2024年英語專業四級考試模擬題和答案解析PartIDictation(15minutes)Directions:Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyoufourtimes.Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbedoneatnormalspeed,listenandtrytounderstandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillbereadsentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,withintervalsof15seconds.Thelastreadingwillbedoneatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.Youwillthenbegiven2minutestocheckthroughyourworkoncemore.Nowlistentothepassage.Passage:Theimportanceofreadingcannotbeoverstated.Itisafundamentalskillthatopensthedoortoknowledgeandpersonalgrowth.Throughreading,wecanexploredifferentcultures,learnabouthistory,andgainnewperspectives.Readingalsoenhancesourlanguageskills,includingvocabulary,grammar,andcomprehension.Itallowsustocommunicatemoreeffectivelyandexpressourthoughtsandideasclearly.Moreover,readingisagreatformofentertainment.Itcantransportustodifferentworlds,introduceustointerestingcharacters,andkeepusengagedforhours.Whetherit'sanovel,anewspaper,oranonlinearticle,readingenrichesourlivesincountlessways.PartIIListeningComprehension(20minutes)SectionAConversationsDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearseveralconversations.Listentotheconversationscarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Conversation1W:Hi,Mark.Howwasyourweekend?M:Itwasgreat!Iwenthikinginthemountains.Thescenerywasamazing.Therewerebeautifulflowersandclearstreams.W:Soundswonderful.Didyougoalone?M:No,Iwentwithafewfriends.Wealsohadapicnicbythestream.W:That'sreallycool.Howlongdidyoustaythere?M:Weleftearlyinthemorningandcamebackintheevening.So,wewerethereforabouttenhours.Question1:WhatdidMarkdolastweekend?A.Hewentfishing.B.Hewenthiking.C.Hewentcamping.Answer:B.Themanclearlysays“Iwenthikinginthemountains”intheconversation,sotheanswerisB.Question2:WhodidMarkgowith?A.Hisfamily.B.Hiscolleagues.C.Hisfriends.Answer:C.Markreplies“Iwentwithafewfriends”whenaskedabouthiscompanions,sotheanswerisC.Question3:HowlongdidMarkstayinthemountains?A.About8hours.B.About10hours.C.About12hours.Answer:B.Marksays“Weleftearlyinthemorningandcamebackintheevening.So,wewerethereforabouttenhours”,sotheanswerisB.Conversation2W:Excuseme,sir.I'mlookingforabookonmodernart.M:Well,youcanfindbooksonartonthethirdfloor.Butspecificallyformodernart,youshouldgotothesectionBonthethirdfloor.W:Thankyou.Anddoyouhaveacopyof“TheHistoryofModernArt”?M:Letmecheckthecomputer.Oh,I'msorry.Wedon'thaveitatthemoment,butyoucanreserveit.We'llgetitforyouassoonaspossible.W:Okay.Howlongdoesitusuallytaketogetareservedbook?M:Itdepends.Sometimesittakesaboutaweek,butinsomecases,itcouldbetwoweeks.Question4:Wherecanthewomanfindbooksonmodernart?A.Onthesecondfloor,sectionA.B.Onthethirdfloor,sectionB.C.Onthefourthfloor,sectionC.Answer:B.Themantellsthewoman“Butspecificallyformodernart,youshouldgotothesectionBonthethirdfloor”,sotheanswerisB.Question5:Whatcanwelearnaboutthebook“TheHistoryofModernArt”?A.Thelibraryhasacopy.B.Thewomancanborrowitimmediately.C.Thewomancanreserveit.Answer:C.Themansays“Wedon'thaveitatthemoment,butyoucanreserveit”,sotheanswerisC.Question6:Howlongdoesitusuallytaketogetareservedbook?A.Aboutoneweek.B.Abouttwoweeks.C.Itvaries.Answer:C.Themansays“Itdepends.Sometimesittakesaboutaweek,butinsomecases,itcouldbetwoweeks”,whichmeansitvaries,sotheanswerisC.SectionBPassagesDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearseveralpassages.Listentothepassagescarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Passage1Manypeoplethinkthatzoosarecruel.Theybelievethatanimalsshouldliveintheirnaturalhabitats,notincages.However,zooscanalsoplayanimportantroleinconservation.Zoosoftenhavebreedingprogramsforendangeredspecies.Theseprogramshelptoincreasethepopulationoftheseanimals.Forexample,thegiantpanda,whichisanendangeredspecies,hasbeensuccessfullybredinmanyzoosaroundtheworld.Zoosalsoeducatethepublicaboutanimalsandtheirhabitats.Theyoffervisitorsachancetoseeanimalsup-closethattheymightneverseeinthewild.Thiscanhelptoraiseawarenessabouttheimportanceofprotectingtheseanimalsandtheirhabitats.Question7:Whatdosomepeoplethinkofzoos?A.Theyareusefulforeducation.B.Theyarecrueltoanimals.C.Theyaregoodforconservation.Answer:B.Thepassagestates“Manypeoplethinkthatzoosarecruel”,sotheanswerisB.Question8:Whatrolecanzoosplayaccordingtothepassage?A.Theycanhelpendangeredspeciesreproduce.B.Theycanpreventanimalsfromgettingsick.C.Theycantrainanimalstoperformtricks.Answer:A.Thepassagementions“Zoosoftenhavebreedingprogramsforendangeredspecies.Theseprogramshelptoincreasethepopulationoftheseanimals”,sotheanswerisA.Question9:Whatcanzoosdotothepublic?A.Theycanmakepeopleafraidofanimals.B.Theycanteachpeoplehowtotrainanimals.C.Theycanraisepeople'sawarenessofanimalprotection.Answer:C.Thepassagesays“Thiscanhelptoraiseawarenessabouttheimportanceofprotectingtheseanimalsandtheirhabitats”,sotheanswerisC.Passage2TheInternethaschangedthewayweliveandwork.Ithasmadeiteasierforustocommunicatewithpeoplearoundtheworld.Wecansendemails,makevideocalls,andusesocialmediaplatforms.Ithasalsorevolutionizedthewayweaccessinformation.Wecanfindalmostanyinformationweneedwithinsecondsthroughsearchengines.However,theInternetalsohassomenegativeaspects.ThereisalotoffalseinformationontheInternet,whichcanmisleadpeople.Cyber-crimeisalsoagrowingproblem.Hackerscanstealpeople'spersonalinformationanduseitforillegalpurposes.Question10:HowhastheInternetchangedourcommunication?A.Ithasmadecommunicationmoredifficult.B.Ithasmadecommunicationmoreconvenient.C.Ithaslimitedourcommunicationscope.Answer:B.Thepassagestates“Ithasmadeiteasierforustocommunicatewithpeoplearoundtheworld.Wecansendemails,makevideocalls,andusesocialmediaplatforms”,sotheanswerisB.Question11:WhatcanwedowiththeInternetaccordingtothepassage?A.Wecanonlygetinformationfrombooks.B.Wecanaccessalargeamountofinformationquickly.C.Wecanonlycommunicatewithpeopleinourcountry.Answer:B.Thepassagesays“Ithasalsorevolutionizedthewayweaccessinformation.Wecanfindalmostanyinformationweneedwithinsecondsthroughsearchengines”,sotheanswerisB.Question12:WhatarethenegativeaspectsoftheInternetmentionedinthepassage?A.Thereistoomuchadvertising.B.Thereisfalseinformationandcyber-crime.C.Itistooexpensivetouse.Answer:B.Thepassagementions“ThereisalotoffalseinformationontheInternet,whichcanmisleadpeople.Cyber-crimeisalsoagrowingproblem”,sotheanswerisB.PartIIICloze(15minutes)Directions:Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.Markthebestchoiceforeachblankonyouranswersheet.ThefirsttimeIsawtheocean,Iwasfilledwithasenseof13.Itwassovast,stretchingasfarastheeyecouldsee.Thewaves14againsttheshore,creatingarhythmicsoundthatwasbothsoothingand15.Itookoffmyshoesandwalkedalongthebeach,feelingthe16sandbeneathmyfeet.Thewaterwascoldbutrefreshing.Iwatchedasseagulls17inthesky,theircriesaddingtothe18ofthescene.AsIstoodthere,Irealizedhow19Iwascomparedtotheocean.Itmademefeelsmallbutalso20ofthepowerandbeautyofnature.Ispenthoursjust21theocean,lostinmythoughts.Itwasa22experiencethatIwillalwaysremember.13.A.wonderB.fearC.sadnessD.angerAnswer:A.“wonder”meansafeelingofsurpriseandadmiration.Whenseeingthevastoceanforthefirsttime,oneislikelytobefilledwithasenseofwonder.SotheanswerisA.14.A.crashedB.jumpedC.ranD.climbedAnswer:A.“crash”isusedtodescribetheactionofwaveshittingtheshoreforcefully.Wavescrashagainsttheshore,sotheanswerisA.15.A.boringB.excitingC.tiringD.annoyingAnswer:B.Therhythmicsoundofthewavesisbothsoothingandexciting.Itgivesasenseofenergyandthrill.SotheanswerisB.16.A.hotB.coldC.wetD.dryAnswer:C.Sincethesandisnearthewateronthebeach,itisusuallywet.SotheanswerisC.17.A.flewB.swamC.walkedD.satAnswer:A.Seagullsarebirdsandtheyflyinthesky.SotheanswerisA.18.A.chaosB.peaceC.noiseD.dangerAnswer:B.Thecriesofseagullsalongwiththesoundoftheoceancreateapeacefulatmosphere.SotheanswerisB.19.A.bigB.importantC.smallD.powerfulAnswer:C.Comparedtothevastocean,apersonfeelssmall.Thepassagealsomentions“Itmademefeelsmall”.SotheanswerisC.20.A.awareB.afraidC.fondD.tiredAnswer:A.Standingbytheoceanmakesoneawareofthepowerandbeautyofnature.“beawareof”isacommonphrase.SotheanswerisA.21.A.lookingforB.lookingatC.lookingafterD.lookingintoAnswer:B.“lookingat”meansobserving.Thepersonspenthoursobservingtheocean.SotheanswerisB.22.A.terribleB.forgettableC.uniqueD.ordinaryAnswer:C.Theexperienceofseeingtheoceanforthefirsttimeisuniqueandunforgettable.SotheanswerisC.PartIVGrammarandVocabulary(15minutes)Directions:Therearethirtysentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseonewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.23.Theprofessor,aswellashisstudents,23toattendtheconference.A.aregoingB.weregoingC.isgoingD.havegoneAnswer:C.When“aswellas”isusedtoconnecttwosubjects,theverbshouldagreewiththefirstsubject.Here,thefirstsubjectis“theprofessor”whichissingular,sotheverbshouldbe“isgoing”.TheanswerisC.24.IwishI24abirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.A.amB.wereC.willbeD.wouldbeAnswer:B.Inthe“wish”clause,whenexpressingawishthatiscontrarytothepresentfact,thepastsubjunctivemoodisused.Fortheverb“be”,“were”isusedregardlessoftheperson.SotheanswerisB.25.Hehasbeenworkingonthisproject25lastmonth.A.forB.sinceC.inD.duringAnswer:B.“since”isusedtoindicateapointintimefromwhichanactionhasbeengoingonuntilnow.“lastmonth”isapointintime,so“since”iscorrect.TheanswerisB.26.Thenewsoftwareis26thantheoldone.A.muchefficientB.moreefficientC.mostefficientD.themostefficientAnswer:B.Whencomparingtwothings,thecomparativeformoftheadjectiveisused.Thecomparativeformof“efficient”is“moreefficient”.SotheanswerisB.27.Sheisoneofthemost27studentsinourclass.A.hard-workingB.hard-workC.hardly-workingD.hardly-workAnswer:A.“hard-working”isacompoundadjectivemeaningdiligent.“hardly”meansalmostnotandisnotusedinthiscontext.SotheanswerisA.28.Thebook,28isveryinteresting,waswrittenbyafamousauthor.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whoseAnswer:A.Thisisanon-restrictiverelativeclause.“which”isusedtointroducenon-restrictiverelativeclausesreferringtothings.“that”cannotbeusedinnon-restrictiverelativeclauses.“who”isusedforpeopleand“whose”isusedtoshowpossession.SotheanswerisA.29.You29havetoldhimthenews;itmadehimverysad.A.shouldn'tB.mustn'tC.needn'tD.wouldn'tAnswer:A.“shouldn'thavedone”meansonedidsomethingthatwaswrongornotadvisable.Inthiscase,tellinghimthenewsmadehimsad,so“shouldn'thavetold”iscorrect.“mustn'thavedone”isnotacorrectform;“needn'thavedone”meansitwasnotnecessarytodosomething;“wouldn'thavedone”ismainlyusedinconditionalsentences.SotheanswerisA.30.Thecompanyisplanningto30anewproductnextyear.A.bringupB.bringoutC.bringinD.bringaboutAnswer:B.“bringout”meanstoproduceandmakeavailableforsale.Thecompanyisplanningtoproduceandlaunchanewproduct,so“bringout”iscorrect.“bringup”meanstoraiseachildormentionatopic;“bringin”meanstointroduceorearn;“bringabout”meanstocausesomethingtohappen.SotheanswerisB.31.Theproblemis31difficultthatnoonecansolveit.A.soB.suchC.veryD.tooAnswer:A.“so...that...”isastructureusedtoshowtheresultorconsequenceofacertaindegree.“such”isusuallyfollowedbyanounphrase.“very”and“too”donotformthis“result”structure.SotheanswerisA.32.Heisalways32abouthiswork,whichmakeshisbossverysatisfied.A.consciousB.carefulC.cautiousD.conscientiousAnswer:D.“conscientious”meanscarefulandtakingone'sworkseriously.Apersonwhoisconscientiousaboutworkwillmakethebosssatisfied.“conscious”meansaware;“careful”ismoreaboutbeingcautioustoavoidmistakes;“cautious”ismainlyaboutbeingcarefultoavoiddanger.SotheanswerisD.33.Theoldman33inthissmalltownsincehewasborn.A.haslivedB.livedC.willliveD.islivingAnswer:A.Theactionoflivinginthetownstartedinthepast(sincehewasborn)andcontinuestothepresent,sothepresentperfecttense“haslived”isused.TheanswerisA.34.Themoviewasso34thatIfellasleephalfway.A.excitingB.boredC.boringD.excitedAnswer:C.“boring”isusedtodescribethingsthatmakepeoplefeelbored.Themovieisthethingthatmadethepersonfallasleep,so“boring”iscorrect.“exciting”and“excited”areaboutafeelingofexcitement;“bored”isusedtodescribepeople.SotheanswerisC.35.Weshould35ourdifferencesandworktogetherforacommongoal.A.putasideB.putupC.putoffD.putonAnswer:A.“putaside”meanstoignoreorsetasidesomething,usuallydifferencesorproblems.Here,weshouldignoreourdifferencesandworktogether.“putup”meanstobuildortolerate;“putoff”meanstopostpone;“puton”meanstowearorperform.SotheanswerisA.36.Thechildrenarelookingforwardto36thezoothisweekend.A.visitB.visitingC.bevisitingD.havevisitedAnswer:B.“lookforwardto”isfollowedbyanounoragerund.“visiting”isthegerundformof“visit”.SotheanswerisB.37.Thedoctoradvisedhimto37smokingforthesakeofhishealth.A.giveinB.giveupC.giveoutD.giveawayAnswer:B.“giveup”meanstostopdoingsomething.Thedoctoradvisedhimtostopsmokingforhishealth.“givein”meanstoyield;“giveout”meanstodistributeorrunout;“giveaway”meanstodonateorreveal.SotheanswerisB.38.Sheisnotonlybeautifulbutalso38.A.intelligenceB.intelligentC.intelligentlyD.intellectualAnswer:B.“intelligent”isanadjectiveusedtodescribeaperson'squality.Here,itisusedtodescribe“she”alongwith“beautiful”.“intelligence”isanoun;“intelligently”isanadverb;“intellectual”ismoreaboutbeingrelatedtotheintellectinamoreacademicorhigh-levelsense.SotheanswerisB.39.Theteacheraskedthestudentsto39thepassageandthenanswerthequestions.A.lookthroughB.lookafterC.lookintoD.lookupAnswer:A.“lookthrough”meanstoreadquicklyorskimthrough.Thestudentsareaskedtoreadthepassagequicklyandthenanswerquestions.“lookafter”meanstotakecareof;“lookinto”meanstoinvestigate;“lookup”meanstosearchforinformationinareferencebookorontheInternet.SotheanswerisA.40.Thepolice40theareaforthelostchild.A.searchedB.searchedforC.lookedforD.foundAnswer:A.“search”isusedwhenyoulookinaparticularareaforsomeoneorsomething.“searchfor”ismoreaboutlookingforaspecificthingorpersonwithoutemphasizingthearea.“lookfor”isalsoabouttryingtofindsomething.“found”isthepasttenseof“find”whichmeanstodiscover.Here,thepolicearelookinginthearea,so“searched”iscorrect.TheanswerisA.41.Idon'tthinkheis41tosolvethisdifficultproblem.A.enoughcleverB.cleverenoughC.toocleverD.socleverAnswer:B.“enough”asanadverbisplacedaftertheadjectiveitmodifies.“cleverenough”meanshavingenoughintelligence.“tooclever”impliesbeingoverlysmartinanegativesense;“soclever”isusedina“so...that...”structure.SotheanswerisB.42.Thenews42himveryhappy.A.madeB.letC.hadD.gotAnswer:A.“make”canbeusedinthestructure“makesb.+adj.”toindicatecausingsomeonetobeinacertainstate.“let”isusuallyfollowedby“sb.dosth.”;“had”inthecausativesenseisusually“hadsb.dosth.”;“got”isoften“gotsb.todosth.”.SotheanswerisA.43.Thereis43breadleft.Weneedtobuysomemore.A.littleB.alittleC.fewD.afewAnswer:A.“little”isusedwithuncountablenounsandmeansalmostnone.“bread”isanuncountablenoun.Sincetheyneedtobuymore,thereisalmostnobreadleft,so“little”iscorrect.“alittle”meansasmallamount;“few”and“afew”areusedwithcountablenouns.SotheanswerisA.44.Theboy44isstandingoverthereismybrother.A.whoB.whichC.whoseD.whomAnswer:A.“who”isusedtointroducearelativeclausereferringtoaperson.Here,therelativeclause“isstandingoverthere”modifies“theboy”,so“who”iscorrect.“which”isforthings;“whose”isforshowingpossession;“whom”istheobjectiveformof“who”andisnotusedhereasthesubjectoftherelativeclauseisneeded.SotheanswerisA.45.We45tothepartyifwehadbeeninvited.A.wouldgoB.wouldhavegoneC.willgoD.wentAnswer:B.Thisisathird-conditionalsentence.Thethird-conditionalisusedtotalkaboutapastsituationthatdidnothappenanditsimaginedresult.Thestructureis“if+pastperfect,would/could/might+have+pastparticiple”.So“wouldhavegone”iscorrect.TheanswerisB.46.Thecompany'sprofitshave46thisyearcomparedtolastyear.A.risenB.raisedC.aroseD.arousedAnswer:A.“rise”isanintransitiveverbwhichmeanstogouporincrease.Here,thecompany'sprofitshaveincreased,so“risen”iscorrect.“raise”isatransitiveverb;“arise”usuallymeanstooccuroremerge;“arouse”meanstoawakenorstimulate.SotheanswerisA.47.Sheis47ofsinginginpublicbecausesheisafraidofmakingmistakes.A.confidentB.proudC.fondD.afraidAnswer:D.Thecontextsays“sheisafraidofmakingmistakes”,sosheis“afraidofsinginginpublic”.“confident”meanshavingself-confidence;“proud”meanshavingasenseofpride;“fond”meanshavingalikingfor.SotheanswerisD.48.Thebookiswell-writtenand48tounderstand.A.easyB.easilyC.moreeasilyD.easiestAnswer:A.“easy”isanadjectiveandisusedtodescribethequalityofthebookbeingeasytounderstand.“easily”isanadverb.Since“is”isalinkingverb,anadjectiveshouldbeused.SotheanswerisA.49.Thegovernmenthastakenmeasuresto49theeconomicdevelopment.A.promoteB.progressC.proceedD.proposeAnswer:A.“promote”meanstohelpsomethingdeveloporincrease.Thegovernmenttakesmeasurestohelptheeconomicdevelopment,so“promote”iscorrect.“progress”ismainlyaboutmovingforwardordeveloping;“proceed”meanstocontinueorgoahead;“propose”meanstosuggest.SotheanswerisA.50.Ican't50thedifferencebetweenthesetwowords.A.sayB.speakC.tellD.talkAnswer:C.“tellthedifference”isacommonphrasemeaningtodistinguishbetweentwothings.“say”ismainlyaboutexpressingwords;“speak”isaboutusingalanguageormakingaspeech;“talk”isabouthavingaconversation.SotheanswerisC.PartVReadingComprehension(25minutes)SectionAMultiple-ChoiceQuestionsDirections:Inthissection,thereareseveralpassagesfollowedbysomemultiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyouranswersheet.Passage1Intoday'sdigitalage,socialmediahasbecomeanintegralpartofourlives.Itallowsustoconnectwithfriendsandfamily,shareourexperiences,andstayupdatedonthelatestnewsandtrends.However,italsohasitsdrawbacks.Oneofthemainproblemswithsocialmediaisthespreadoffakenews.FalseinformationcanquicklygoviralonplatformslikeFacebookandTwitter,misleadingpeopleandcausingconfusion.Anotherissueisthenegativeimpactonmentalhealth.Spendingtoomuchtimeonsocialmediacanleadtofeelingsofloneliness,anxiety,anddepression.Peopleoftencomparetheirlivestothecarefullycuratedhighlightreelsofothersonsocialmedia,whichcanmakethemfeelinadequate.Despitetheseproblems,socialmediaalsohasmanybenefits.Itcanbeapowerfultoolforsocialchange.Activistscanuseplatformstoraiseawarenessaboutimportantissues,organizeprotests,andmobilizesupport.Socialmediaalsoprovidesaplatformforsmallbusinessestoreachawideraudienceandpromotetheirproductsandservices.51.Whatisoneofthemainproblemswithsocialmediaaccordingtothepassage?A.Itisdifficulttouse.B.Itspreadsfakenews.C.Ithastoomanyads.D.Itisexpensive.Answer:B.Thepassageclearlystates“Oneofthemainproblemswithsocialmediaisthespreadoffakenews”,sotheanswerisB.52.Howcansocialmediaaffectmentalhealth?A.Itcanmakepeoplemoreconfident.B.Itcancausefeelingsoflonelinessandanxiety.C.Itcanimprovepeople'scommunicationskills.D.Itcanhelppeoplemakemorefriends.Answer:B.Thepassagementions“Spendingtoomuchtimeonsocialmediacanleadtofeelingsofloneliness,anxiety,anddepression”,sotheanswerisB.53.Whatisoneofthebenefitsofsocialmedia?A.Itcanhelppeopleavoidfakenews.B.Itcanpreventmentalhealthproblems.C.Itcanbeusedforsocialchange.D.Itcanreplacetraditionalmedia.Answer:C.Thepassagesays“Itcanbeapowerfultoolforsocialchange.Activistscanuseplatformstoraiseawarenessaboutimportantissues,organizeprotests,andmobilizesupport”,sotheanswerisC.Passage2Theartofstorytellingisasoldashumancivilization.Fromancientoraltraditionstomodernnovelsandmovies,storieshavealwaysplayedacrucialroleinourlives.Storiescanentertainus,teachusvaluablelessons,andconnectustodifferentculturesandperspectives.Oneofthekeyelementsofagoodstoryisastrongplot.Aplotisthesequenceofeventsthatmakeupthestory.Itshouldhaveaclearbeginning,middle,andend,anditshouldkeeptheaudienceengaged.Anotherimportantelementisthecharacters.Well-developedcharacterscanmakethestorymorerelatableandinteresting.Theyshouldhaveuniquepersonalities,goals,andmotivations.Inadditiontoplotandcharacters,thesettingofastoryisalsoimportant.Thesettingcancreatethemoodandatmosphereofthestory.Itcanbeareal-lifeplaceorafictionalworld.Awell-describedsettingcantransporttheaudiencetoanothertimeandplace.54.Howlonghastheartofstorytellingexisted?A