本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目：常村煤礦2.4Mt/a新井設(shè)計專題：常村煤礦礦震時空分布規(guī)律分析研究摘要本畢業(yè)設(shè)計分三部分：一般部分針對義馬常村礦的地質(zhì)條件進行了井型為2.4Mt/a的新井設(shè)計。常村礦井位于河南省義馬市境內(nèi)，井田走向長約5.0km，傾向長約3.5km，面積約14km2。主采煤層為2-1、2-3煤層，平均傾角10°，2-1平均厚度3.05m，2-3平均厚度10.63m，合并區(qū)平均厚12.48m。礦井正常涌水量為145m3/h，最大涌水量為375m3/h；礦井相對瓦斯涌出量為1.31m3/t，屬低瓦斯礦井。井田工業(yè)儲量為246.1Mt，可采儲量175.5Mt，設(shè)計年產(chǎn)量為2.4Mt/a，礦井服務(wù)年限為56.24a。根據(jù)井田地質(zhì)條件，設(shè)計采用立井兩水平（暗斜井延深）開拓方式，一水平布置在+100m，二水平布置在-100m。井田采用帶區(qū)式跟采區(qū)式布置方式，共劃分為4個帶區(qū)，1個采區(qū)，軌道大巷、膠帶機大巷和回風(fēng)大巷皆為巖石大巷，布置在2-3煤層底板巖層中。考慮到本礦井為低瓦斯礦井，且礦井面積較小，礦井通風(fēng)方式采用中央并列式通風(fēng)。大巷采用膠帶輸送機運煤，輔助運輸采用直流架線式電機車牽引固定箱式礦車。主井采用兩套兩對12t箕斗提煤，副井采用一對帶雙層四車（1.5t）罐籠，一個平衡錘的雙層兩車（5t）運料和升降人員。針對東一帶區(qū)采用了帶區(qū)準備方式，共劃分12個分帶工作面，并進行了運煤、通風(fēng)、運料、排矸、供電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。針對21105工作面進行了采煤工藝設(shè)計。該工作面煤層平均厚度為12.48m，平均傾角10°，直接頂為灰黑色泥巖，偽頂為薄層狀細砂巖。工作面采用長壁綜合機械化放頂煤采煤法。采用雙滾筒采煤機割煤，往返一次割兩刀。采用“三八制”工作制度，截深0.8m，每天4個循環(huán)，循環(huán)進尺3.2m，月推進度96m。專題部分題目為《常村煤礦礦震時空分布規(guī)律分析》，以常村礦2115掘進工作面與2120綜采工作面為背景，進行了采掘過程中礦震規(guī)律的研究，通過觀測數(shù)據(jù)收集與處理，得出了該礦礦震在時間與空間的分布規(guī)律。這為礦井采掘工作面的安全生產(chǎn)提供了技術(shù)支撐。翻譯部分題目為《ApreliminarystudyofcoalminingdrainageandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,Brazil》，主要介紹了巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)煤炭開采礦井排水對水中主要和微量元素的影響以及對當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境健康的影響。關(guān)鍵詞：常村礦井；立井兩水平；帶區(qū)布置；綜合機械化放頂煤；中央并列式；礦震分析；環(huán)境影響

ABSTRACTThisgraduationdesignisdividedintothreeparts.Thegeneraldesignisabouta2.40Mt/anewundergroundminedesignofChangcuncoalmine.ChangcuncoalmineislocatedinYima,Henanprovince.It’sabout5.0kmonthestrikeand3.5kmonthedip,withthe14.0km2totalhorizontalarea.Theminablecoalseamis2-1withanaveragethicknessof3.05m,2-3averagethicknessof10.63m,andtheAnnexationAreaaveragethicknessof12.48mwithanaveragedipof10°.Thenormalmineinflowis145m3/handthemaximummineinflowis375m3/h.Theminegasemissionrateis1.31m3/twhichcanberecognizedaslowgasmine.Theprovedreservesofthiscoalmineare246.1Mtandtheminablereservesare175.5Mt,withaminelifeof56.24a.Basedonthegeologicalconditionofthemine,Thedesignusesatwolevelverticalshaft(darkdeepinclinedshaftextension)toopenupthewaytoahorizontallayoutto+100m,thesecondlevelisarrangedinthe-100m.,andfullCoalfieldpreparation,whichdividedintofourbands,aminingarea,andtrackroadway,beltconveyorroadwayandreturnairwayareallrockroadways,arrangedinthefloorrockof2-3coalseam.Takingintoaccountofthelowgasemission,andminesmaller,mineventilationmodewithacentralparallelventilation.Mainroadwaymakesuseofbeltconveyortotransportcoalresource,andDCwiringmotorvehiclestobeassistanttransport.Themainshaftusesdouble12tskipstoliftcoalwithabalancehammerandtheauxiliaryshaftusesatwinsnarrow1.5tfour-cardouble-deckcageandawide1.5tfour-cardouble-deckcagetoliftmaterialandpersonneltransportation.ThedesignappliesstrippreparationagainstthefirstbandofEastOnewhichdividedinto12stirpstotally,andconductedcoalconveyance,ventilation,gangueconveyanceandelectricitydesigning.Thedesignconductedcoalminingtechnologydesignagainstthe21105face.Thecoalseamaveragethicknessofthisworkingfaceis12.48mandtheaveragedipis10°,theimmediateroofismudstoneandthemainroofissandstone.TheworkingfaceappliesfullymechanizedlongwallIntegratedmechanizedtopcoalcavingmethod,andusesdoubledrumshearercuttingcoalwhichcutstwiceeachworkingcycle."Three-Eight"workingsystemhasbeenusedinthisdesignandthedepth-webis0.8mwithfourworkingcyclesperday,andtheadvanceofaworkingcycleis3.2mandtheadvanceis96mpermonth.Themonographicstudyentitled"CaseStudyandResearchofChangcuncoalmineearthquakeinspatialandtemporaldistribution",thisstudytook2115HeadingFacewith2120mechanizedminingfaceofChangcuncoalmineasasbackground,conductedtheMineearthquakeintimeandspace,whichhadprovidedtechnicalsupportforthesafeproductionofminesminingface.Thetitleofthetranslatedacademicpaperis"ApreliminarystudyofcoalminingdrainageandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,Brazil".IntroducestheSantaCatarinaregionofBrazilcoalminingintheminedrainagewatermainandtraceelements,aswellastheimpactonthelocalenvironmentalhealth.Keywords:Changcuncoalmine;doubleverticalshaft;bandmode;Integratedmechanizedtopcoalcaving;centralparallelventilation;Analysisofmineearthquake;Environmentalimpact.中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)2012屆本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）目錄一般部分TOC\h\z\t"標(biāo)題1,1,標(biāo)題2,2,標(biāo)題,3"1礦井概況與地質(zhì)特征 頁ApreliminarystudyofcoalminingdrainageandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,BrazilLuisF.O.Silva?MarcusWollenschlager?MarcosL.S.OliveiraReceived:22September2009Accepted:3May2010Publishedonline:18May2010SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2010Abstract:Theconcentrationsandloadingsofmajorandtraceelementsincoalminedrainage(CMD)from49abandonedmineslocatedinthecoalfieldsoftheBrazilianstateofSantaCatarinaweredetermined.TheCMDsitestypicallydisplayedawidespatialandtemporalvariabilityinphysicalandgeochemicalconditions.TheresultsofourCMDanalysesinSantaCatarinaStatewereusedtoillustratethatthegeochemicalprocessesintherockpilescanbededucedfrommultipledatasets.TheobservedrelationshipbetweenthepHandconstituentconcentrationswereattributedto(1)dilutionofacidicwaterbynearneutraloralkalinegroundwaterand(2)solubilitycontrolofAl,Fe,Mn,BaandSrbyhydroxide,sulfate,and/orcarbonateminerals.ThepreliminaryresultsoftheCMDanalysesandenvironmentalhealthintheSantaCatarinaregion,Brazil,arediscussed.Keywords:BraziliancoalminingCoalminedrainageDrainagemanagementEnvironmentalimpactsIntroductionAcoalminingprojectcanbeseentobeavaluableresourceintermsofitscontributiontothelocalandnationaleconomyanditsassociatedimpactonsociety(Sekineetal.2008).However,thecostassociatedwithreclamation,mitigation,andmonitoringofimproperlycontrolledandabandonedminescanbestaggering.Inaddition,oneofthemajorenvironmentalconcernsrelatedtocoalminingisthecontaminationofsurfaceandgroundwatersasaresultofsurfacedisposalofwasterock.Thesewastematerialstypicallycontainvariableamountsofsulfideminerals.Afterdisposal,exposuretoatmosphericoxygenandwaterresultsinsulfideoxidationandtheformationofminedrainagewithvariablepH,SO42-,andheavymetalcontent.Whencoalismined,pyriteisexposedtooxygenandwater,settingoffaseriesofreactionsthatcanresultinloweredpH(unlesstherearesufficientcarbonatestoneutralizeacidsproducedbyoxidationandhydrolysis)andthereleaseofhighconcentrationsofmetals,suchasiron(Fe),aluminum(Al),andmanganese(Mn).Potentiallytoxictraceelements,suchasarsenic(As),mercury(Hg),lead(Pb),andselenium(Se),mayalsobereleased.Inadditiontocausingpoorwaterquality,minedrainagecanaffectthesubstrateofastream.Ferrousiron(Fe2?)isoxidizedtoferriciron(Fe3?)toformaprecipitateonthesubstrate(commonlyreferredtoas‘‘yellowboy’’)inthepresenceofwaterwhenthepHisgreaterthanabout3.5(RoseandCravotta1998).InmanyminedrainagestreamswitharelativelyhighpH,precipitatedironandaluminummaycoatthestreamsubstrateandcauseanunstablehabitatformacroinvertebrates(Schmidtetal.2002;Simmonsetal.2005).ThepHofasolutionisanimportantmeasureforevaluatingaquatictoxicityandcorrosiveness(Cravotta2008).Theseverityoftoxicity,orcorrosion,tendstobegreaterunderlow-pHorhigh-pHconditionsthanatnear-neutralpHbecausethesolubilityofmanymetalscanbedescribedasamphoteric,withagreatertendencytodissolveascationsatlowpHoranionicspeciesathighpH(Langmuir1997).Forexample,AlhydroxideandaluminosilicatemineralshavetheirminimumsolubilityatpH6–7(NordstromandBall1986;BighamandNordstrom2000),andbriefexposuretorelativelylowconcentrationsofdissolvedAlcanbetoxictofishandotheraquaticorganisms(BakerandSchofield1982).Anions,includingSO42-,HCO3-and,lesscommonly,Cl-,canbeelevatedabovebackgroundconcentrationsincoalminedrainage(CMD)(Cravotta2008),andpolyvalentcationssuchasAl3?andFe3?tendtoassociatewithsuchionsofoppositecharge(Nordstrom2004).Ion-pairformation,oraqueouscomplexationreactions,betweendissolvedcationsandanionscanincreasethetotalconcentrationofmetalsinasolutionatequilibriumwithmineralsandcanaffectthebioavailabilityandtoxicityofmetalionsinaquaticecosystems(e.g.,Sparks2005).Eventually,thesolutionscanbecomesaturated,orreachequilibrium,dependingonthevarioussulfate,carbonate,orhydroxidemineralsthatestablishupperlimitsforthedissolvedmetalconcentrations.Inthisstudy,weanalyzed49samplesofabandonedCMDatminedumpsinSantaCatarinaState,Brazil,identifyingthegeochemicalprocesseswhichgiverisetoitsacidiccharacterandevaluatingtheeffectsoftheselectivespoilmanagementonitscharacteristics.Thevariationinthewaterchemistryisalsodiscussedwithintheframeworkoftheresults.ThispreliminarystudyoftheexistingCMDinSantaCatarinaStaterelatestomineralsexposedduringcoalmining(coalcleaningresidues,CCR)andtherelevantgeochemicalprocessesthatexplaintheoriginofthemainelementspresent.CoalzonesofSantaCatarinaStateTheriversofSantaCatarinaState(Tubara?o,Urussanga,andArarangua′)receivetheeffluentsgeneratedatthecoalmines.Contaminationofthewaterresourcesisduetocoaldrainagefrom134stripminesitescoveringatotalareaof2,964ha,115wastedepositareasonatotalof2,734hectares,77siteson58hectareswithacidicpools,andhundredsofundergroundmines(ABMC2008).However,theproductionandcirculationofacidicstreamsindumpareascreateaproblemforlandreclamationasitimpedestheestablishmentofvegetationandevencausesthedisappearanceofalreadywellestablishedvegetation(SIECESC2008).Thecontactbetweenspoilsofdifferentpermeabilitiesallowsthefrequentoutflowofsub-superficialwaterfromthebanksthatareinterconnectedwiththegeneralcirculation.Soilrestorationworkincludestheuseofcorrectors,suchaslimeorashesfromlignitecombustion,inorganicandorganicfertilizersand,onsomeoccasions,thespreadingofalayeroftopsoil.Thedifferenttypesofspoilsdumpedandtheproceduresusedhavegivenrisetoawidevarietyofphysicochemicalconditionsatthedumpsurfaces.Fig.1LocationoftheSantaCatarinacoalbasinTheenvironmentalproblemsaretheresultof120yearsofminingactivityandotherpollutionsources.In1980,theSantaCatarinaCoalRegion(Fig.1)wasdesignateda‘‘CriticalNationalAreaforPollutionControlandEnvironmentalConservation’’.Duetothisgravesituation,theFederalAttorneyGeneralfiledsuitin1993againstthefederalandstategovernmentsandcoalcompanies,seekingenvironmentalrecoveryoftheareasaffectedbycoalmininginadditiontoterminationoftheenvironmentaldegradationbytheactivemines.In2000,afederaljudgeinCriciu′ma,SantaCatarina,orderedthegovernment-runcompaniestoestablisharecoveryprojectwithin6monthsthatwouldbeimplementedover3yearsandencompassthedamagecausedbycoalminingactivitiesintheentirecoalregioninthesouthernpartofthestate(SIECESC2008).MethodsandanalyticalproceduresWaterInthisstudy,wecharacterizedthephysico-chemicalpropertiesofwasteeffluentatselectedacid-producingminesites.Thefieldworkwasperformedduringseveralweatherseasonsin2005(January,March,May,July,September,November)and2006(February,April,October,December)andincludedacomprehensiveanddetailedexplorationofthestudyarea.Forty-ninewaterqualitycontrolsamples,thelocationsofwhichweredeterminedbyGPS,werecollectedfromthedifferentrestorationareas,categorizedasfourcoalminegroups(Table2):LauroMuller,Criciu′ma,TrevisoandUrussangacities.Theseexactlocationswerechosenforthestudybecause(1)thelocationshowedacomparativelylowerresistancethansurroundingareas(i.e.,anindicationofCMDsourcematerial);(2)nearbywetlandsshowedevidenceofacidminedrainage(AMD);(3)thelocationwasreadilyaccessibleandcontainedexistingmonitoringwells;(4)nearbyseepscouldbeusedtoidentifythehydraulicgradientformonitoringpurposes.Watersampleswerecollectedin1-LTeflonbottlesthatwasthensplitintorinsedpolythenebottles;preservationwasdonebystandardmethods(Clescerialetal.1998).WaterqualityVarioustraceelements,suchasAs,Co,Cu,Pb,Ni,Se,uranium(U),andZn,areconcentratedincoal(Table1)andareharmfultothehealthofaquaticandTable1AveragevaluesforthetraceelementsintheSantaCatarinaCCR(ppm)Table1AveragevaluesforthetraceelementsintheSantaCatarinaCCR(ppm)ElementSantaCatarina(CCR)aBraziliancoalbWorldcoalcAs6.0-43.724.40.5-80Ba300N/A0.5-150Be2.2--5Co1.2-13.16.00.5-30CuCrHgMoNiPbSbSeSrSnThUVZn14.3-39.739-570.192.7-6.64-2326.8-139.80.4-2.14.3-9.43.8-5.710.3-616.113.8-22.84.9-1676.8-105.516.5-297.416.015.00.173.314.011.01.22.8N/AN/AN/A2.122.053.00.1-500.5-600.0120.1-100.1-502-800.05-100.2-100.1-50.5-2500.1-50.1-52-1005-300EnvironmentalhealthanddynamicsofsurfaceswatersThetoxicityinthewastewasmainlyduetothepresenceofdifferentmetals,namely,Pd,cadmium(Cd),As,Cr,amongothers,withAlalsobeingtoxictofish.Theresiduereleasedduringtheprocesscouldbeeitherrecycledforfurtherprocessingorsentforsafedisposalwithoutaffectinghumanhealth.Atsurfacecoalmines,wheretheoverburdenchemicalprocessesaredominatedbyeithercalcareousorhighlypyriticstrata,thepredictionofpostreclamationwaterqualityisrelativelystraightforward.However,atsiteswhereneitherofthetwoabovementionedprocessesclearlypredominates,predictingpost-reclamationwaterqualitycanbecomplex.Tenyearsago,researchersandscientists(Silva2006;SIECESC2008)foundthatatthesemoredifficult-topredictsites,overburdenanalysisproceduresgenerallyusedtopredictpost-reclamationwaterqualityatsurfacecoalmineswerenomorereliablethanflippingacoin.Sincethistime,agreatdealofefforthasgoneintoimprovingtheprocedures(ABMC2008).Itshouldbenotedthatthisstudyreportsonlyonthosecomponentsrelevanttothepredictionofwaterqualityatsurfacemineswherecoalisbeingmined.Althoughthegeneralapproachissimilar,theissuesandinterpretationofresultscanbequitedifferentforhardrockoperationsandundergroundcoalmining.Statisticalanalysisofsurfacewaterqualitydataincoalminingareasfromunmined,abandonedmine,andreclaimedsitesinSantaCatarinashowedthatthereweresignificantdifferencesinstreamflowpH,specificconductance,alkalinity,andconcentrationsofmetalsbetweenabandonedmine,andunminedsites(SIECESC2008).StreamsatreclaimedsiteshadaveragepHvaluesandAlconcentrationssimilartothoseinunminedsites.Theaveragespecificconductanceandsulfateconcentrationsofstreamwaterwereaboutthesameatreclaimedandabandoned-minesites,buttheyweresignificantlyloweratunminedsites;specificconductanceandsulfateconcentrationactuallyprovedtobereliableindicatorsofbasinsthathadbeendisturbedbymining(OliveiraandSilva2006).ConclusionsRegionalwaterqualitydatawerecollectedin2005–2006at49CMDsitesinSantaCatarinaState,Brazil.ThevariabilityintheCMDhydro-geochemistryenablesdifferentconditionsofpH,Eh,DO,oxidationrateofFe(II),andmetalcontentstobedeterminedamongthestudiedeffluents.Thesedifferentconditionshavestrongimplicationsastheyintroduceadditionaldifficultiesintothedesignofcorrectivemeasuresattheminesites.Ourresultsdemonstratethatselectivemanagementofspoilsitesistherestorationpracticethatoffersthebestprotectionagainstcontaminationofsurfaceandsubsurfacewaters,providingasuitableproceduretoapplyinthefutureconstructionofdumpsurfaces.Improvementinthequalityofdrainagesystemsusingthispracticecansignificantlyreducethecostoftreatmentinthepurificationplantpriortoeffluentsbeingdischargedtothereceivingcatchmentzone.Futureworkshouldinvestigatetherelationshipsbetweenthestabilityofsurfaceprecipitates.AcknowledgmentsThisworkwasconductedbyFEHIDROandEnvironmentalFoundationofSantaCatarinaState(FATMA).WearegratefultoMr.FransWaanders,R.B.Finkelman,CidneiGalvani,Rui,FernandoA.R.Guedes,andMarcioPinkandforinvaluablecollaborationinthestructuralwork.BASF,S.A.(Brazilian)conductedmostofthechemicalanalyses(inspecialmanagement,BrunoSina).Theauthorsacknowledgelogisticalsupportfromthecoalminingcompanies(accesstosamples).References[1]ABMC.(2008).Availableat:.br.Accessed12May2008.[2]Baker,R.,&Schofield,C.L.(1982).Aluminumtoxicitytofishinacidicwaters.Water,Air,andSoilpollution,18,289–309.[3]Bigham,J.M.,&Nordstrom,D.K.(2000).Ironandaluminumhydroxysulfatemineralsfromacidsulfatewaters.ReviewsinMineralogyandGeochemistry,40,351–403.[4]Borda,M.,Elsetinow,A.,Schoonen,M.,&Strongin,D.(2001).Pyrite-inducedhydrogenperoxideformationasadrivingforceintheevolutionofphotosyntheticorganismsonanearlyEarth.Astrobiology,1,283–288.[5]Carlson,L.,Bigham,J.M.,Schwertmann,U.,Kyek,A.,&Wagner,F.(2002).ScavengingofAsfromacidminedrainagebyschwertmanniteandferrihydrite:Acomparisonwithsyntheticanalogues.EnvironmentalScienceandTechnology,36,1712–1719.[6]Clescerial,L.S.,Greenberg,A.E.,&Eatan,A.D.(1998).Standardmethodsforexaminationofwaterandwastewater(pp.3.37–3.38),20thedn.Washington,DC:APHA,AWWA.[7]Cohn,C.A.,Borda,M.J.,&Schoonen,M.A.(2004).RNAdecompositionbypyrite-inducedradicalsandpossibleroleoflipidsduringtheemergenceoflife.EarthandPlanetaryScienceLetters,225,271–278.[8]Cravotta,A.C.(2008).Dissolvedmetalsandassociatedconstituentsinabandonedcoal-minedischarges,Pennsylvania,USA.Part1:Constituentquantitiesandcorrelations.AppliedGeochemistry,23,166–202.[9]Earle,J.,&Callaghan,T.(1998).Effectsofminedrainageonaquaticlife,wateruses,andmanmadestructures.InK.B.C.Brady,&M.W.J.Smith(Eds.),CoalminedrainagepredictionandpollutionpreventioninPennsylvania,5600-BK-DEP2256,4.1–4.10.[10]Harrisburg,PA:PennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection.Herr,C.,&Gray,N.F.(1995).Samplingriverinesedimentsimpactedbyacidminedrainage:Problemsandsolutions.EnvironmentalGeology,29,37–45.[11]Kalkreuth,W.,Holz,M.,Kern,M.,Machado,G.,Mexias,A.,Silva,M.B.,etal.(2006).PetrologyandchemistryofPermiancoalsfromtheParana′Basin:1.SantaTerezinha,Lea?o-Butia′andCandiotacoalfields,RioGrandedoSul,Brazil.InternationalJournalofCoalGeology,68,79–116.[12]Pires,M.,&Querol,X.(2004).CharacterizationofCandiota(SouthBrazil)coalandcombustionby-product.InternationalJournalofCoalGeology,60,57–72.[13]Querol,X.,Izquierdo,M.,Monfort,E.,Alvarez,E.,Font,O.,Moreno,T.,etal.(2008).EnvironmentalcharacterizationofburntcoalganguebanksatYangquan,ShanxiProvince,China.InternationalJournalofCoalGeology,75,93–104.[14]Silva,L.F.O.,Oliveira,M.L.S.,daBoit,K.M.,&Finkelman,R.B.(2009b).CharacterizationofSantaCatarina(Brazil)coalwithrespecttoHumanHealthandEnvironmentalConcerns.EnvironmentalGeochemistryandHealth,31,475–485.[15]Smith,K.S.,&Huyck,H.L.O.(1999).Anoverviewoftheabundance,relativemobility,bioavailability,andhumantoxicityofmetals.ReviewsinEconomicGeology,6A,29–70.

巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)煤炭開采污水排放和環(huán)境健康的初步研究路易斯FO席爾瓦，馬庫斯伍侖斯拉格，馬科斯LS歐雷維拉收到日期：2009年9月22日采納日期：2010年5月3日在線出版日期：2010年5月18日摘要：本文對坐落在巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)的49座廢棄礦井排棄廢水中的主要和微量元素進行了測定。這些進行CMD測試的地點在物理和地球化學(xué)方面存在很大時間和空間上的差異性。我們在圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)進行的CMD測試分析可以說明巖層中的物理化學(xué)變化可以通過一套模型數(shù)據(jù)的確定來推導(dǎo)演繹出來。已經(jīng)觀測到的PH值和濃度之間的關(guān)系如下（1）酸性水被附近的中性或堿性水所稀釋（2）鋁、鐵、錳、鋇和鍶元素與含氫、硫酸鹽和碳酸鹽的礦物質(zhì)反應(yīng)從而可溶于水。巴西圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)CMD的分析和環(huán)境健康的評估在本篇文章作為主要討論內(nèi)容。關(guān)鍵詞：巴西煤炭開采，礦井排水，排水措施，環(huán)境影響。正文由于一個煤礦工程可以為當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟發(fā)展做出貢獻并且會對社會上相關(guān)行業(yè)產(chǎn)生好的影響，所以煤炭被看做是一種有價值的資源。然而采空區(qū)的充填以及對不當(dāng)開采和廢棄礦山監(jiān)測的成本卻令人咋舌。除此之外，煤炭開采帶來的主要環(huán)境問題之一是因為地表塌陷和廢棄矸石所造成的地表水和地下水污染。這些廢棄物主要包含了大量的硫酸鹽礦物。在塌陷之后揮發(fā)到大氣層中或者溶于水中導(dǎo)致酸雨，形成多種PH值的含SO4-2和重金屬的煤礦廢水。當(dāng)一個煤礦進行開采時，其中混雜的鐵礦石與氧氣和水接觸，發(fā)生一系列的化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生一定的酸性（除非有足夠的碳酸鹽和硫酸鹽來中和由于接觸空去和水所產(chǎn)生的酸根離子）并且釋放高濃度的金屬離子，比如說鐵、鋁和錳。一些具有潛在毒性的微量元素例如砷、汞、鉛和鍶也可能會釋放出來。除了會導(dǎo)致水質(zhì)量惡化，煤礦污水也會污染溪水或河流的水源。當(dāng)ph值大于3.5時水中的+2價鐵離子會被氧化成+3價鐵離子，在水中形成一種沉淀物。在很多PH值相對較高的受煤礦污水污染的河流中，沉淀的鐵和鋁會覆蓋在河底,造成大型無脊椎動物棲息地的不穩(wěn)定和惡化。一個地方水體的PH值對于評估毒性和腐蝕性是非常重要的。在酸性或者堿性水體中上述毒性或腐蝕性的嚴重程度要比接近中性的水體中高的多，這是因為許多金屬更容易在酸性和堿性環(huán)境中充分的溶解。例如，鋁及其化合物在PH=6-7時在液體中的溶解度最小，但是和相對較低濃度的鋁離子溶液短暫的接觸就會對魚類和其他水中的有機物造成毒性。陰離子包括SO4-2，HCO3-和少量常見的Cl-，這些離子的濃度都會在煤礦污水中升高。通過溶解在水中的金屬和陰離子的反應(yīng)生成物還會使金屬離子的濃度增加直至與礦物質(zhì)達到平衡，這也會影響水下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中金屬離子的生物利用和自我恢復(fù)能力。最終這種過程根據(jù)不同的硫酸根、碳酸根或者離子型態(tài)的金屬元素所建立起的水體溶解上限達到一種平衡。在這項研究中，我們分析了圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)49個廢棄的CMD礦井污水樣本，證明了這種化學(xué)變化使得其酸性加強，評估了有選擇性的根據(jù)水體的酸堿性使之變質(zhì)的影響。水中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)也在結(jié)果中加以探討。這項對于圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)現(xiàn)存的CMD初步研究與在煤炭開采時暴露在空氣或水中的礦物質(zhì)有關(guān)，同時也與地球物理化學(xué)變化過程有關(guān)，這種變化可以解釋現(xiàn)在這些主要物質(zhì)元素的起源。圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)煤田分布圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)的河流匯集了由于煤炭開采產(chǎn)生的污水。這些水資源受到污染是由于在方圓2964公頃范圍內(nèi)存在的134個礦井的污水排放點以及在方圓2734公頃的范圍內(nèi)115個廢棄物沉淀聚集地區(qū)，占地58公頃的77處酸性污水池和上百個井工開采的煤礦。然而在采空區(qū)上方的一些呈酸性的河流的流動也會造成一些關(guān)于地表恢復(fù)的問題，因為這些酸性河流會阻礙地表植被的形成甚至?xí)?dǎo)致已經(jīng)形成的植被的消失。不同滲透性的腐蝕性水體之間的接觸會導(dǎo)致與正常水體相聯(lián)系的表層河流水頻繁的外流。地表土壤的恢復(fù)工作包括使用正確的措施，比如噴灑植物燃燒留下的灰燼，使用有機和無機肥料，在某些特殊情況下還可以重新鋪蓋一層表土。由于不同的污染物會排放出來，因此在污染物污染的地表，上述方法會產(chǎn)生不同的物理、生物化學(xué)變化。現(xiàn)在的環(huán)境問題是在過去120中的采礦活動和其他污染源共同導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。在1980年，圣卡塔琳娜礦區(qū)被認為是一個“亟待需要控制污染保護環(huán)境的地區(qū)”。因為這樣嚴峻的現(xiàn)實，在1993年聯(lián)邦檢察部門起訴各州的政府和煤炭企業(yè)以期達到恢復(fù)被煤炭開采污染的環(huán)境，并且終止被仍在進行的煤炭開采活動造成的環(huán)境惡化。2000年圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)Criciu’ma的法官下令政府開辦的企業(yè)要在六個月內(nèi)開始一項環(huán)境恢復(fù)工程，這項工程為期不少于三年，工程的任務(wù)要圍繞并解決在州南部地區(qū)所有的煤田造成的環(huán)境污染問題。表1.圣卡塔琳娜地地區(qū)煤田位置方法和分析步驟水資源在這項研究中，我們詳細描述了在已選擇的酸性污水產(chǎn)生地產(chǎn)生的酸性污水的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)。現(xiàn)場的測試工作在2005年（1月，3月，5月，7月，9月，11月）和2006年（2月，4月，10月，12月）的不同季節(jié)與氣候條件下進行，包含了對該地區(qū)廣泛而細致的探索。49種水質(zhì)樣本是在不同的被GPS定位的恢復(fù)地區(qū)收集的，被分為4種礦井種類（表2）：LauroMuller,Criciu′ma,TrevisoandUrussangacities。這些精確的位置被本研究所采用是因為：（1）這些地區(qū)比周邊地區(qū)更傾向于不反對本研究（2）附近的濕地有證據(jù)表明被酸性礦井污水污染（3）這些地區(qū)交通方便且有現(xiàn)成的監(jiān)測礦井（4）周圍的滲透層可以用來驗證監(jiān)測地區(qū)的水力梯度變化。取出的水樣被裝在編號為1-L的聚四氟乙烯瓶中然后被裝入漂洗過的聚乙烯瓶中，所有的保護措施都是按照標(biāo)準方法完成的。水質(zhì)多種不同的微量元素，例如砷，鈷，銅，鉛，鈮，鍶，鈾和鋅都會濃縮在煤中并且對水生生物健康造成危害。表1圣卡塔琳娜地區(qū)微量元素的平均值CCR(ppm)