2024學年第二學期徐匯區學習能力診斷卷高三英語試卷(考試時間105分鐘滿分115分)2025.4I.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Horsesaresmarterthanthey'regivencreditforHorsesarecapableofstrategicthinkingandplanningahead,anewstudyhasfound.ResearchersatNottinghamTrentUniversitymadeagameforhorses1theyhadtotouchapieceofcardwiththeirnosestogetatreat.Theymadeitprogressivelyharder,anddiscoveredthatthehorsesallchangedtheirstrategiesinthemostdifficultstage2(ensure)theywouldcontinuegettingtreats.Thestudy3(involve)20horses,whowereinitiallyrewardedwithatreatfortouchingapieceofcardwiththeirnoses.Inthesecondstage,a“stoplight”wasintroduced,andtherulewaschangedsothattherewardwasonlygiven4theytouchedthecardwhenthelightwasoff.Thisdidnotalterthebehaviourofthehorses,asthey5(observe)touchingthecardregardlessofthestatusofthelight.Inthefinalstage,researchersintroduceda“punishment”elementofa10-secondtimeout6playingorreceivinganyrewardsfortouchingthecardwhilethestoplightwason.Atthispoint,allthehorsessuddenlybegantoplaythegamecorrectly,onlytouchingthecardwhenitwouldleadtoatreat.Instantly7(switch)strategiesinthiswayindicatesthehorsesunderstoodtheruleofthestoplighttheentiretime,buthadnoreasontofollowtherulewhentherewasnoconsequenceforgettingitwrong.Thisshowedtheanimalshavetheabilitytothinkandplanahead—somethingpreviously8(consider)tobebeyondtheircapacity.“It'sfascinatingbecausetheyhaveaveryunderdevelopedpre-frontalcortex(前額葉皮質),whichis9wetypicallycreditwithproducingthattypeofthinkinginhumans.Thismeanstheymustbeusinganotherareaofthebraintoachieveasimilarresult,”saidDrCarrieIjichi,aseniorresearcheratNTU.“Thisteachesusthatwe10notmakeassumptionsaboutanimalintelligencebasedonwhethertheyare'built'justlikeus,”shesaid.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第1頁

A.pilotedB.preciselyC.barriersD.faultE.misjudgeF.life-threateningG.transitionH.prioritiesI.temptedJ.posedK.undeniablyYourrobotdriverisonitswayDrivinghasmanydownsides:There'spollution,traffic,findingaplacetopark.Butworstofallarethecrashes.In2023,anestimated40,990peoplewerekilledincarcrashesintheUnitedStates.Reducingtrafficcrashesshouldbeamongthenation'shighest11.Behindeachoneliemanyhumanerrors.Peoplegetbehindthewheelwhentheyaredrunkorsleepy,andtheytextortalkontheirphonesinsteadofpayingattentiontotheroad.Ortheysimply12roadconditions.Enormousworkhasgoneintoreducingthesehumanerrors.ButdatafromWaymo,Alphabet'sself-drivingcarunit,suggeststhatabetterstrategymightbetotakethedriveroutofthepictureandletvehiclesbe13bymachinesthatwillnevergetdistractedordrunk,orbe14tobreaktrafficlawsbecausethey'rerunninglate.Waymorobotaxishavelogged33millionmilesandthecompany'sfiguresshowthatWaymorobotaxivehiclesdeliver15bettersafetyperformance.Comparedwithcarsdrivenbyhumans,Waymovehicleshavebeeninvolvedin62percentfewerpolice-reportedcrashesand78percentfewercrashesthatresultedininjury.TimothyB.Lee,authoroftheUnderstandingAInewsletter,pointedoutthecrashes“weremostlylow-speedcollisions(碰撞)”that16noserioussafetyrisk.“Alargemajorityappearedtobethe17oftheotherdriver,”Leesaid.It'stooearlytoknowhowmuchself-drivingcarscouldreduce18crashes.Butit'sreasonabletohopethatWaymowillprovesaferthanhumandrivers.Governmentsatalllevelsshouldberushingtoknockdownregulatory19thatstandinthewayoffasteradoptionofdriverlesscarswhilealsoensuringthatthecompaniesmeetthehigheststandardsforsafetyandaccountability.InearlyJanuary,theAutonomousVehicleIndustryAssociationreleasedaproposedpolicyframeworkthataimstospeedthe20.Theassociationalsocallsforanationalsafetydatabasetoprovideabetterviewofcrashincidentsinvolvingself-drivingcars.II.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Arenoise-cancellingheadphonesdamagingourhearingskills?Noise-cancellingheadphoneshavebecomeapopularchoiceformany,offeringawaytoblockoutbackgroundnoiseandlettingusenjoymusicatlowervolumes.21,someexpertsareworriedthatusingtheseheadphonestoomuchmightmakeitharderforourbrainstoprocesssoundsproperly.ReneeAlmeida,anaudiologist(聽力學家),hasnoticedasmallincreaseinadultscomingtoherclinicwith22issues.Theymightfailto23whereasoundiscomingfrom,orstruggletofollowaconversationonthetrain,inabaroratarestaurant.Thecondition,knownas徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第2頁

auditoryprocessingdisorder(APD),isoftendiagnosedinchildren,sotheriseinadultswithsimilarissuesstruckAlmeidaas24.Almeidasuspectsthatthewidespreaduseofnoise-cancellingheadphonescouldbea25.Sheexplainsthatourbrainsareusedtodealingwiththousandsofdifferentsoundsatthesametimeanddecidingwhichonesareworthpayingattentionto.26,whenadogbarksoutside,thebrainquicklyidentifiesthesoundanddismissesitasunimportant.However,noise-cancellingheadphones27thebraintoasinglesourceofsound,suchasmusicorapodcast,potentiallyweakeningitsabilitytoprocess28sounds.Almeidaalsonotesthattheoveruseofnoise-cancellingheadphonescouldharmthedevelopmentalprocessbywhichchildrenlearnto29sounds.Foradults,itcouldmaketheirbrainslazy,justasmuscles30withoutexercise.Inbothcases,peoplecouldstruggletodistinguishspeechfrombackgroundnoise.Despitethese31,thereiscurrentlynoscientificevidenceprovingthatnoise-cancellingheadphonescauseAPD.Noristheresufficientdatashowingariseinthecondition.ButAlmeidabelievesthequestiondeservesattention.Prof.DaniTomlinfromtheUniversityofMelbourne32thatpeoplewhousenoise-cancellingheadphonesforlongperiodsmayfindlisteningharderwhentheytakethemoff.Butshesays“the33shouldnotbeoverlooked”,forhelpingindividualstolistentomusicandmoviesonplanesandtrains.“Insteadofsuggesting34noise-cancellingheadphones,weneedmorecomprehensiveresearchstudies,”sheadds.Fornow,Almeidarecommends35likeboneconductionheadphones.Shealsoencouragespeopletoactivelyengageinlisteningexerciscstomaintaintheirauditoryprocessingskills.21. A.Instead B.Moreover C.Otherwise D.However22. A.learning B.socializing C.hearing D.reading23. A.indicate B.locate C.recall D.sustain24. A.common B.raw C.odd D.predictable25. A.primarystage B.contributingfactor C.directconsequence D.temporarysolution26. A.Forexample B.Inconclusion C.Asaresult D.Onthecontrary27. A.expand B.reserve C.limit D.detect28. A.multiple B.external C.unfamiliar D.inviting29. A.clearaway B.attendto C.tuneout D.traceback30. A.strengthen B.tighten C.weaken D.stimulate31. A.concerns B.efforts C.threats D.trends32. A.protests B.suspects C.acknowledges D.opposes33. A.risks B.benefits C.requests D.costs34. A.monitoring B.tolerating C.purchasing D.abandoning35. A.alternatives B.restrictions C.opponents D.perspectives徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第3頁SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Geology,thestudyofthestructureandformationoftheEarth,isthebabyofalltheothersciences.Untilcomparativelyrecently,scholarspaidlittleattentiontorocksandrockformations.Indeed,thewordgeologyonlyappearedintheEnglishlanguagein1735andtookanotherseventyorsoyearstoentergeneralusage.GeologymadeitsfirstappearanceintheEncyclopaediaBritannica(大英百科全書)inthe1810edition.Despitethisinclusion,thescienceofgeologyremainedlargelyignoreduntilmuchlaterinthecentury.NowadaysthemysteryoftheEarthanditsformationfascinatesgeologistsacrosstheworld.However,fewpeopleknowthatthewholemoderndisciplineofgeologyandthewaywelookatourworldowesitsinspirationtoasinglemanwithanextraordinarypassionforlandscapeandrocks.ThatmanwasWilliamSmith,whowasbornin1769inthesmallvillageofChurchillinthesouthofEngland.FromanearlyageWilliamshowedastronginterestintheworldabouthimandaskedquestionsaboutthelandscapethatnoonecouldproperlyanswer.AsayoungboyWilliampickedupstrange-lookingstonesthatlayinthefieldsaroundhishomeandfeltthatsomeofthemostcommonpatternsinthesestoneslookedlikeanimalsfoundlivinginthesea.Heaskedthemenofknowledgeandscienceinthedistricthowthesestonescametofindthemselveshere.Noone,itseemed,hadanswerstohisquestionsoreventhoughtitremotelyinterestingtoaskthequestionsinthefirstplace.AchancemeetingwithamancalledEdwardWebbledtoWilliambeingofferedapositiontoworkdownthemines.Hecametorealisethatdifferenttypesofrocklayatdifferentlevelsashewentdeeperunderground.ThisledWilliamtosuggestthatolderrockslaydeeperthannewerrocks.Armedwithhisnewfoundinsightintothebirthofrocks,WilliamwalkedthelengthandbreadthofGreatBritainwiththeintentionofsurveyingandcategorisingallthewonderfullydifferenttypesofrocksthathefound.IttookWilliammanyyearsoffrustrationandhardshiptodrawahugemapofGreatBritainbyhand.Themap,ondisplaytodayatBurlingtonHouseinLondon,usesbeautifulcolourstoshoweverylayerofrockbelowinthemostprecisedetail.Uniqueinitstime,William'smapgavebirthtoeverygeologicalsurveythatwetakeforgrantedintheworldtoday.36.Whendidtheword“geology”starttobecommonlyusedintheEnglishlanguage?A.In1735.B.In1810.C.Around1805.D.Around1895.37.WhatcanbelearnedaboutthelocalscholarsinWilliam'sdistrict?A.Theywereveryknowledgeableaboutthelandscape.B.TheyencouragedWilliamtoexplorehiscuriosity.C.TheywereastonishedbyWilliam'sfindings.D.Theylackedbothknowledgeandinterestinrocks.38.WhatsignificantdiscoverydidWilliamSmithmakewhileworkinginthemines?A.Rockswereofthesametypeunderground.徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第4頁

B.Undergroundrockswereindistinctlayers.C.Newerrockslaydeeperthanolderones.D.Theageofrockshadnorelationtotheirdepth.39.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?A.TodescribethelifeandworkofWilliamSmithandhisimpactonmoderngeology.B.Toexplainthehistoryoftheword“geology”anditsdevelopmentinmodernworld.C.Todiscusstheimportanceofgcologicalsurveysinunderstandingthelandweliveon.D.TohighlightthechallengesfacedbyearlygeologistsinmappingtheEarth'srocks.(B)SamSchwartz,betterknownasGridlockSam,unsuccessfullytriedtointroducecongestion(擁堵)pricingtoNewYorkinthe1970s,whenhewasacitytrafficengineer.Some50yearslater,onJanuary5ththisyear,thecityfinallycollectedthecharge—thefirstofitskindinAmerica.Thescheme(方案)ismodelledpartlyonthatofLondon,wheresince2003adailycharge(currently￡15,or$19)hasreducedthenumberofcars,improvedairqualityandfundedtransitupgrades.NewYork'sversioncosts$9formostdrivers(withdifferentratesforlorriesandlow-incomeNewYorkers).ThezoneincludesManhattan'scentralbusinessdistrict,southof61stStreet,andmostoftheroads,tunnelsandbridgesthatconnectsurroundingareas.TheMetropolitanTransportationAuthority,whichoverseesthecity'stransportsystemandsomesuburbanlines,hopesthattheschemewillreducetrafficintheseareasby10-20%(trafficincentralLondonfellby18%inthefirstyear).Moneyfromthecongestionchargeisearmarkedformuch-neededimprovementstoNewYork'sageingsubwayandotherpublic-transportsystems.Willitwork?JoshuaandBenjaminMoshes,studentsatNortheasternUniversityandBrownUniversityrespectively,aremonitoringhowtraveltimesintoManhattanhavechangedsincethechargecameintoeffect.TheircongestiontrackercollectstrafficdatafromGoogleMapsevery15minutesacross19routesintoManhattan.ItistoosoontosaywhateffectthepricingwillhaveonNewYork'sroads,butthreechartsbelowoffersomecluesfromthefirst24hours.NewYork,averagetraveltime,minutes——FirstMondayaftercongestioncharge——Mondayaveragebeforecongestioncharge*HollandTunnelQueensboroBridgeBrooklynBridgeEarlyresultsareencouraging.Thetrackershowsthatthetimetodrivethe1.6miles(2.6km)throughtheHollandTunnelwascutbyhalfduringrushhour:fromanaverageof23minuteson徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第5頁

mostMondaymornings,tojust12onJanuary6th.ThetimespentcrossingtheEastRiverthroughtheQueensboroBridgewasalsocutbyhalf.DriversfromBrooklynstillfacedheavytrafficontheBrooklynBridge,however,andtraveltimeswithinthecongestionzonewerereducedoverallbyjust1%.Snowfallandotherunrelatedfactorsmayhaveplayedarole.Itwilltakemonthstofullyassesstheimpactofthecharge.40.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutSamSchwartziscorrect?A.HemanagedtointroducecongestionpricinginNewYorkinthe1970s.B.Hehasbeenworkingonthecongestionpricingschemeforabout50years.C.Heproposedtheconceptofcongestionpricingasacitytrafficengineer.D.HiscongestionpricingschemewaseventuallyadoptedbyLondon.41.Accordingtothepassage,themainpurposeofNewYork'scongestionpricingisto.A.provideanadditionalsourceofincomeforcitizensinNewYorkB.easetrafficwhileraisingmoneytoimprovepublictransportationC.increasethefinancialincomeoftheNewYorkCitygovernmentD.encouragethelocalresidentstousetheirprivatecarsmoreoften42.Whichofthefollowingisafactmentionedinthepassagetosupporttheclaimthat“earlyresultsareencouraging”?A.TraveltimesonthethreeroutesintoManhattanhavesignificantlydecreased.B.TrafficcongestionontheBrooklynBridgehassignificantlyimproved.C.DrivingtimethroughtheHollandTunnelhasbeenreducedbyabout50%.D.Overalltraveltimeswithinthecongestionzonehavedecreasedby1%.(C)Theconvenienceofmodernlifeisnothingshortofastonishing.AsIwritethis,myphoneiswirelesslysendingsomeofthegreatesthitsfromthe1700stomyportablespeaker.Icouldusethatsamedeviceto,withinmoments,getacartopickmeup,orhavefooddeliveredtomyhouse.Thefactthat,asaculture,weseekoutandcelebratesuchshortcutsisunderstandable.Theymakeiteasiertohavefun,andsaveustimeandenergy.Thatsaid,mostpeopleareabletosensethatconveniencehasadarkerside.Beforewegetintothat,itisimportanttounderstandwhyconvenienceissoseductiveinthefirstplace.Weoftenresistdoingthethingsweneedtodoinordertomakeprogress.Behindeverywell-intentionedplanliesthishorriblesenseofinertia(惰性).Whyisthisresistance—andourcorrespondingappetiteforease—suchanessentialpartofourmakeup?Here,insightsfromevolutionarypsychology(particularlytheideaof“evolutionarymismatch”)canhelp.Evolutionarymismatchistheideathatweevolvedforahunter-gathererlifestyle,andthatwhileourcircumstanceshavechangedcompletely,ourbrainsandbodieshaven't.Resistancewasanecessarycounterbalancetotheburstsofintenseactivitythatcharacterizedthelivesofhunter-gatherers:searchingforfoodindrivingrain,orrunningtoescapeadangerousanimal.It'sthereasonwestillask:“DoIreallyhavetobedoingthis?Shouldn'tIsavemyenergy?”Thepeoplewhochosetoremainshelteredduringsnowstorms,whentheprospectofobtainingfood徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第6頁

waslow,weremorelikelytoliveandpassontheirgenestothenextgeneration.Andsincethoseguysareourancestors,we'veinherited(繼承)thattendency.Sincethattime,ofcourse,innovationhaschangedthingsgreatly.We'vebenttechnologyandourenvironmentsatleastpartlytoserveournaturalinstincttoconserveenergy.Thequestionis:whatdowestandtolosebyfollowingourtendencytoprioritisecomfortandconvenience?Continuallychoosingtheconvenientpathlessensyourabilitytodealwithunavoidabledifficultics.And,fromanevolutionaryperspective,somemeasureofdiscomfortisjustascrucialtooursurvivalasrestandrelaxation.Ourancestorsdidn'tsurvivepurelybybeinglazy,butthroughacombinationofplayingitsafeandtakingnecessaryrisks:forexample,pushingthroughthepainandeffortofleavingafamiliarhome,inordertofindaplaceclosertosourcesoffoodandbetterprotectedfromtheelements.Itisthisdifficultyitselfthatshapesanddevelopsourcharacter.Inthetechnologicalworldwehavefashioned,wemustsometimesmakeaconsciousefforttoactinoppositiontoourinstincts.Asaculture,wemustremember—andremindouryoungpeople—thatwhileconveniencefeelsgoodinthemoment,ourcapacitytoadaptandovercomechallengesispartofourevolutionaryinheritancetoo,andcentraltotheadventureoflife.43.Whatdoestheword“seductive”(paragraph3)mostprobablymean?A.Attractiveandtempting.B.Usefulandpractical.C.Harmfulanddangerous.D.Annoyingandfrustrating.44.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoes“evolutionarymismatch”primarilyreferto?A.Theinconsistencybetweenpersonalgoalsandsocictalexpectations.B.Thecontrastbetweenmodernconvenienceandancientchallenges.C.Thecontroversyoverthehunter-gathererlifestyleofancientpeople.D.Theconflictbetweenournaturalinstinctandthecurrentenvironment.45.Accordingtothepassage,prioritizingconvenienceinmodernlifemay.A.leadtoalackofinnovationandprogressB.reduceourabilitytoovercomechallengesC.makeusoverlydependentontechnologyD.causeadeclineinphysicalfitnessandhealth46.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheBenefitsofModernTechnologyB.RejectingModernConveniencesforaBetterLifeC.TheDarkSideofConvenienceinModernLifeD.UnderstandingEvolutioninToday'sWorldSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第7頁

A.Butifthey'reapproachedintherightway,theycanstrengthenfriendshipsinthelongrun.B.So,beforemeetingnewpeople,rememberthatotherslikeyoumorethanyouthink.C.Itmightmeansupportingeachotherthroughdifficulttimesorfeelingcomfortablesharingyourthoughtsandfeelings.D.Andthemorefriendsyoumake,themoreconfidentyou'lllikelyfeel.E.Forexample,theremightbeasituationthatputstwofriendsincompetition.F.It'sclearthatfriendshipsareimportant,butmakingandmaintainingfriendsisn'talwayseasy.Howsomefriendshipslast—andothersdon'tIna2008study,psychologistsaskedparticipantstoratethesteepness(陡度)ofahill.Thosewhowereaccompaniedbyafriendjudgedthehilltobelesssteepthanpeoplewhowerealone.Thisisjustoneofmanywaysfriendshipscanchangehowweseeandmovethroughtheworld.Friendshipscanboostouracademicperformance,helpusdealwithsetbacks,andevenimproveourhealth.47Ifyoustrugglewithapproachingnewpeople,youarefarfromalone.Inaseriesofstudies,participantshadconversationsofvaryinglengthswithstrangers.Afterward,theywereaskedtoestimatehowmuchtheythoughteachstrangerlikedthem.Acrosstheboard,participantsratedtheirownlikabilitymuchlowerthanothershadactuallyratedthem.48Youmayevenwanttoentertheseconversationsassumingthattheotherpersonwilllikeyou.Psychologistsfindthatwhenpeopleexpecttobewell-liked,theyoftenunknowinglycomeacrossaswarmerandfriendlier.Next,what'shappeningwhenrelationshipsgrow?Psychologistshaveidentifiedtwokeyfeatures:companionshipandcloseness.Companionshipisdefinedastheunderstandingthatincreasesbetweenpeoplewithsimilarhobbies,interests,orvalues.Sometimes,justbeinginthesameclassorteamisenoughtobuildthisconnection.Closeness,ontheotherhand,looksdifferentforeveryrelationship.49Butsimplytellingafriendaboutyourdayorsharingyourinterestscanhelpbuildclosenesstoo.Whileeveryfriendshipdevelopsonitsowntimeline,consistencycanhelp.Thiscanincludestickingtoplans,chattingregularly,andrememberingthethingsthatareimportanttoeachother.Yeteventheclosestfriendshipsfacechallenges.Thisisespeciallytrueforteenagefriendships.Relationshipsmayalsoweakenwhenonefriendcan'tsupporttheotherthroughhardtimes.Themostsurefirewaytodealwiththeseproblemsistotalkaboutthem.Theseconversationscanbetoughandawkward.50III.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.51.Howtoimproveclinicaltrials?Lastyear,aSwissmedicinecompanypublishedareviewoftheclinicaltrialsondrugsithadheldbetween2016and2021.Itfoundthatblackpeoplewereunder-representedinallbutone.徐匯區高三英語本卷共9頁第8頁

Surprisingly,thatnewsrepresentsprogress,becauseitshowsthatpeoplearebecomingmoreawareofadangerousbias(偏見)thatsetsbackthesafetyofmedicaltreatments.Manytrialsleaveoutcertaingroups—children,forexample,orpeoplewithphysicalorlearningdisabilities,pregnantwomenandtheelderly.Therearegoodexplanationsfortheexclusion,suchasthedifficultyofgettinginformedpermissionorthepotentialharmtounbornchildren.Yettheconsequencescanbeserious.Arecentreviewfoundthathalfoftrialsaroundtheworldtestinghip-fracture(髖骨骨折)interventionsexcludedpeoplewholivedinnursinghomes,wereoldorhadsomesortofunderstandingproblems.Thoughthesegroupsmakeupalmostathirdofallpatientssufferinghipfractures,itisuncleariftheinterventionswillworkassafelyoraseffectivelyonthem.Theirdoctorsfaceatoughchoice:telltheirpatientstotakethemedicineanyway,withuncertainresults;ordenythemnewtreatments.Obtaininginformedpermissionfortrialsisnotalwayseasy,especiallyfrompeoplewi