專升本英語（閱讀）模擬試卷105

一、閱讀理解（本題共25題，每題7.0分，共25分。）

Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas"Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthe

sea".Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfar

between.CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,but

hewasreluctant（4：愿意）togotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawas

remote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinental'travelersorotherswhoearneda

livingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutit,letalonetoask

whatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion"Whatisatthebottomof

theoceans?"hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelaying

ofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknow

thedepthprofile（起伏形狀）oftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobe

manufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompany

turned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsible

forencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings（探測）weretakentoinvestigatethe

depthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsaroused

muchpopularinterestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecablewas

laid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Attheearly

attempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecovered

inlivinggrowths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasno

lifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In

1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition（考察），whichlastedforfouryearsand

broughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassificationandanalysis

occupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-vnlnmereport,thelastvolumebeing

publishedin1895.

1、Thepassageimpliesthatthetelegraphcablewasbuiltmainly.

A^foroceanographicstudies

B、formilitarypurposes

C、fbrbusinessconsiderations

D、forinvestigatingthedepthsoftheoceans

標準答案：C

知識點解析：文章第三段第二句中提到“Thefirsttimethatthequestion'Whatisatthe

bottomoftheoceans?,hadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhen

thelayingofatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.“其中"hadtobe

answeredwithanycommercialconsequence”即是選項中的“fbrbusiness

considerations”,故選C。

2^ItwasthataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.

A、theAmericanNavy

B、someearlyintercontinentaltravelers

C^thosewhoearnedalivingfromthesea

D、thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable

標準答案：D

知識點解析：文章第四段第一句說到“ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlantic

TelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,forinformationonthismatter.”其中"turnto

Maury”即是選項中的“askedMauryforhelp,\而尋求幫助的對象是theAtlantic

company,也同D項表述相近，故選D.此題的關鍵是讀懂原文中的強調句型。

3、TheaimofvoyagesMauryencouragedinthe1840swas.

A^tomakesomesoundexperimentsintheoceans

B、tocollectsamplesofseaplantsandanimals

C、toestimatethelengthofcablethatwastobemade

D、tomeasurethedepthsoftwooceans

標準答案：D

知識點解析：文章第四段第二句說到"InIhe1840s,Mauryhadbeenresponsiblefor

encouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings（探測）weretakentoinvestigatethedepths

oftheNoahAtlanticandPacificOceans.''其中"investigate”是測星的意思，與選項中

的“measure”相對應。故選D。

4、"Defied"inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans.

A、doubted

B、gaveproofto

C>challenged

D、agreedto

標準答案：C

知識點解析：解決這類題的關鍵在于根據(jù)“defied”前后句的意思來進行推測.前句

中有“itwasfoundtobecoveredinlivinggrowths”,而后句中“therewasnolifeinthe

deeper,partsofthesea5,,由前后句的對比可知，只有選項C符合此意。

5、Thepassageismainlyabout.

A、thebeginningsofoceanography

B、thelayingofthefirstunderseacable

C>theinvestigationofoceandepths

D、theearlyintercontinentalcommunication

標準答案：A

知識點解析：通讀全文可看出，文章中心與主題在首段首句。因此選A。其他三項

均是細節(jié)，不能用細節(jié)作為主旨大意題的答案。

PresidentCoolidgesstatement,ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness,stillpointstoan

importanttruthtoday-thatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestige（威望）inAmerican

societythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment.Whydobusiness

institutionspossessthisgreatprestige?OnereasonisthatAmericansviewbusinessas

beingmorefirmlybasedontheidealofcompetitionthanotherinstitutionsinsociety.

Sincecompetitionisseenasthemajorsourceofprogressandprosperitybymost

Americans,competitivebusinessinstitutionsarerespected.Competitionisnotonlygood

initself,itisthemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividual

freedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkisprotected.Competitionprotectsthe

freedomoftheindividualbyensuringthatthereisnomonopoly（壟斷）ofpower.In

contrasttoone,all-powerfulgovernment,manybusinessescompeteagainsteachother

forprofits.Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,it

willlosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremany

businessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlike

inferiorsorslaves.Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,and

government,whichisamonopoly.Becausebusinessiscompetitive,manyAmericans

believethatitismoresupportiveoffreedomthangovernment,eventhoughgovernment

leadersareelectedbythepeopleandbusinessleadersarenot.ManyAmericansbelieve,

then,thatcompetitionisasimportant,orevenmoreimportant,thandemocracyin

preservingfreedom.Competitioninbusinessisalsobeuevedtostrengthentheidealof

equalityofopportunity.Competitionisseenasanopenandfairracewheresuccessgoes

totheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclassbackground.Competitive

successiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativeiosocialrankbasedonfamily

background.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityof

opportunityratherthanthearistocratic（貴族的）ideaofinheritedprivilege.

6、Thestatement"ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness"probablymeans.

A、ThebusinessinstitutionsinAmericaareconcernedwithcommerce

B、BusinessproblemsareofgreatimportancetotheAmericangovernment

C>BusinessisofprimaryconcerntoAmericans

D、Americaisagreatpowerinworldbusiness

標準答案：C

知識點解析：關鍵在于理解第一段的含義。Business有“商業(yè)”的意思，還有“事

務、職責”的意思,第一個"business”指“頭等大事”，第二個"business”指"生意、商

業(yè)”。通讀全文也可看出商業(yè)經濟是美國人非常關注的事情。故選C。

7、Americansbelievethattheycanrealizetheirpersonalvaluesonly.

A、whengivenequalityofopportunity

throughdoingbusiness

C、byprotectingtheirindividualfreedom

D、bywaysofcompetition

標準答案：D

知識點解析：解答此題的關鍵信息在第二段，由第二段最后一句"Competitionisnot

onlygoodinitself,itisthemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchas

individualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkisprotected.”可推斷出

競爭可以使美國人實現(xiàn)池們的個人價值，故選Do

8、Whocanbenefitfrombusinesscompetition?

A^Honestbusinessmen.

B、Bothbusinessmenandtheircustomers.

C、Peoplewithidealsofequalityandfreedom.

D、Bothbusinessinstitutionsandgovernment.

標準答案：B」

知識點解析：從文章第三段講述中可推斷出競爭在保護顧客利益的同時也保護公司

的利益，故選B。

9、Governmentisbelievedtodifferstrikinglyfrombusinessinthatgovernmentis

characterizedby.

A、itsabsolutecontrolofpower

B、itsfunctioninpreservingpersonalfreedom

C、itsroleinprotectingbasicAmericanvalues

D^itsdemocraticwayofexercisingleadership

標準答案：A

知識點解析：由文章第四段第一句"Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,which

iscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly."可知商業(yè)和政府之間的不同

在于商業(yè)具有競爭性，而政府則是權力壟斷。而“Monopoly”和選項中的“absolute

control”是同義替換，因此正確答案為A。

10、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieves.

A、Americansarcmoreambitiousthanpeopleinothercountries

B、inmanycountriessuccessoftendependsonone'ssocialstatus

C^Americanbusinessesaremoredemocraticthanthoseinothercountries

D^businessinothercountriesarcnotascompetitiveasthoseinAmerica

標準答案：B

知識點解析：最后一段第二句中說到"Competitionisseenasanopenandfairrace

wheresuccessgoestotheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclass

background.“其中"socialclassbackground”與選項中的“socialstatus”對應。最后一

句也點明了作者的觀點，即：商業(yè)應該表達的是平等的理念而不是繼承特權的貴族

理念。因此正確答案為B。其他幾項在文中都找不到依據(jù)。

Theappealofadvertisingtobuyingmotivescanbothnegativeandpositiveeffects.

Consumersmaybeconvincedtobuyaproductofpoorqualityorhighpricebecauseof

anadvertisement.Forexample,someadvertisementshaveappealedtopeople'sdesirefor

betterfueleconomyfbrtheircarsbyadvertisingautomotiveproductsthatimprove

gasolinemileage.Someoftheproductswork.Othersareworthlessandawasteof

consumers'money.Sometimesadvertisingisintentionallymisleading.Afewyearsago,a

brandofbreadwasofferedtodieters（節(jié)食者）withthemessagethattherewerefewer

calories（熱量單位，卡路里）ineveryslice.Itturnedoutthatthebreadwasnot

dietetic（適合于節(jié)食的）,butjustregularbread.Therewerefewercaloriesbecauseitwas

slicedverythin,buttherewerethesamenumberofcaloriesineveryloaf.Onthepositive

side,emotionalappealsmayrespondtoaconsumer'srealconcerns.Considerfire

insurance.Fireinsurancemaybesoldbyappealingtofearofloss.Butfearoflossisthe

realreasonfbrfireinsurance.Thesecurityofknowingthatpropertyisprotectedby

insurancemakesthepurchaseoffireinsuranceaworthwhileinvestmentformostpeople.

Ifconsumersconsiderthequalityoftheinsuranceplansaswellasthemessageintheads,

theywillbenefitfromtheadvertising.Eachconsumermustevaluateherorhisown

situation.Arethebenefitsoftheproductimportantenoughtojustifybuyingit?

Advertisingisintendedtoappealtoconsumers,butitdoesnotforcethemtobuythe

product.Consumersstillcontrolfinalbuyingdecision.

11、Advertisingcanpersuadetheconsumertobuyworthlessproductby.

A>stressingtheirhighquality

B>convincinghimoftheirlowprice

C、maintainingabalancebetweenqualityandprice

D、appealingtohisbuyingmotives

標準答案：D

知識點解析：由文章第一段前兩句話及所給的例子可以推知，廣告通過激發(fā)消費者

的購買欲望來使其購買物品，故選D。

12、Thereasonwhythebreadadvertisementismisleadingisthat.

A^thinslicesofbreadcoulduonlainmorecalories

B、theloafwascutintoregularslices

C、thebreadwasnotgenuinebread

D^thetotalnumberofcaloriesintheloafremainedthesame

標準答案：D

知識點解析：第二段最后一句話說“Therewerefewercaloriesbecauseitwassliced

verythin,buttherewerethesamenumberofcaloriesineveryloaf.”選項D是換了一

個說法而已，所以D項正確。

13、Thepassagetellsusthat.

A^sometimesadvertisementsreallysellwhattheconsumerneeds

B、advertisementsoccasionallyforceconsumersintobuyingthingstheydon'tneed

C、thebuyingmotivesofconsumersarecontrolledbyadvertisements

D^fireinsuranceisseldomaworthwhileinvestment

標準答案：A

知識點解析：文中第一段倒數(shù)第二句"Someoftheproductswork.”和第三段第一句

“Onthepositiveside,emotionalappealsmayrespondtoaconsumer'srealconcerns."

與選項中的"reallysellwhattheconsumerneeds”意義相符。故選A。

14、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatasmartconsumershould.

A^thinkcarefullyaboutthebenefitsdescribedintheadvertisements

B、guardagainstthedeceivingnatureofadvertisements

C、befamiliarwithvariousadvertisingstrategies

D^avoidbuyingproductsthathavestrongemotionalappeal

標準答案：A

知識點解析：在論述了廣告正反兩方面的影響后，第四段又有“Eachconsumermust

evaluateherorhisownsituation”（消費者應有自己的評判），這正是A的意思。

15、Thepassageismainlyabout.

A、howtomakeawisebuyingdecision

B、waystoprotecttheinterestsoftheconsumer

C、thepositiveandnegativeaspectsofadvertising

D^thefunctionofadvertisementsinpromotingsales

標準答案：C

知識點解析：首段首句即是中心，而且文章第二段講廣告的消極影響，第三段講廣

告的積極影響，選項C包括這兩方面，因此為正確答案。

Inthesamewaythatachildmustbeabletomovehisarmsandlegsbeforehecanlearn

towalk,thechildmustphysiologicallybecapableofproducingandexperiencing

particularemotionsbeforetheseemotionscanbemodifiedthroughlearning.

Psychologistshavefoundthattherearetwobasicprocessesbywhichlearningtakes

place.Onekindoflearningiscalled"classicalconditioning".Thisoccurswhenoneevent

orstimulusisconsistentlypairedwithorfollowedby,arewardorpunishment.Itis

throughclassicalconditioningthatachildlearnstoassociateshismother'sfaceandvoice

withhappinessandlove,forhelearnsthatthispersonprovidesfoodandcomfort.

Negativeemotionsarelearnedinasimilarfashion.Thesecondkindoflearningiscalled

"operantconditioning'1.Thisoccurswhenanindividuallearnstodothingsthatproduce

rewardsinhisenvironmentandIcanisnottodothingsthatproducepunishments.For

example,ifamotheralwaysattendstoherbabywhenhecriesandcuddleshimuntilheis

quiet,shemayteachhimthatifhecrieshewillgetattentionfrommother.Thus,thebaby

willlearntoincreasehiscryinginordertohavehismothermore.Everyday,wegrow

andhavenewexperiences.Weconstantlylearnbyreading,watchingtelevision,

interactingwithotherpeople,andsoforth.Thislearningaffectsouremotions.Whyisit

thatwelearntolikesomepeopleanddislikeothers?Ifapersonisnicetous,caresabout

us,wclearntoassociatethispersonwithpositivefeelings,suchasjoy,happiness,and

friendliness.Ontheotherhand,ifapersonismeantous,doesnotcareaboutus,and

evendeliberatelydoesthingstoharmus,welearntoassociatethispersonwithnegative

feelings,suchasunhappiness,discomfort,andanger.

16>Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto.

A、teachchildrenhowtolearntoproduceandexperiencecertainemotions

givethegeneralreaderanaccountoftwobasickindsoflearning

C、giveparentssomeadviceonhowtomodifytheirchildren'semotionsthrough

learning

D、discusswithpsychologisishowpositiveandnegativefeelingsareproduced

標準答案：B」「

知識點解析：通讀全文可看出，文章主要是關于兩個定義的講述：一種是“經典性

條件反射“，一種是“操作性條件反射文章對這兩種模式進行了解釋，因此讀懂

兩個定義是非常關鍵的。所以選B,其他三項均不正確。

17、Ifyourjokesoftenfindareadyechoinaperson,youwilllearnthroughthat

tellingjokestothispersonisfun,andyouwilltrywithgreatereffortstobehumorousin

hispresence.

A、classicalconditioning

B、neitherofthem

C、operantconditioning

D、someothersortsofconditioning

標準答案：C

知識點解析：從文章第二段可知，“operantconditioning"是“l(fā)earnstodothingsthat

producerewardsinhisenvironmentandlearnsnottodothingsthatproduce

punishments.”因此題目中的例子是“操作性條件反射

18、Ifachildisbittenorstartledseveraltimesbyadog,hemaylearntoassociatefurry

animalswithpainorstartleandthusdevelopafearoffurryanimals.Thisisatypical

exampleoflearningthrough.

A、classicalconditioning

B、bothofthem

C、operantconditioning

D、neitherofthem

標準答案：A

知識點解析：從文章第一段可知，“classicalconditioning"是“Thisoccurswhenone

eventorstimulusisconsistentlypairedwithorfollowedby,arewardorpunishment.''

因此題目中的例子是“經典性條件反射"。答案為A.

19>Inthethirdparagraph,theauthoris.

A、discussinghowwegrowandhavenewexperienceseveryday

B、talkingaboutlearningtomodifyemotionsthroughoperantconditioning

C、concentratingonlearningbyreading,watchingtelevision,interactingwithpeople,

andsoon

D、usingexamplestofurtherillustratelearningthroughclassicalconditioning

標準答案：D

知識點解析：第三段所舉例子都是為了進一步說明經典性條件反射。

20、Inthefollowingparagraphstheauthorwillmostprobablygoontodiscuss.

definitionsofpositivefeelingsandnegativefeelings

B、thethirdkindoflearning

C、furtherexamplesoflearningthroughoperantconditioning

D^noneoftheabove

標準答案：C

知識點解析：從文章結溝來看，文章一開始就說明了學習的兩種模式，而后又分別

定義了這兩種模式—“經典性條件反射”和“操作性條件反射”。第三段是進一步舉

例說明經典性條件反射，由此可以推斷下一段將進一步舉例說明操作性條件反射。

故選C。

Theviewoveravalleyofatinyvillagewithihalched（草蓋的）roofcottagesarounda

church;adriverthroughanarrowvillagestreetlinedwiththatchedcottagespaintedpink

orwhite;thesightovertherollinghillsofaprettycollectionofthatchedfarm

buildings-thesearestillcommonsightsinpartsofEngland.Mostpeoplewillagreethat

thethatchedroofisanessentialpartoftheattractionoftheEnglishcountryside.

ThatchingisinfacttheoldestofallthebuildingcraftspractisedintheBritishIsles.

Althoughthatchhasalwaysbeenusedfbrcottageandfarmbuildings,itwasonceused

forcastlesandchurches,too.Thatchingisasolitarycraft,whichoftenrunsinfamilies.

ThecraftofthatchingasitispracticedtodayhaschangedverylittlesincetheMiddle

Ages.Over800full-timethatchersareemployedinEnglandandWalestoday,

maintainingandrenewingtheoldroofsaswellasthatchingnewerhouses.Manyproperty

ownerschoosethatchnotonlyforitsbeautybutbecausetheyknowitwillkeepthem

coolinsummerandwarminwinter.Infact,ifwelookatdevelopingcountries,overhalf

theworldlivesunderthatch,buttheyalldoitdifferentways.Peopleindeveloping

countriesareoftenreluctanttogobacktotraditionalmaterialsandwouldprefermodern

buildings.However,theymaylackthemoneytoallowthemtoimportthenecessary

materials.Theirtemporarymudhutswiththatchedroofsofwildgrassesoftenonlylast

sixmonths.ThatchwhichhasbeendonetheBritishwaylastsfromtwentytosixtyyears,

andisaneffectivedefenseagainsttheheat.

21、Whichofthe