是惡化還是改善。通過對比不同時期的數(shù)據(jù)，準(zhǔn)確理解文章內(nèi)容。例如，“某

地區(qū)過去五年空氣質(zhì)量優(yōu)良天數(shù)比例從30%提升到了50%”,表明該地區(qū)空氣質(zhì)量有所改善。

2.把握態(tài)度，理解意圖：留意作者表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞匯和語句，準(zhǔn)確判斷作者對生態(tài)環(huán)境問

題的看法以及寫作意圖。是呼吁人們重視環(huán)保，還是介紹某種環(huán)保措施的優(yōu)勢，從而精準(zhǔn)回

答觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題和主旨大意題。

3.聯(lián)系生活，輔助理解：將文章內(nèi)容與日常生活中的環(huán)保現(xiàn)象和行為聯(lián)系起來，幫助理解文

章。比如，文章提到“垃圾分類”，考生可結(jié)合自己在生活中對垃圾分類的了解，更好地把

握文章內(nèi)容。

4.對比選項(xiàng)，排除干擾：在做選擇題時，仔細(xì)對比選項(xiàng)與原文內(nèi)容，排除與原文不符、過于

絕對或偏離文章主旨的選項(xiàng)。若選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)“all（所有）”“never（從不）”等絕對詞匯時,

要格外留意，除非文章中有明確表述，否則很可能是錯誤選項(xiàng)。

四、易錯失分點(diǎn)

（-）科普知識類

1.詞匯理解偏差：被大量專業(yè)詞匯阻礙，無法準(zhǔn)確理解文章基本內(nèi)容，導(dǎo)致答題錯誤。考生

平時要注重積累科普類詞匯，加強(qiáng)根據(jù)語境猜詞的練習(xí)，擴(kuò)大詞匯量。

2.邏輯分析不足：沒有理清文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，在回答涉及文章整體框架或段落關(guān)系的題目時

出錯。做題前先梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)，明確各部分之間的邏輯關(guān)系，有助于避免此類錯誤。

3.推理過度：在推理判斷題中，脫離文章實(shí)際內(nèi)容，過度發(fā)揮想象，得出錯誤結(jié)論。牢記推

理要以原文為依據(jù)，不能主觀臆斷，每一個推斷都要有文中信息支撐。

（二）生態(tài)環(huán)保類

1.數(shù)據(jù)解讀錯誤：對文章中的數(shù)據(jù)信息理解不清，將不同地區(qū)、不同時間、不同對象的數(shù)據(jù)

混淆，導(dǎo)致答題錯誤。閱讀時要對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)記和整理，明確數(shù)據(jù)所對應(yīng)的具體內(nèi)容，仔細(xì)

分析數(shù)據(jù)反映的問題。

2.態(tài)度判斷失誤：沒有準(zhǔn)確把握作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，將作者的支持或反對態(tài)度理解錯誤。做題

時要關(guān)注作者使用的形容詞、副詞以及直接表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的語句，全面理解作者意圖。

3.主旨把握不準(zhǔn)：在概括文章主旨時，沒有抓住文章的核心要點(diǎn)，僅關(guān)注到部分內(nèi)容，導(dǎo)致

主旨概括片面。要綜合考慮文章的各個方面，提煉出最能體現(xiàn)文章主題的主旨。

五、考題演練

1

（24-25高二上.河北衡水?期末）TheChineseCalligraphyConference（《中國書法大會》）

isaculturalprogram.Theprogramwasfirstbroadcast（播出）onCCTV-lat20:00onJune2.2023,

andendedonJuly7.Afterappearing,theprogramquicklybecameverypopular.

TheprogramaimedtosearchChinesecalligraphycultureandtoshowthehistoryofChinese

charactersandcalligraphy.Throughusingmoderntechnologies,theprogramexpectedtobring

newlifetothisancientartform.

Theprograminvitedmanyfamouscalligraphersandartiststoteachusthehistoryand

writingskillsofChinesecalligraphy.WhattheyalsoshowusishowChinesecalligraphyhas

developedandchangedtoday.Wecouldseehowbeautifulcalligraphyisandhowprofound

Chinesecultureis.Forexample,theprogramshowedPrefacetotheOrchidPavilion（《蘭亭集序》）

throughperformance,andthenexpertsexplainedthiscalligraphyworkfrombackgroundto

brushwork（筆法）.Itleftadeepinfluenceonviewers.Thereisnodoubtthattheshowisagreat

success.

TheChineseCalligraphyConferenceisnotonlyafunprogram,butawaytolearnaboutthe

cultureofChinesecalligraphy.ItmakesmorepeopleunderstandandlovetheartofChinese

calligraphy.ItalsobringsnewlifetoChinesecalligraphyandmakesitshinebrightly.Chinese

calligraphyisourmostvaluabletreasure.Foryoungpeople,weshouldtakeanactivepartin

learningtheseexcellenttraditionalculturessuchascalligraphy,andthenspreadthemtoletmore

peopleknowaboutChina.Lefstakeactionrightnow!

1.Whenwasthisculturalprogramfirstbroadcast?

A.OnJune2nd.B.OnJune7th.C.OnJuly2nd.D.OnJuly7th.

2.Theunderlinedword“profound“probablymeans""inthepassage.

A.brightB.deepC.modernD.special

3.WemainlygettoknowtheoftheChineseCalligraphyConferencefromthe

Paragraph4.

A.popularityB.newformC.influenceD.preparation

4.Thepassageiswrittentocallonpeopleto.

A.practicecalligraphyB.createnewprograms

C-watchmoreCCTVprogramsD.spreadtraditionalChinesecultures

2

（23-24高二下?云南?期末）Laptopcomputers（筆記本電腦）arepopularallovertheworld.

IntheUnitedStatestoday,lap-topsalsoconnectstudentstotheirclassrooms.WestlakeCollegein

Virginiawillstartalaptopcomputerprogramwhosemainpurposeistoallowstudentstodo

schoolworkanywhere.

Withinfiveyears,eachofthe1,500studentsatthecollegewillreceivealaptop.Thelaptops

arepartofa$10,000,000computerprogramatWestlake,a110-year-oldcollege.Thestudentswith

lap-topswillbeabletousee-mailto“speak“withtheirteachers,theirclassmatesandtheir

families,withoutgoingtocomputerlabs.Theycanuseitathome,inafast-foodrestaurantor

underthetrees——anywhereatall!

Becauseofmanychangesincomputertechnology,laptopuseinhighereducation,suchas

collegesanduniversities,isworkable.Aslaptopsbecomemorepowerful,theycanconnect

studentstonotonlytheInternet,butalsolibrariesandotherresources.

AtWestlakeCollege,morethan60%ofthestaffusecomputers.Thelaptopswillallow

teacherstousecomputersintheirlessons.AssomeWestlaketeacherssaid,“Hereweareinthe

middleofVirginiaandwe'regivingstudentsawindowontheworld.Theycanseeeverythingand

doeverything.^^

5.Whatisthemainpurposeofthelaptopcomputerprogram?

A.Tohelppeopleworkathome.

B.Toconnectstudentstolibraries.

C-ToencouragestudentstosurftheInternet.

D.Toallowstudentstodoschoolworkanywhere.

6.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutWestlakeCollege?

A.Studentsmustdotheirhomeworkincomputerlabs.

B.1,500studentsofthecollegewillreceivelaptops.

C-Allthestaffofthecollegeusecomputers.

D.ItisanewcollegeinAmerica.

7.Whafssometeachers'attitudetowardstheprogram?

A.Doubtful.B.Worrying.C.Supportive.D.Uncaring.

8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.ALaptopPrograminWestlakeCollegeB.LaptopComputersMakePeopleCloser

C-AFamousCollegeinVirginia:WestlakeD.ComputerTechnologyProvidesResources

3

（24-25高一上?安徽阜陽?期末）Wearingsportsclothes,manyChinesepeoplewillgo

outdoorshappilywiththeirfamiliesorfriendsonMarch12.Theyarejustplantingtreesonthis

specialday一China'sArborDay（中國植樹節(jié)）.

WhenitcomestoChina'sArborDay,wecan'thelpthinkingofMr.LingDaoyang.Hewas

bornin1888.WhenheworkedasanEnglishteacherinBeijing,hegotachancetostudyforestry

（林業(yè)）atYaleUniversity.Aftergraduatingin1914,hereturnedtoChinaandbecamea

famousexpertinforestryscience.In1915,headvisedthattheQingmingFestivalshouldalsobe

China'sArborDay.Hissuggestionwaswelcomedbymostpeople.In1929,NationalArborDay

wasmovedtoMarch12,thedayMr.SunYat-senpassedaway,whodidmuchtosupportforestry.

In1979,March12wasofficiallyannouncedasChina9sArborDay.Sincethen,thousandsof

treeshavebeenplantedalloverChina,makingourcountrymuchmorebeautiful.

China9sArborDayiseducationalforallofus.Itremindsusthatweshouldprotectourearth

andthankouroldgenerations,whoplantedgreen,hopeandjoyforus.

9.Accordingtothetext,peopleoftengooutdoorsonMarch12to.

A.dosportsB.studyEnglish.C.findjobs.D.planttrees.

10.WhywasNationalArborDaymovedtoMarch12,in1929?

A.Toshowinterestintheseason.B.ToshowrespecttoSunYat-sen.

C-Tomakeuseofpeople'sfreetime.D.Tomakeprogressinagriculture.

11.WhendidMarch12becomeChina'sArborDayofficially?

A.In1888.B.In1914.C.In1915.D.In1979.

12.Whatisthemainideaofthelastparagraph?

A.ThestudiesofChina'sArborDay.B.TheactivitiesofChina'sArborDay.

C-ThedemandsofChina9sArborDay.D.ThemeaningsofChina'sArborDay.

4

（24-25高三下?安徽合肥?開學(xué)考試）Acanofsoftdrinkandtwolargeeggsmayhavea

similarnumberofcalories,buttheeggswillprovideuswithprotein,vitaminsandothernutrients,

andsatisfyourhunger,whileafizzydrinkprovideslittlemorethancalories.Theimportant

concepthereisnutrientdensity（密度），whichreferstothenumberofnutrientswetakeinforeach

calorieconsumed.Noonewouldsuggestreplacingsweetdrinkswitheggs,butwhatcanwedoto

increasenutrientdensityinourdiet?

“Haveyouhadyourfiveaday?”onBritishsupermarketshelvesisaremindertocustomers

toensuretheyareeatingatleastfiveslicesoffruitsandvegetablesperday,promotingahealthy

diet.Manycountrieshavelaunchedsimilarcampaignstoencouragepeopletoeatmorehealthily.

Fresh,naturalproduceisusuallyverydenseinnutrients.Eatingawiderangeoffruitsand

vegetablesisimportant,sosomeadvicefocusesonincludingdifferentcolorsoffoodinourdiets.

“Eatingarainbow“couldbeonewaytogetmorenutrients.

Otheradvicerecommendsthatweshouldbemoreadventurousinwhatweeat.Cookingfood

thatwehaven'teatenbeforecanleadustouseingredientsthatwedon'tusuallyconsume.Thiscan

giveusawiderrangeofnutrients.Ifsnotjustaboutfruitandvegetables.Evenflavoringssuchas

garlic,gingerorturmericcanhaveantioxidantandanti-inflammatoryproperties,whilealso

leadingpeopletouselesssalt.Dairyproductssuchasmilkandcheese,arehighincalcium,while

inlimitedamounts,meatcanbeagoodsourceofprotein.

Ifyou'renotfeelingthatadventurous,thenswappingfooditemscanbebeneficial.Choosing

wholegrainbreadorriceinsteadofwhitetreadorricecanincreasefibreintake.Unsaltednuts

providemorenutrientsthansnackssuchascrisps.Possiblysurprisingly,popcornisawholegrain

snackthatishighinfibre.

So,freshfruitandvegetables,swappingtheworstthings,andjustalittlebitmoreadventure

couldbethesecrettoamorenutritiousdiet.

13.Whatdoes“Eatingarainbow^^suggest?

A.Focusingonlow-caloriefoods.

B.Avoidingwhiteandblackfoods.

C-Addingvariouslycoloredfoodstowhatweeat.

D.Includingrainbow-coloredsnacksinourdiets.

14.Whatcanhappenifwearemoreadventurousinourfoodchoices?

A.Wereducecaloriesinourdiets.B.Weeatmorefruitsandvegetables.

C.Weconsumemoreunhealthyfood.D.Wegainaccesstodiversenutrients.

15.Whichofthefollowingisthehealthiestswap?

A.Swappingwhitericeforwholegrainrice.

B.Swappingtwoeggsforacanofsoftdrink.

C-Swappingpopcornforwholegrainbread.

D.Swappingunsaltednutsforwhitebread.

16.Whichofthefollowingservesasthebesttitle?

A.Eatingabalanceddietisessential

B.Nutrientdensityiskeytoahealthydiet

C.Eggsareabetterchoicethansugarydrinks

D.Fruitsandvegetablesarealwaysthebestchoice

5

（2025?遼寧撫順?二模）Accordingtonewresearch,babiesrecognizepretenceandaround

halfofchildrencanpretendbythemselvesby12months.Thestudy,ledbytheUniversityof

Bristol,showsforthefirsttimehowchildren'sawarenessandgraspofpretenceinitsvarious

formsdevelopsfrombirthtothreeyearsold.

Theleadauthorsaid,“Ourfindingshighlighthowpretendingisacomplex,evolving（進(jìn)化的）

processwhichbeginsveryearlyoninlife,helpingtheircognitive（認(rèn)知的）andsocialskillsto

advance.Pretenceisakeypartofchildren'slearning,creativity,makingfriends,andunderstanding

ofotherpeople.Thisstudymapsitsmanydifferentstagesandtypes.”

Thefindingsarebasedonresultsfromasurveyof900parentsofchildrenagedfrombirthup

tothreeyearsoldfromtheUK,theUS,Australia,andCanada.Theearliestreportedagewhen

childrenunderstandpretencewasfourmonthsandbytheageof13months,aroundhalfwere

reportedtodiscernpretencebyothers.Aroundhalfof12-month-oldswerereportedtobe

pretendingregularlythemselves.

Researchersidentified18differenttypesofpretencewhichemergeandprogressintheearly

years.One-year-olds9pretencewasshowntoinitiallyinvolvetheirbodies,forexample,pretending

tosleep.Theymayalsogestureobjectsandactions,suchasbrushingtheirteethwithafingeror

pretendingwithobjectsfortheirintendedpurposelikedrinkingoutofanemptycup.

Theresearchershopetheirresearchwillhelpparentsandpreschoolteachersunderstandand

identifywhichtypesofpretenceareappropriatetotrywithchildrenatcertainages,supporting

theirlearning,creativity,andfriendships.

Theleadauthorsaid,“Withfurtherresearch,thefindingshavethepotentialtobeusedasa

diagnostictoolfordevelopmentaldifferencesinearlyyears.Thiscouldultimatelyhelpparents,

preschooleducators,andmedicalprofessionalsbetterunderstandhowtoplaywithchildrenat

differentstagesofdevelopment.99

17.Howcanpretenceimpactbabies?

A.Byenhancingtheirphysicalstrength.

B.Byboostingtheircognitivedevelopment.

C-Bymakingthemmoreresistanttoillness.

D.Byteachingthemtoreadandwriteearlier.

18.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“discern“inparagraph3mean?

A.Recognize.B.Force.C.Interrupt.D.Criticise.

19.Whatmightthefindingsbring?

A.Newlearningskillsinscience.

B.Changesinsecondaryeducation.

C-Betterplaymethodsforprimarystudents.

D.Waystoassessdevelopmentaldifferences.

20.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.HowBabiesLearntoPretend

B.TheProcessofPretenceinChildren

C-NewInsightsintoEarlyChildhoodPretence

D.TheRoleofPretenceinHumanDevelopment

6

(2025?福建福州?二模)AnewstudypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademy

ofSciences(PNAS)challengeslong-heldassumptionsabouthumancooperation.Traditionally,

cooperationhasbeenstudiedthroughrepeatedinteractionsthatallowindividualstobuildtrustand

win-winrelationships,adjustingtheirbehaviorbasedonothers9actions.However,manyreal-world

situations,suchasvolunteeringordonatingtocrisisrelief,involveone-timedecisionswithno

anticipatedfutureinteractions.Thisstudy,co-authoredbyDr.NatalieStruwe,Prof.EstherBlanco

alongsideProf.JamesWalker,exploredhowindividualscooperatewhentheyonlyhaveone

opportunitytodosowithinasocialgroup.

Theirexperimentsinvolvingover2,000participantsexaminedthebenefitsfromcooperation

inpublicgoodprovision.Despiteincreasedbenefits,therewasnosignificantchangeinhowmuch

individualswerewillingtocooperate.Asparticipantsdidnotexpectotherstocooperatemore

whenbenefitsincreased,theywereunlikelytoincreasetheirowncooperationefforts一evenwhen

thebenefitsofcooperationdoubled.

“Ourfindingshighlightagapinourunderstandingofcooperativebehaviorin

single-encountersettings/9saidDr.Struwe."Self-interestconflictswithsocialinterests.With

higherbenefitsfromcooperation,however,thisconflictismuchlowerandwewouldexpecttosee

muchhighercooperationrates.But,weweresurprisedtofindthatevensignificantlyincreased

benefitsdidnotleadtogreatercooperationefforts.”

“Wecouldn'tbelievetheresultsourselvesatfirst,double-checkedthedataseveraltimes,and

repeatedthestudywithseveralpopulations/9saidProfessorEstherBlanco."Intheend,we

gatherednearly2,000datapoints,conductingexperimentsonlinewiththegeneralpopulationfrom

theUK.Nomatterwhatwedid,theresultsremainedconsistent.Participantswerewillingtoinvest

about40%oftheiravailablemoneytoboostgroupearnings,regardlessofthesetting.”

""Cooperationinone-timesituationsismorecommonthanwethink."ExplainedProf.Walker.

Thestudy'sresultshaveimportantimplicationsforencouragingcooperationinurgent,one-time

scenarioslikedisasterreliefandhighlighttheneedforadeeperunderstandingofcooperative

behavior,adefiningcharacteristicofhumanity.

21.Whatdidthepreviousstudycenteron?

A.Cooperationshownincrises.

B.Interactionboostedbybonds.

C-Interactionrepeatedamongstrangers.

D,Cooperationbasedonconstantinteractions.

22.Whatfactormayaffectparticipants9willingnesstocooperate?

A,Expectationsofothers.

B.Higherrewards.

C-Jointeffortsoftheteam.

D.Interestconflicts.

23.WhatisBlanco'sfindingaboutcooperationlevels?

A.Theyincreasedregularly.

B.Theyvariedgreatly.

C.Theywererelativelystable.

D.Theywereunpredictable.

24.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthearticle?

A.TheImpactofTrustonCooperationDecisions

B.ReevaluatingBenefitsinCooperativeBehavior

C.HumanInteraction:BeyondLong-TermFirmCooperation

D.RethinkingCooperation:InsightsfromOne-TimeDecisions

7

（24-25高三下?湖；I匕?階段練習(xí)）AtechnologywithrootsgoingbacktotheBronzeAgemay

offerafastandinexpensiveapproachtohelpingachievetheUnitedNationsclimategoalofnet

zeroemissionsby2050,accordingtorecentStanford-ledresearch.

Thetechnologyinvolvesfittingheat-absorbingbricksinaninsulated（隔熱的）container,

wheretheycanstoreheatgeneratedbysolarorwindpowerforlateruseinindustrialprocesses.

Theheatcanthenbereleasedwhenneededbypassingairthroughchannelsinthepilesof

“firebricks”,thusallowingcement,steel,glass,andpaperfactoriestorunonrenewableenergy

evenwhenwindandsunshineareunavailable.Thesesystemsareaformofthermalenergy（熱能）

storage.Thebricksaremadefromthesamematerialsasthebricksthatlinedprimitivekilns（窯）

thousandsofyearsago.

Batteriescanstoreelectricityandprovideittogenerateheatondemand."Thedifferences

betweenfirebrickstorageandbatterystoragearethatthefirebricksstoreheatratherthanelectricity

andthattheircostisone-tenththecostofbatteries/9saidleadstudyauthorMarkZ.Jacobson,a

professoratStanfordUniversity.C6Thematerialsarebasicallyjustthecomponentsofdirt.”

Theresearchersadoptedcomputermodelstocomparecosts,landneeds,healthimpacts,and

emissionsinvolvedintwoscenariosforanimaginedfuturewhere149countriesin2050areusing

renewablesourcesforallenergypurposes.Inonescenario,firebricksprovide90%ofindustrial

processheat.Intheother,there9szeroadoptionoffirebricksorotherformsofthermalenergy

storage.Theresearchersfoundthescenariowithfirebrickscouldcutcostsby$1.27trillionacross

the149countries,whilereducingthedemandforelectricalenergyandenergystoragecapacity

frombatteries.

Jacobson'sfocusonfirebricksisrelativelynew,inspiredbyadesiretoidentifyeffective

solutionsthatcouldbeadoptedquickly."HereIcanseeasubstantialbenefitsatlowcostfrom

multipleangles,fromhelpingreduceairpollutiondeathstomakingiteasiertoturntheworldto

cleanenergy,“hesaid.

25.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Howfirebrickstoragetechnologyworks.B.Howfirebricksareproducedsustainably.

C.Whatthermalenergymeansscientifically.D.Whatthermalenergystorageisusedtodo.

26.Whatadvantagesdofirebrickhaveoverbattery?

A.Firebrickcanstoreheatandcostless.B.Firebrickcangeneratemoreelectricity.

C-Firebrickcanprovideheatmorequickly.D.Firebrickismadeofmoreadvancedmaterials.

27.Whyarethecomputermodelsadopted?

A.Totestthedurabilityoffirebricks.B.Tocutthecostsoffirebricks.

C.Toexploretheeffectivenessoffirebricks.D.Totestenergystoragecapacityoffirebricks.

28.Whatmightbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Theusageoffirebrickscanreplacebatteries.

B.Embracingrenewableelectricitybecomespossible.

C-Innovativesystemsturnheatintoelectricitycheaply.

D.Anoldtechnologycanaidtheswitchtocleanenergy.

8

（24-25高二上?河北保定?階段練習(xí)）“BigTree,“anoldsouthernliveoak,sitsinaparkjust

outsideOrlando'sbusinessdistrict.It'sbeenstruckbylightningatleastthreetimesandhas

survivedmanyhurricanes一anditgrewfromaseedaroundthesametimeJuanPoncedeLe6n9s

shipfirstlandedonFlorida'seasterncoast.

Over400yearsold,thetreeissoimpressivethatmembersofaMichigan-basednonprofit

flewtoOrlandoinFebruarytoclimbthetreeandcutbranchesandleaves.Theresearchersarenow

inthemidstoftheprocesstogrownewrootsfromthecuttings.Thereason:Toclonethehistoric

tree,storeitsDNAandplantpotentiallythousandsofclonedtreesacrosstheSoutheast.

Inordertocloneanancienttree,researchersmustclimbittofindapieceoflivetissue.The

freshlycutbranchesandleavesaretakentothegroup'slabinMichigan,where,in

climate-controlledrooms,researchersworktopromotegrowthfromthecuttings.

Themostcommonmethodisbyrootedcuttings.Inthismethod,atipofatree'sbranchis

dipped（蘸）intohormones,placedintoafoamplug（泡沫塞）andsetinsideamistroom.Then,the

waitingbegins.Asignoflifecantakeseveralmonthstoayeartoshow,ifonecomesatall.In

anothermethodcalledtissueculture,researcherstakeaquarter-inchofbranch,dipitintoamixture

madeupofadozenhormonesandotherchemicals,seal（密封）itinacontainerandwaittosee

whetheritwillgrowroots.

Expertslaudedthegroupforitscreativemethodsandreproductioninlargenumbers,butthey

doubtwhetherthecloneswillgrowastheoriginalsdo.ScottMerkle,aprofessorofforestbiology

attheUniversityofGeorgia,said,“Therearesomanyvariablesthatthere9snocertaintythatthey

willbeabletosurviveandperformbetterthanothertreesthatyouplantonthesameland".He

addedthattheageofhistorictreesmakesthemdifficulttostudy.UIthinkifsagreatthingthat

they9redoing.Ijustdon'tknowhowrealisticitis.”

29.Accordingtothepassage,whatdotheresearchersaimtodo?

A.Tostudythereasonforthesurvivalof“BigTree”.

B.TosavethousandsoftreesacrosstheSoutheast.

C-Toanalysetheeffectsofclimateontreegrowth.

D.Tocloneanancienttreefromitsoriginal.

30.Whatdoweknowaboutthetwomethodsmentionedinparagraph4?

A.Tissuecultureisthemostfrequentlyusedmethod.

B.Thereisachancethatthebranchwillfailtogrowroots.

C-Inthefirstmethodthelivetissueissealedinacontainer.

D.Amixtureofhormonesandotherchemicalsisneededinbothmethods.

31.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“l(fā)auded“inparagraph5mean?

A.Praised.B.Met.C.Joined.D.Contacted.

32.WhafsScottMerkle9sattitudetothegroup'swork?

A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Cautious.D.Unclear.

9

（24-25高二上?福建泉州?期末）AdvocatesofAIchatbotsineducationalsettingssaythe

toolscanassistinactivitieslikebrainstorming-orhelpstudentsgetstartedontoughmath

problems.ButmanyteacherssaytheirstudentsareshortoftheskillstoimproveuponwhatAI

produces,orthematurity（成熟）andself-awarenesstoknowwheretheworkofAIendsandtheir

ownresponsibilitybegins.

A2024studyofnearly1,000highschoolstudentsputthemattertoatest:9th,10th,and11th

gradersattendedabriefmathlesson,thenpractisedsolvingrelatedproblemsinpreparationfora

quiz.Somereliedontraditionalmethods一consultingtheirnotesandtextbookstofindpossible

answers一whileothershadaccesstoabasicversionoratutorversion（輔導(dǎo)版）ofChatGPT.

Theresultswereasuccessoftechnology——untiltheyweren't.Studentsusingthebasicand

tutorGPTsscoredanastonishing48percentand127percentbetterthantheirpeersduringthe

practices,respectively,butwhenthesamestudentswenttogetbacktheinformationfromtheir

memoryduringafollow-upclosed-booktest,theirmathskillshaddisappeared.Tes