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UNIT2MORALSANDVIRTUESReadanddiscussthefunctionsandmeaningsofthe-ingform.Conclusion:現在分詞(v-ing)作狀語,其動作發出者是主句的_____,呈___(主/被)動關系。一般置于_____或______?,F在分詞(v-ing)作賓語補足語,常放在賓語后面,對賓語進行補充說明表示一個____________________的動作,強調一個過程或一種狀態。句首句尾主語主正在進行的主動性
一、現在分詞作狀語
The–ingformastheAttributive
狀語定義:
狀語(adv.)就是在一個句子中用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或整個句子的成分.用作狀語的通常是副詞,介詞短語,不定式,現在分詞,過去分詞和從句。
通常來說狀語就是為了說明一個動作/事情發生的時間,地點,目的,方式,原因、條件、結果、讓步等等。
所以,通常就會出現我們所說的時間狀語,地點狀語,原因狀語,條件狀語從句等等。IfoughtwithPeterfiercely
thismorning
intheclassroom
becausehecalledmeanidiot.1.現在分詞作時間狀語現在分詞作時間狀語時,相當于時間狀語從句。可在現在分詞前加連詞“when,while,until”等,使其時間意義更明確。Walkinginthepark,shesawanoldfriend.=When/while(shewas)walkinginthepark,shesawanoldfriend.2.現在分詞作原因狀語現在分詞作原因狀語時,可轉換為由since,because或as引導的原因狀語從句,這類狀語多放在句子的前半部分。Beingill,hecouldn'tgotoschool.=As/Because/Sincehewasill,hecouldn'tgotoschool.3.
現在分詞作條件狀語現在分詞作條件狀語時,可轉換為if,once或unless等引導的條件狀語從句。
Workinghard,you'llmakegreatprogress.=Ifyouworkhard,you'llmakegreatprogress.4.現在分詞作讓步狀語現在分詞作讓步狀語時,相當于一個以though/although/evenif/eventhough引導的讓步狀語從句。盡管被告知了很多次,但他還是犯了同樣的錯。Havingbeentoldsomanytimes,hestillmadethesamemistakes.=Although/Thoughhehadbeentoldsomanytimes,hestillmadethesamemistakes.5.現在分詞作結果狀語
表示自然而然的,意料之中的結果,通常放在句末。有時為了突出結果,現在分詞前可加thus,相當于so或sothat引導的結果狀語從句。Hewascaughtintheheavyrain,thus
makinghimselfcatchacold.Thehospitalhasrecentlyobtainednewmedicalequipment,allowingmorepatientstobetreated.
注意:不定式作結果狀語時,常與only,never連用,表示一種出乎意料的結果。Ihurriedtoschool,onlytofinditwasSunday.6.現在分詞作方式或伴隨狀語
謂語動詞表示動作發生的方式、背景或情況。此時現在分詞的動作和謂語動詞的動作同時發生?,F在分詞或分詞短語作伴隨狀語時可以轉換成并列成分。Marysatbythewindowoftheclassroom,readingabook.=Marysatbythewindowoftheclassroomandwasreadingabook.分析下列句子中現在分詞作狀語的類型:1.Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforthestation.2.Thechildslippedandfell,hittinghisheadagainstthedoor.3.Livingmilesaway,heattendedthelecture.4.Notknowinghisaddress,Ican’twritetohim.5.Helayinbed,readinganovel.時間狀語結果狀語讓步狀語原因狀語伴隨狀語7.現在分詞作評論性狀語
有些現在分詞(短語),沒有邏輯主語而獨立存在,往往位于句首用來
修飾全句,表明說話者的態度、觀點等。如:
judgingfrom/by由……判斷considering/(giventhat)...鑒于/考慮到……generallyspeaking一般說來roughlyspeaking大致說來franklyspeaking坦率地說honestlyspeaking誠實地說
strictlyspeaking嚴格地說oaccount把......考慮在內supposing/providing/(provided)/assuming(that)...如果/假設……(tobehonest/totellyouthetruth/tobeginwith/tobeexact/surprisingly/basically/importantly/essentially)
(一般來說),childrenarenaturallycurious.
(考慮到)thebudget,wehavedecidedtogiveupthetravelplan.GenerallyspeakingConsidering
8.現在分詞構成的獨立主格結構
一般現在分詞作狀語,現在分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。但有時句子的語義需要現在分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致,即現在分詞有自己獨立的邏輯主語,構成:n./pron+doing,這種結構稱為獨立主格結構。獨立主格結構通常用來表示伴隨的動作或情況,有時還可以表示時間、原因、條件或解釋整個句子。(獨立主格結構:n./pron+doing/done/todo/adj/adv/n/prepphrase)Shesatbehindthetable,herchin
restinginherhands.
Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.Theweather
beingfine,wewentoutforawalk.用現在分詞的獨立主格結構改寫句子Ifweatherpermits,weshallgothereonfoot.
,weshallgothereonfoot.AfterMarycameback,theydiscussedittogether.
,theydiscussedittogether.WeatherpermittingMarycomingback
現在分詞作狀語的注意事項1.現在分詞的時態:一般式(doing)與完成式(havingdone)1)現在分詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發生,用一般式(doing)作狀語;2)現在分詞的動作先發生,謂語動詞的動作后發生,用完成式(havingdone)作狀語。
(walk)inthestreet,Imetanoldfriend.
(finish)thehomework,hewentoutforawalk.2.現在分詞的否定式:not+doing;not+havingdoneNotknowingthenotice,hedidn’tcome.Nothavingmadefullpreparations,weputoffthesportsmeeting.Walking
Havingfinished3.現在分詞的語態:主動式(同時發生用doing/先后發生用havingdone)與
被動式(同時發生beingdone/先后發生havingbeendone)現在分詞作狀語時,用主動還是被動,取決于現在分詞與句子主語的關系,句子的主語就是現在分詞的邏輯主語。第一步:判斷語態,主動or被動第二步:判斷動作發生順序,同時發生or先后發生
(finish)thehomework,hewenttobed.
(show)aroundthelab,theywereledintoahall.
(talk)to,youshouldlookintotheeyesoftheperson.
(struggle)foryears,hefinallywonthechampionship.
(tell)forseveraltimes,hestillcouldn’tunderstandtherules.HavingfinishedHavingbeenshownBeingtalkedHavingstruggled
Havingbeentold主動,先后發生被動,先后發生被動,同時發生主動,先后發生被動,先后發生
二、現在分詞作賓語補足語The–ingformastheObjectComplement
賓語補足語(oc)定義:
賓語補足語是指:有的及物動詞,接了賓語意義仍然不完整,還需要有一個其他的句子成分,來補充說明賓語的意義、狀態等,簡稱賓補。Heisrunning.Heloves
music.Wemake
him
ourmonitor.
不及物動詞vi:本身意義完整,不需要跟sth/sb作賓語的動詞及物動詞vt:必須要跟sth/sb作賓語才能意義完整的動詞動詞v.+賓語+賓補介詞v.+賓語+賓補1.Wesawalightburninginthewindow.2.Ifelt
someonepatting
meontheback.3.Canyousmellanything
burning?4.Listentothebirdssinging.歸納:表示感覺和心理狀態的的動詞,即:_______動詞如:_______________________________________________感官see,hear,feel,observe,find,notice,catch(當場發現)等能用現在分詞作賓補的幾類詞:【特別提示】在see,hear,feel,watch等感官動詞后,既可用動詞的-ing形式作賓語補足語,也可用省略to的不定式作賓語補足語。用動詞的-ing形式時,表示動作正在進行,用省略了to的不定式時,表示動作從開始到結束的全過程。Isawhimrunacrosstheroad.(強調整個過程)Isawhimrunningacrosstheroad.(強調正在進行)歸納:表示“使”“令”“讓”等含有“致使”意義的動詞,即:______動詞如:______________________使役get,have,keep,set,leave,make,let1.Iwon'thaveyoudoingthat.2.Thissetmethinking.3.I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.4.Ican'tgettheclockgoingagain.注意:使役動詞+賓語+現在分詞(doing)作賓補,
表示讓...一直做某事,強調動作的持續性;使役動詞+賓語+動詞原形(do)作賓補,
表示讓某人做某事,強調一次性的動作。
使役動詞+賓語+過去分詞(done)作賓補,表示使某事被做;keep/have/get/leavesbdoing讓某人一直做
have/get/make/keep/leavesthdone使某事被做
make/let/havesbdoget/leavesbtodo讓某人做Hehasus
(laugh)
duringthelunchtime.Hismotherhashim
(clean)
hisbedroom.Iwillhavethewall
(paint)tomorrow.Theyusecomputerstokeepthetraffic
(run)smoothly.runninglaughingcleanpainted1.Withtimegoingby,IshowmuchinterestinlearningEnglish.2.MrsDengenteredtheclassroom,withagroupofstudentsfollowing
her.3.Withsomanypeoplelookingather,shefeltnervous.歸納:用于_______________的復合結構中,v-ingform對賓語起補充說明作用。
with+賓語+賓補常見的帶-ing作賓補的詞感覺,心理狀態使役動詞with的復合結構see/hear/watch/find/observe/notice/feel+sb/sth+doinghave/get/make/leave/keep+sb/sth+doingwith+n./pron+doing正在進行一直做,一直處于某種狀態主動◆單句語法填空。1)WhenIwasonmywaytoschoolthismorning,Isawtwowomen_______(sell)lanterns.2)Theoperatorlefthurriedlywiththemachine
(
run).3)Onthebankoftheriver,wefoundhim
(put)onatent,with
adog
(lie)onthegrass.4)Peter,acolleagueofmine,wasstandingonthebridgeandwatching
boats________(pass)by.5)Withthepianist
(perform)musiconthestage,theatmosphereisquiteromantic.sellingrunningputtinglyingpassingperforming練習:用-ing作賓補翻譯句子1.我覺得我心跳得更快了。
Ifeltmyheartbeatingfaster.2.我們看見太陽從山后升起。
Wesawthesunrisingbehindthemountain.3.別讓他等太久了。
Don’thavehimwaitingforlong.4.我沿著河岸騎自行車,我的寵物狗跟在后面跑。Icycledalongthebankwithmypetdogrunningbehind.summary:
現在分詞doing作賓語補足語作狀語動詞v.+賓語+doing作賓補介詞v.+賓語+doing作賓補1.時間狀語2.原因狀語3.條件狀語4.結果狀語5.讓步狀語6.方式和伴隨狀語注意事項時態語態否定式7.評論性狀語8.獨立主格用法一般情況:現在分詞作狀語,其邏輯主語跟句子的主語一致特殊情況:1)現在分詞作狀語,在句子中沒有邏輯主語2)現在分詞作狀語,有自己的邏輯主語,且其邏輯主語跟句
子的主語不一致主動式(doing/havingdone)與被動式(beingdone/havingbeendone)一般式(doing)與完成式(havingdone)not+doing;not+havingdone1)Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfound_____inthekitchen.A.smokeB.smokingC.tosmokeD.smoked2)Themanagerdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee_____thenextyear.A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryoutBC
Choosethecorrectanswers.3)IcanhardlyimaginePeter_______acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed4)Whenwegotbackfromthecinema,wefoundthelamp_______butthedoor_______.A.beingon;shut B.burning;shuttingC.burning;shutD.on;shuttingCC
5)Therewasaterriblenoise____thesuddenburstoflight.
A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed6)TellMarythatthere’ssomeone____forheratthedoor.A.waitingB.waitedC.waitsD.towait7)The_______waitercameuptousandsaid,“Youarewelcome.”
A.smilingB.smiledC.smileD.tosmileBA
A8)Theresultofthetestwasrather______.A.disappointedB.disappointingC.beingdisappointedD.disappoint9)People____inthecitydonotknowthepleasureofcountrylife.A.liveB.toliveC.livedD.living10)Thelibrary’sstudyroomisfullofstudents____fortheexam.A.busilypreparedB.busypreparingC.busilyprepareD.arebusilypreparingB
D
B
◆單句語法填空1)Unless
(see)thechangeswithyourowneyes,youwillneverbelievetheirgreatness.2)Hiscarbrokedownontheway,thus
(cause)himtobelatefortheelection.
3)
(walk)inthestreetwithhisdogfollowinghim,hefeltreallyfreeandpleased.4)
(finish)hiswork,hewentoutintothegardentohaveawalk.5)Heliftedthestone,only
(drop)itonhisownfeet.6)
(elect)ascaptain,Tomwasgreatlyencouraged.7)
(try)manytimes,hestillcouldn’tovercomethedifficulties.8)
(eat)atthecafeteriabefore,Tinadidn’twanttoeatthereagain.WalklingHavingfinishedtodropHavingbeenelectedHavingtriedHavingeatenseeingcausing主動,同時發生主動,先后發生被動,先后發生主動,先后發生主動,先后發生意想不到的結果必然的意料中的結果條件狀語從句11)
(spend)nearlyallhismoney,theformerwrestlercouldn’taffordameal.12)
(consider)hisage,littleTomisdoingareallygoodjob.13)Pressedfromhisparents,and
(realise)thathehaswastedtoomuchtime,theboyisdeterminedtostopplayingvideogames.14)When
(illustrate)abook,youputpictures,photographsordiagramsintoit.15)
(go)straightdowntheroad,youwillfindthecanteen.16)Thereisnogreaterpleasurethanlyingonthegrassland,
(stare)atthenightsky.17)Tomslowlywalkedaway,
(complain)aboutthecoldweather.18)It
(be)Sunday,manypeoplegotothegymnasiumtoworkout.HavingspentConsideringrealisingillustratingGoingstaringcomplainingbeing主動,先后發生◆單句寫作19)
(說實話),allofhissavingsaregiventochildreninafarawayvillage.20)Hanginghishead,theboystoodbythedoor,
(不敢說一句話).21)
(天氣允許的話),IwillmakeatriptoInnerMongolia.22)
(從外表判斷),itisverypeaceful,butinfact,awarwillbreakoutsoon.23)Groupactivitieswereorganisedafterclass,
(增強孩子們的團隊精神).24)Theactorintendedtoleavequickly,
(卻被他的粉絲包圍了).25)Newly-builtwoodencottageslinethestreet,
_____(把這座古城變成了夢境).26)Afterwehavemadefullpreparations,wearereadyfortheexamination.→
fullpreparations,wearereadyfortheexamination.27)Ifyougostraightdowntheroad,youwillfindthedepartmentstore.→
downtheroad,youwillfindthedepartmentstore.
→
downtheroad,andyouwillfindthedepartmentstore.HonestlyspeakingnotdaringtosayawordWeatherpermittingJudgingfromappearancebuildingupchildren’steamspiritonlytobesurroundedbyhisfansturningtheoldtownintoadreamlandHavingmadeGoingstraight沿......排列成行Gostraight非謂語基礎綜合練習——語法填空1.
Whenhesawthemistsrisingfromtheriverandthesoftclouds_____________(surround)themountaintops,hewasreducedtotears.(2020全國卷III)2.Theyrepresenttheearth_________(come)backtolifeandbestwishesfornewbeginnings.(2020全國卷II)3.
Later,theylearnedtoworkwiththeseasons,plantingattherighttimesand,indryareas,_________(make)useofannualfloodstoirrigatetheirfields.(2020浙江卷)4.
Whenwegotacall________(say)shewasshort-listed,wethoughtitwasajoke.(2019全國卷II)surroundingcomingmakingsaying淚流滿面入圍的非謂語基礎綜合練習——語法填空5.Danielfirstbecameinterestedinmushroomswhen__________(explore)theforestwithhisfather.6.Scienceandtechnologyisdevelopingveryquickly,____________(make)lifemucheasierformanypeople.7.Whydoyoukeepyourson____________(stand)undertheburningsun?8.Although__________(work)veryhard,hecouldn’tmakeenoughmoneytopayoffhisdebt.exploringmakingstandingworking非謂語基礎綜合練習——用-ing形式改寫句子1.Ifyouworkhardfromnowon,youwillcatchupwithothers.(現在分詞作條件狀語)Workinghardfromnowon,youwillcatchupwithothers.2.BecauseIdidn’tknowhiscellphonenumber,Icouldn’tgetintouchwithhimwhenIwasin
Shanghai.(現在分詞作原因狀語)Notknowinghiscellphonenumber,Icouldn’tgetintouchwithhimwhenIwasinShanghai.非謂語基礎綜合練習——用-ing形式改寫句子3.ThePresidententeredthehall,andseveraltopofficialsfollowedhim.(with復合結構)ThePresidententeredthehall,withseveraltopofficialsfollowinghim.4.WhenIsawthatJacksonwasclimbingoverthewall,Istoppedhim.(現在分詞作賓語補足語)WhenIsawJacksonclimbingoverthewall,Istoppedhim.非謂語進階綜合練習——句子美化06I’mhonoredtobeheretotellyousomethingaboutnovelcoronavirus(新冠病毒)inWuhan.InDecember2019,aninfectiousdiseasebrokeoutinWuhan.TheChinesegovernmentdecisivelycloseddownthecity.Itwastopreventthespreadofthedisease.Atthesametime,althoughcasesbeingfoundthroughoutthecountry,theChinesepeopleactivelyfacedit,togetherwithWuhantofighttheepidemic.Atthisparticulartime,weshouldgooutaslittleaspossible.Ifwegoout,wemustwearprotectivemaskstopreventourselvesfromgettinginfected.Inaddition,itisalsonecessarythatweshouldkeepgoodhabits.Weallbelievewewillwinthebattlesoon.21非謂語進階綜合練習——句子美化061.TheChinesegovernmentdecisivelycloseddownthecity.Itwastopreventthespreadofthedisease.---TheChinesegovernmentdecisivelycloseddownthecitytopreventthespreadofthedisease.---Topreventthespreadofthedisease,theChinesegovernmentdecisivelycloseddownthecity.22---Withthepurposeofpreventingthespreadofthedisease,theChinesegovernmentdecisivelycloseddownthecity.非謂語進階綜合練習——句子美化062.Ifwegoout,wemustwearprotectivemaskstopreventourselvesfromgettinginfected.--Ifgoingout,wemustwearprotectivemaskstopreventourselvesfromgettinginfected.23非謂語進階綜合練習——句子美化063.Itisalsonecessarythatweshouldkeepgoodhabits.---Itisalsonecessarytokeepgoodhabits.---
Keepinggoodhabitsisalsonecessary.24_________________________________(1930年12月30日出生),TuYouyou________________________(對醫學感興趣)whenshewasyoung.After______________________________________(1995年畢業于北京大學醫學院),sheworkedonmedicalresearches.Shealwayskeptherself__________________________(她日夜不停地工作).______________(嘗試了)over380times,shefinallysucceededindevelopingartemisinin(青蒿素).Becauseofhergreatcontributionsanddevotiontothemedicalfield,shewasawardedtheNobelMedicalPrizein2015,___________________________(變的世界矚目).Practice:Fillintheblanks.
BornonDecember30,1930wasinterestedinmedicinegraduatingfromBeijingMedicalUniversityin1955workingdayandnightHavingtriedbecomingworldfamous
BornonDecember30,1930,TuYouyouwasinterestedinmedicinewhenshewasyoung.AftergraduatingfromBeijingMedicalUniversityin1955,sheworkedonmedicalresearches.Shealwayskeptherselfworkingdayandnight.Havingtriedover380times,shefinallysucceededindeveloping
artemisinin(青蒿素).Becauseofhergreatcontributionsanddevotiontothemedicalfield,shewasawardedtheNobelMedicalPrizein2015,becomingworldfamous.Inmyopinion,sheachievedmakingusthink
howtoachieveourdreams.accident
['?ks?d?nt] n.事故;車禍;失事byaccident偶然地;不小心=bychancebydesign=onpurpose有意地,故意地accidentaladj意外的;偶然的accidentallyadv.意外地,偶然地Rangokilledthehawk
(accident).Officialssaythefireappearstobe
(accident).
accidentallyaccidentaloperation
[??p?‘re??n]
n.手術;企業;經營operatev.操作;使用;動手術operatorn.操作員;經營者put...intooperation實施;使...運轉operateonsb給某人做手術=do/perform/haveanoperationonsb【誤區警示】operate表示“做手術”時是不及物動詞,后面接on,然后接人或者身體的部位;表示“操作”時是及物動詞,直接跟賓語。whisper
['w?sp?(r)]vi.悄聲說;耳語;低語n.耳語(聲);低語(聲);傳言;謠傳whisper(sth)tosb向某人低聲說某事whisperaboutsth嘀咕某事whispersth.inone’sear在某人耳旁小聲說某事Itiswhisperedthat...私下說/據傳言…inawhisper=inalowvoice低聲地;悄聲地他正在睡覺,所以你最好低聲說話。Heissleeping,soyou’dbetterspeakinawhisper.
練一練1.Sheis__________astorytoh
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