鄭州鐵路職業技術學院溫度傳感器temperaturesensor車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology主講人：時蕾FUNDAMENTALSOFSENSORTECHNOLOGYLecturer:ShiLei任務五溫度傳感器temperaturesensor01熟悉溫度傳感器的工作原理Familiarwiththeworkingprincipleoftemperaturesensor02認識溫度傳感器Understandingtemperaturesensor03學會分析溫度傳感器的應用Learntoanalyzetheapplicationoftemperaturesensors學習目標/LEARNINGGOALS目錄CATALOGPART

01了解溫度傳感器UnderstandingtemperaturesensorsPART

02金屬熱電阻MetalthermistorPART

03熱敏電阻thermistorPART

04紅外線傳感器infraredsensor了解溫度傳感器UnderstandingtemperaturesensorsPart

01車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology了解溫度傳感器一、了解溫度傳感器

Understandingtemperaturesensors因此，人類離不開溫度，當然也離不開溫度傳感器。Therefore,humanbeingscannotlivewithouttemperature,andofcoursecannotlivewithouttemperaturesensors.溫度是反映物體冷熱狀態的物理參數。Temperatureisaphysicalparameterthatreflectsthecoldandhotstateofanobject.溫度是與人類生活息息相關的物理量。在2000多年前，就開始為檢測溫度進行了各種努力，并開始使用溫度傳感器檢測溫度。人類社會中，工業、農業、商業、科研、國防、醫學及環保等部門都與溫度有著密切的關系。工業生產自動化流程,溫度測量點要占全部測量點的一半左右。Temperatureisaphysicalquantitycloselyrelatedtohumanlife.Morethan2,000yearsago,variouseffortstodetecttemperaturebegan,andtemperaturesensorsbegantobeusedtodetecttemperature.Inhumansociety,industry,agriculture,commerce,scientificresearch,nationaldefense,medicineandenvironmentalprotectionandothersectorshaveacloserelationshipwithtemperature.Intheindustrialproductionautomationprocess,thetemperaturemeasurementpointsshouldaccountforabouthalfofthetotalmeasurementpoints.1.溫度傳感器temperaturesensor指能感受溫度并轉換成可用輸出信號的傳感器。Asensorthatsensestemperatureandconvertsitintoausableoutputsignal.在種類繁多的傳感器中，溫度傳感器實現溫度檢測控制和的重要器件。是應用最廣泛發展最快溫度傳感器是的傳感器之一。了解溫度傳感器Temperaturesensoristheimportantdeviceofrealizetemperaturedetectionandcontrol.Inawidevarietyofsensors,temperaturesensorisoneofthemostwidelyusedand

rapidlydevelopingsensors.

1.溫度傳感器temperaturesensor指能感受溫度并轉換成可用輸出信號的傳感器。Asensorthatsensestemperatureandconvertsitintoausableoutputsignal.在種類繁多的傳感器中，溫度傳感器實現溫度檢測控制和的重要器件。是應用最廣泛發展最快溫度傳感器是的傳感器之一。了解溫度傳感器了解溫度傳感器溫度感溫元件轉換電路溫度顯示溫度傳感器的組成框圖溫度不能直接測量，需要借助于某種物體的物理參數隨溫度冷熱不同而明顯變化的特性進行間接測量。Temperaturecannotbemeasureddirectly,needtorelyonthephysicalparametersofanobjectwiththetemperatureofthecoldandhotandobviouschangesinthecharacteristicsofindirectmeasurement.溫度傳感器就是通過測量某些物理量參數隨溫度的變化而間接測量溫度的。Temperaturesensoristomeasurethetemperatureindirectlybymeasuringthechangeofsomephysicalparameterswiththetemperature.溫度傳感器是由溫度敏感元件（感溫元件）和轉換電路組成的。Thetemperaturesensoriscomposedofatemperaturesensingelement(temperaturesensingelement)andaconversioncircuit溫度傳感器的工作原理Howthetemperaturesensorworks01temperaturetemperature-sensingelementswitchingcircuittemperaturedisplayBlockdiagramoftemperaturesensor按測量方式分類Classificationbymeasurement了解溫度傳感器非接觸式non-contact不與被測物體接觸，不破壞原有的溫度場，精度一般不高。Doesnotcontactwiththemeasuredobject,doesnotdestroytheoriginaltemperaturefield,theaccuracyisgenerallynothigh.接觸式

contact

直觀、可靠、測量儀表比較簡單。Intuitive,reliable,simplemeasuringinstrument紅外線輻射溫度計的使用溫度傳感器的分類Classificationoftemperaturesensors02了解溫度傳感器特點

characteristic不需要電源，耐用；但感溫部分體積比較大。Nopowerrequired,durable;Butthevolumeofthetemperaturesensingpartislarger.特點

characteristic自發電型，結構簡單，機械強度高，測溫范圍寬，精度高。需注意冷端溫度補償。Self-electrictype,simplestructure,highmechanicalstrength,widetemperaturemeasurementrange,highprecision.Payattentiontocoldendtemperaturecompensation.氣體膨脹式溫度計Gasexpansionthermometer溫度傳感器的特點Characteristicsoftemperaturesensor03了解溫度傳感器特點

characteristic靈敏度高,穩定性強,互換性以及準確性都會比較好,但是需要電源的激勵,不能夠瞬時地測量溫度的變化。Highsensitivity,strongstability,interchangeabilityandaccuracywillbebetter,buttheexcitationofthepowersupplyisrequired,andthetemperaturechangecannotbemeasuredinstantaneously.特點

characteristic面積大，可得到溫度圖像，但易衰老，精度低。Theareaislarge,andthetemperatureimagecanbeobtained,butitiseasytoageandtheaccuracyislow.熱電阻傳感器Thermalresistancesensor示溫涂料thermo-color了解溫度傳感器紅外輻射溫度計infraredradiationthermometer紅外線光子探頭Infraredphotonprobe特點非接觸式測量，反應快；但易受環境及被測體表面狀態影響，標定困難。Non-contactmeasurement,fastresponse;However,itiseasytobeaffectedbytheenvironmentandthesurfacestateofthemeasuredbody,sothecalibrationisdifficult.光敏電阻photoresistor了解溫度傳感器是利用導體或半導體的電阻值隨溫度變化而變化的原理進行測溫的。用金屬或半導體材料作為感溫元件的傳感器，分別稱為金屬熱電阻和熱敏電阻。Thetemperatureismeasuredusingtheprinciplethattheresistancevalueofaconductororsemiconductorchangeswiththetemperature.Sensorsthatusemetalorsemiconductormaterialsastemperaturesensingelementsarecalledmetalthermistorsandthermistors,respectively.2.熱電阻傳感器Thermalresistancesensor熱電阻傳感器分為金屬熱電阻和半導體熱電阻兩大Thethermalresistancesensorisdividedintometalthermalresistanceandsemiconductorthermalresistance熱電阻熱敏電阻而把半導熱電阻廣泛用來測量-200℃～850℃范圍內的溫度，少數情況下，低溫可測量至1K，高溫達1000℃。Thermalresistanceiswidelyusedtomeasurethetemperatureintherangeof-200℃~850℃,inafewcases,lowtemperaturecanbemeasuredto1K,hightemperatureupto1000℃熱電阻傳感器由熱電阻、連接導線及顯示儀表組成。Thethermalresistancesensoriscomposedofthermalresistance,connectingwireanddisplayinstrument熱電阻也可與溫度變送器連接，轉換為標準電流信號輸出。Thethermalresistancecanalsobeconnectedtoatemperaturetransmitterandconvertedintoastandardcurrentsignaloutput.類，一般把金屬熱電阻稱為體熱電阻稱為Generally,themetalthermalresistanceiscalledthethermalresistanceandthesemiconductingBodyheatresistanceiscalledthermistor金屬熱電阻MetalthermistorPart

02車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology金屬熱電阻二、金屬熱電阻

Metalthermistor認識金屬熱電阻Understandingmetalthermalresistance01取一只100W/220V燈泡，用萬用表測量其電阻值，可以發現其冷態阻值只有幾十歐姆，而計算得到的額定熱態電阻值應為484Ω

。

Takea100W/220Vbulbandmeasureitsresistancevaluewithamultimeter,youcanfindthatitscoldresistancevalueisonlytensofohms,andthecalculatedratedhotresistancevalueshouldbe484Ω.熱電阻的主要技術性能Themaintechnicalpropertiesofthermalresistance金屬熱電阻易提純、復現性好的金屬材料才可用于制作熱電阻Metalmaterialsthatareeasytopurifyandhavegoodreproducibilitycanbeusedtomakethermalresistors（1）金屬熱電阻鉑熱電阻

platinumthermistor鉑電阻溫度計的使用范圍是-200℃～850℃。Theuserangeofplatinumresistancethermometeris-200℃~850℃.

例如

電阻比W(100)越大，其純度越高。按IEC標準，工業使用的鉑熱電阻的W(100)≥1.3850。目前技術水平可達到W(100)=1.3930，其對應鉑的純度為99.9995%。一般情況下，工業鉑熱電阻由直徑為0.03mm～0.07mm的純鉑絲繞在平板形支架，用銀線作為引出線。ThehighertheresistanceratioW(100),thehigheritspurity.AccordingtoIECstandards,theW(100)ofplatinumthermalresistanceusedinindustryis≥1.3850.Atpresent,thetechnicallevelcanreachW(100)=1.3930,andthecorrespondingplatinumpurityis99.9995%.Undernormalcircumstances,theindustrialplatinumthermistorconsistsofapureplatinumwirewithadiameterof0.03mm~0.07mmwrappedaroundaflat-shapedbracket,andasilverwireisusedastheleadwire.鉑熱電阻中的鉑絲純度用電阻比W(100)表示，即PlatinumwirepurityinplatinumthermalresistanceisexpressedbyresistanceratioW(100),thatis金屬熱電阻鉑是一種貴金屬。它的特點是精度高，穩定性好，性能可靠，尤其是耐氧化性能很強。Platinumisapreciousmetal.Itischaracterizedbyhighprecision,goodstability,reliableperformance,especiallystrongoxidationresistance.鉑電阻的電阻溫度系數比較小；Theresistancetemperaturecoefficientofplatinumresistanceisrelativelysmall鉑在很寬的溫度范圍內約1200℃以下都能保證上述特性。鉑很容易提純，復現性好，有良好的工藝性，可制成很細的鉑絲(0.02mm或更細)或極薄的鉑箔。與其它材料相比，鉑有較高的電阻率，因此普遍認為是一種較好的熱電阻材料。Platinumcanguaranteetheabovecharacteristicsinawidetemperaturerangeofabout1200°C.Platinumiseasytopurify,hasgoodreproducibility,hasgoodprocessability,canbemadeintoveryfineplatinumwire(0.02mmorthinner)orverythinplatinumfoil.Comparedwithothermaterials,platinumhasahigherresistivity,soitisgenerallyconsideredtobeabetterthermalresistancematerial.價格貴

highprice優點

advantage缺點

drawback薄膜型及普通型鉑熱電阻Thinfilmandordinaryplatinumthermistors金屬熱電阻小型鉑熱電阻Smallplatinumthermalresistance金屬熱電阻鉑電阻溫度顯示、變送器Platinumresistancetemperaturedisplay,transmitter金屬熱電阻（2）金屬熱電阻銅熱電阻

Copperthermistor

銅熱電阻的電阻溫度系數比鉑高，電阻與溫度的關系(R-t)曲線幾乎是線性的，并且銅價格便宜、易于提純、工藝性好。因此，在一些測量精度要求不高、測溫范圍不大且溫度較低的測溫場合，可采用銅熱電阻進行測溫。在-50℃～100℃的使用范圍內其電阻值與溫度的關系幾乎是線性的。Theresistancetemperaturecoefficientofcopperthermalresistanceishigherthanthatofplatinum,therelationshipbetweenresistanceandtemperature(R-t)curveisalmostlinear,andcopperischeap,easytopurifyandgoodtechnology.Therefore,insomemeasuringaccuracyrequirementsarenothigh,thetemperaturerangeisnotlargeandthetemperatureislow,copperthermalresistancecanbeusedfortemperaturemeasurement.Intherangeof-50℃~100℃,therelationshipbetweentheresistancevalueandtemperatureisalmostlinear.金屬熱電阻汽車用水溫傳感器及水溫表Watertemperaturesensorandwatertemperaturemeterforautomobile銅熱電阻Copperthermistor金屬熱電阻金屬熱電阻的結構Structureofmetalthermalresistance02工業用金屬熱電阻由熱電阻體、引出線、絕緣骨架、保護套管、接線盒等部分組成。熱電阻的電阻體由電阻絲和電阻支架組成。Industrialmetalthermalresistanceiscomposedofthermalresistancebody,leadwire,insulationframe,protectivesleeve,junctionboxandsoon.Theresistancebodyofthethermalresistanceiscomposedofresistancewireandresistancebracket.電阻絲采用雙線無感繞法繞制在一定形狀的云母、石英或陶瓷塑料支架上，支架起支撐和絕緣作用，引出線通常采用直徑1mm的銀絲或鍍銀銅絲，它與接線盒柱相接，以便與外接線路相連而測量及顯示溫度。Theresistancewireiswoundonacertainshapeofmica,quartzorceramicplasticbracketbydouble-wirenon-inductivewinding.Thebracketplaysasupportingandinsulatingrole.Theleadwireisusuallysilverwireorsilver-platedcopperwirewithadiameterof1mm,whichisconnectedwiththejunctionboxcolumntomeasureanddisplaythetemperature.（1）金屬熱電阻金屬熱電阻的應用電路Applicationcircuitofmetalthermalresistance03金屬熱電阻廣泛的應用

Metalthermalresistanceiswidelyused在軸瓦、缸體、油管、汽管、紡機、空調、熱水器等狹小空間工業設備測溫和控制。汽車空調、冰箱、冷柜、飲水機、咖啡機、烘干機以及中低溫干燥箱、恒溫箱等場合也經常采用。Inthebearing,cylinder,oilpipe,steampipe,spinningmachine,airconditioning,waterheaterandothersmallspaceindustrialequipmenttemperaturecontrol.Automobileairconditioning,refrigerator,freezer,waterdispenser,coffeemachine,dryerandlowtemperaturedryingbox,thermostatandotheroccasionsareoftenused.金屬熱電阻的連接法

Connectionmethodofmetalthermalresistance用熱電阻傳感器進行測溫時，

Whenmeasuringtemperaturewithathermalresistancesensor,熱電阻與檢測儀表相隔一段距離，因為熱電阻的引線對測量結果有較大的影響，所以測量電路經常采用電橋電路。Thethermalresistanceandthedetectioninstrumentareseparatedbyadistance,becausetheleadofthethermalresistancehasagreaterimpactonthemeasurementresult,sothemeasurementcircuitoftenusesthebridgecircuit.可采用三線或四線電橋連接法。

Threeorfourwirebridgeconnectionmethodcanbeused.說明

explain金屬熱電阻三線制

three-wiresystem

圖6—8熱電阻的三線制接法原理圖Figure6-8Schematicdiagramofthree-wireconnectionofthermalresistance用于工業測量，一般精度Forindustrialmeasurement,generalaccuracy說明

explain金屬熱電阻四線制

four-wiresystem回路中要采用線性好的恒流源，依靠電路結構可以完全消除測量誤差,比三線制精度更高,可用于計量和化工科研單位,可以作為溫場記錄等。Thecircuitshoulduseagoodlinearconstantcurrentsource,relyingonthecircuitstructurecancompletelyeliminatethemeasurementerror,higherprecisionthanthethree-wiresystem,canbeusedformeasurementandchemicalresearchunits,canbeusedastemperaturefieldrecords.實驗室用，高精度測量Highprecisionmeasurementforlaboratoryuse圖6-9熱電阻的四線制接法原理圖Figure6-9Schematicdiagramofthefour-wireconnectionofthethermalresistor右圖是一個熱電阻流量計的原理圖。兩個鉑電阻探頭Rt1、Rt2

，Rt1放在管道中央，它的散熱情況受介質流速的影響。Rt2放在溫度與流體相同，但不受介質流速影響的小室中。Thediagramontherightisaschematicdiagramofathermalresistanceflowmeter.TwoplatinumresistanceprobesRt1,Rt2,Rt1inthemiddleofthepipeline,itsheatdissipationisaffectedbytheflowrateofthemedium.Rt2isplacedinachamberthathasthesametemperatureasthefluidbutisnotaffectedbytheflowrateofthemedium.當介質處于靜止狀態時電橋處于平衡狀態，流量計沒有指示。WhenthemediumisatrestThebridgeisinequilibriumandtheflowmeterisnotindicating.當介質流動時由于介質流動帶走熱量，溫度的變化引起阻值變化，電橋失去平衡而有輸出，電流計的指示直接反映了流量的大小。WhenthemediumflowsBecausethemediumflowtakesawaytheheat,thechangeoftemperaturecausestheresistancevaluetochange,thebridgeisoutofbalanceandhastheoutput,theammeterindicationdirectlyreflectsthesizeoftheflow金屬熱電阻金屬熱電阻的應用電路Applicationcircuitofmetalthermalresistance04熱電阻式流量計

Thermalresistanceflowmeter（1）熱敏電阻thermistorPart

03車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology等特點得到廣泛地應用。

Thesecharacteristicshavebeenwidelyused熱敏電阻因其電阻溫度系數大，靈敏度高；熱慣性小，反應速度快；體積小，結構簡單；使用方便，壽命長，易于實現遠距離測量Thermistorhashighsensitivitybecauseofitslargeresistancetemperaturecoefficient.Thethermalinertiaissmall,thereactionspeedisfast;Smallsize,simplestructure;Easytouse,longlife,easytoachieveremotemeasurement熱敏電阻是一種利用半導體制成的敏感元件，其特點是電阻率隨溫度而顯著變化。Athermistorisasensitiveelementmadeofsemiconductors,whichischaracterizedbyasignificantchangeinresistivitywithtemperature.三、熱敏電阻

thermistor認識熱敏電阻Understandingthermistors01在溫度變化相同時，熱敏電阻的阻值變化約為鉑熱電阻的10倍，因此可以用它來測量0.01℃或更小的溫度差異。Withthesametemperaturechange,theresistancevalueofathermistorchangesabout10timesasmuchasaplatinumthermistor,soitcanbeusedtomeasureatemperaturedifferenceof0.01°Corless.熱敏電阻熱敏電阻(珠形）高精度負溫度系數熱敏電阻（Bead)Highprecisionnegativetemperaturecoefficientthermistor熱敏電阻MF55薄膜型熱敏電阻MF73大功率型熱敏電阻

WMZ71/72/73消磁型PTC熱敏電阻測溫型正溫系數WMZ58熱敏電阻器玻璃封裝MF55thinfilmthermistorMF73HighpowerthermistorWMZ71/72/73DegaussingtypePTCthermistor熱敏電阻熱敏電阻的電阻－溫度特性Resistance-temperaturecharacteristicsofthermistors02NTCPTCCTR負溫度系數熱敏電阻，溫度越高，阻值越小，且有明顯的非線性。最常見的是由金屬氧化物組成的，如錳，鈷，鐵，鎳，銅等多種氧化物混合燒結而成。NTC熱敏電阻具有很高的負電阻溫度系數，特別適用于：－100～＋300℃之間測溫。廣泛應用于需要定點測溫的自動控制電路中，如冰箱，空調等。Negativetemperaturecoefficientthermistor,thehigherthetemperature,thesmallertheresistancevalue,andthereisanobviousnonlinear.Themostcommoniscomposedofmetaloxides,suchasmanganese,cobalt,iron,nickel,copperandotheroxidesmixedandsintered.NTCthermistorshaveahighnegativeresistancetemperaturecoefficientandareespeciallysuitablefortemperaturemeasurementbetween-100and+300°C.Itiswidelyusedinautomaticcontrolcircuitsthatrequirefixedpointtemperaturemeasurement,suchasrefrigerators,airconditioners,etc.正溫度系數，BaTiO3（鈦酸鋇）系列材料制成熱敏電阻的阻值隨溫度升高而增大，且有斜率最大的區域，當溫度超過某一數值時，其電阻值朝正的方向快速變化。其用途主要是彩電消磁、各種電器設備的過熱保護等。Positivetemperaturecoefficient:TheresistancevalueofthethermistormadeofBaTiO3(bariumtitanate)seriesmaterialsincreaseswiththeincreaseoftemperature,andthereisaregionwiththelargestslope.Whenthetemperatureexceedsacertainvalue,theresistancevaluechangesrapidlyinthepositivedirection.ItsmainuseiscolorTVdegaussing,variouselectricalequipmentoverheatingprotection也具有負溫度系數，VO3（氧化釩）系列材料制作，但在某個溫度范圍內電阻值急劇下降，曲線斜率在此區段特別陡，靈敏度極高。主要用作溫度開關。Italsohasanegativetemperaturecoefficient,madeofVO3(vanadiumoxide)seriesmaterials,buttheresistancevaluedropssharplyinacertaintemperaturerange,theslopeofthecurveisparticularlysteepinthissection,andthesensitivityisextremelyhigh.Mainlyusedasatemperatureswitch各種熱敏電阻的阻值在常溫下很大，不必采用三線制或四線制接法，給使用帶來方便。Theresistancevalueofvariousthermistorsisverylargeatroomtemperature,anditisnotnecessarytousethree-wireorfour-wireconnectionmethod,whichbringsconveniencetouse熱敏電阻熱敏電阻的電阻－溫度特性曲線Resistance-temperaturecharacteristicofathermistor熱敏電阻熱敏電阻的應用Theapplicationofthermistors03溫度控制

temperaturecontrol（1）PTC溫控PTC熱敏電阻利用PTC熱敏電阻器在居里溫度以上電阻值陡然升高的特性，當環境溫度異常升高時，裝有PTC熱敏電阻器的保護線路通過阻值的改變而接通或斷開回路，達到溫度控制的目的。TemperaturecontrolPTCthermistorusesthecharacteristicthattheresistancevalueofPTCthermistorrisesabruptlyabovetheCurietemperature.Whentheambienttemperaturerisesabnormally,theprotectionlineequippedwithPTCthermistorisswitchedonoroffbychangingtheresistancevaluetoachievethepurposeoftemperaturecontrolWMZ6

過熱保護型熱敏電阻

熱敏電阻熱敏電阻用于CPU的溫度測量ThethermistorisusedtomeasurethetemperatureoftheCPU熱敏電阻熱敏電阻用于電熱水器的溫度控制Thermistorsareusedfortemperaturecontrolofelectricwaterheaters熱敏電阻熱敏電阻體溫表

Thermistorthermometer（2）電子體溫計electronicthermometer熱敏電阻電動機過載或缺相保護

Motoroverloadorphaselossprotection（3）RtaRtbRtc熱敏電阻(NTC)，安裝在三相繞組附近Thermistor(NTC),installednearthethree-phasewinding溫度低時Atlowtemperature電阻高三極管不導通繼電器不吸合電機運行Highresistancetriodenoonrelaydoesnotdrawmotoroperation溫度高時Athightemperature電阻低三極管導通繼電器吸合電機停止Lowresistancetriodeon-relaydrawsmotortostop紅外線傳感器infraredsensorPart

04車輛檢測技術Vehicledetectiontechnology四、紅外線傳感器

infraredsensor紅外線溫度傳感器是利用紅外線的物理性質來進行無接觸測溫的傳感器，它是一種將紅外輻射轉換成電量變化的裝置。Infraredtemperaturesensorisasensorthatusesthephysicalpropertiesofinfraredtomeasuretemperaturewithoutcontact,anditisadevicethatconvertsinfraredradiationintoelectricitychange.任何物質的溫度只要高于絕對零度，都能輻射紅外線，物體的溫度越高，輻射功率就越大。Aslongasthetemperatureofanysubstanceisaboveabsolutezero,itcanradiateinfraredrays,andthehigh