2025高考英語大二輪專題強化練高考題型組合練作業10科學研究與發現類說明文作業10科學研究與發現類說明文說明文閱讀解題技法A(2023·新課標Ⅰ)OnMarch7,1907，theEnglish①statisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases，theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffect②capitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors，thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendto③overestimate，andsometo③underestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether，theycanceleachotherout，resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors，thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms，thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons，people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent，theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion，theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance，theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Ina④follow-upstudywith100universitystudents，theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime，butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently，thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow，theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain，thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1．Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A．Themethodsofestimation. B．The⑤underlyinglogicoftheeffect.C．Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D．ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A．thecrowdswererelativelysmallB．therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC．individualsdidnotcommunicateD．estimateswerenotfullyindependent3．Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A．Thesizeofthegroups.B．Thedominantmembers.C．Thediscussionprocess.D．Theindividualestimates.4．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.C．Doubtful. D．Approving.語境猜詞①statistician(派)＝statistic＋ian____________________②capitalizeon____________________③overestimate(合)＝over＋estimate____________________underestimate(合)＝under＋estimate____________________④follow-up(合)＝follow＋up____________________⑤underlying(合)＝under＋lying____________________B(2024·浙江臺州二模)Wheninstantcakemixesfirstappearedinthe1950s，Americanhousewivesweredoubtful.Thesemixes，promisingeasycake-baking，felttooeasy.Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatrequiringtheadditionofanegginthebakingprocesswasjustenoughtomakethehousewiveshappywiththeirwork.Thegreatersenseofeffortgainedfromalittleextralaborisbelievedtohavebeenessentialtothelatersuccessofthecakemix.ThisreflectstheIKEAeffect(宜家效應)，whichisidentifiedbypsychologistMichaelI．Nortonandhiscolleagues，suggestingweplacegreatervalueonthingswehaveworkedtocreate.Theyconductedfourstudiesinwhichtheyaskedparticipantstofoldpapercranesandfrogs，assembleIKEAboxes，andbuildsetsofLegos.Theythenaskedthebuilderstobid(出價)fortheircreations，andcomparedthepriceswithbidsfrompeoplewhohadn’tbuiltthem.Thebuildersconsistently①outbidthenon-builders.Interestingly，theIKEAeffectworksevenwhenpeoplehavenoopportunitytofully②personalizetheircreations.Whilemostparticipants’foldingskillsleftmuchtobedesired，theylovedtheirimperfectlypersonalizedproductsallthemore.Buildersvaluedtheirwrinkledcrane-likecreationsnearlyfivetimesasmuchasnon-builders.Beauty，it_seems，is_in_the_eye_of_the_builder.Today，ascitiesaresufferingfromseverehousingcrises，theIKEAeffectcangiveusinsightintothe③well-beingbenefitsofaself-buildingapproachtohousingdevelopment.ProjectslikeWikiHouseandthe“half-a-house”approach④pioneeredbyAlejandroAravena’sarchitecturecompanyElementalareworkingtomakehousingmore⑤affordableandsustainablebymakingiteasierforpeopletobuildandpersonalizetheirownhomes.“Themomentpeopleareinvolvedwiththeirbuiltenvironment，theyhaveatotallydifferentrelationshiptoit，”WikiHouseco-founderAlastairParvinexplained.“Whentheroofstartsleakingoradoorstartscreaking，theyhavethepowertofixitthemselves.”5．Whatbroughtcustomersthejoyofcake-bakingaccordingtoparagraph1?A．Abettertaste. B．Aneasyapproach.C．Adetailedrecipe. D．Anadditionaleffort.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3imply?A．Creationsarebasedonskills. B．Extralaborincreasesperceivedvalue.C．Beautyisfoundthroughcontrast. D．Strictmanagementbringsgoodquality.

7.WhatisAlastairParvin’sattitudetowardspublicinvolvementinhousing?A．Critical. B．Objective.C．Doubtful. D．Supportive.8．What’sthepurposeofthistext?A．Topromoteabrand.B．Tomakeaproposal.C．Toexplainaconcept.D．Tointroduceastudy.語境猜詞①outbid(合)＝out＋bid_________________________________________________②personalize(派)＝person＋al＋ize____________________③well-being(合)＝well＋being____________________④pioneer熟義：n.先驅生義(文義)：v.____________________⑤affordable(派)＝afford＋able___________________________________________C(2024·河南新鄉二模)Asugarreplacementcallederythritol(赤蘚糖醇)hasbeenlinkedtobloodclotting(血液凝固)，stroke，heartattackanddeath，accordingtoanewstudy.“Thedegreeofriskwasnotmodest，”saidleadstudyauthorDr.StanleyHazen.Peoplewithexistingriskfactorsforheartdiseasewillbetwiceaslikelytoexperiencetheriskiftheyhavethehighestlevelsoferythritolintheirblood.Erythritolappearstobecausingbloodplatelets(血小板)toclotmorereadily.Clotscanbreakoffandtraveltotheheartorthebrain，causingaheartattackorastroke.Erythritolisasugaralcohol，acarbfoundnaturallyinmanyfruitsandvegetables.However，artificiallymanufacturedinmassivequantities，erythritolhasbecomeanextremelypopular①additiveto②low-carbproducts.Thediscoveryoftheconnectionbetweenerythritolandcardiovascularissueswaspurelyaccidental.Hazen’sresearchhadasimplegoal:findunknownchemicalsorcompoundsinaperson’sblood.Todoso，theteamanalyzed1,157bloodsamples.“Wefoundthissubstancethatseemedtoplayabigrole，butwedidn’tknowitwaserythritol，a③sweeteneruntillater，”saidHazen.Toconfirmthefindings，theteamtestedanothertwobatchesofbloodsamplesandfoundthathigherlevelsoferythritolwereconnectedtoagreaterriskofheartattack，strokeordeathwithinthreeyears.“Thiscertainlysoundsanalarm，”saidDr.AndrewFreeman，directorofahospitalinDenver.“Scienceneedstotakeadeeperdiveintoerythritolandinahurry，becausethissubstanceiswidelyavailablerightnow.Ifit’sharmful，weshouldknowaboutit.”Hazenagreed，“Inormallydon’tgetuponapedestal(崇高地位)andsoundthealarm，butthisissomethingthatIthinkweneedtobelookingatcarefully.”9．Abouttherisk，whatdoHazen’swordsinparagraph2mean?A．Itisnotworthconsidering. B．Itisremovedbyerythritol.C．Itshouldnotbeunderestimated. D．Itisjustpresentinpeoplewithdisease.10．Whatdoweknowabouterythritol?A．Itsqualityisuncertain. B．Ithasbeenusedwidelyinfood.C．Itismanufacturedbyartists. D．Itmainlyexistsinfruits.11．Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Erythritolisnotavailabletopeople.B．Hazenlikeswarningpeopleaboutpotentialdangers.C．Peoplehaverealizedthaterythritolisdangerous.D．Furtherresearchshouldbedoneonerythritol.12．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．TheAccidentalDiscoveryofaNewSweetenerB．ThePotentialHealthRisksofErythritolUncoveredC．TheRiseofErythritolasaPopularSugarSubstituteD．TheSurprisingBenefitsofErythritolinDietProducts語境猜詞①additive(派)＝add＋itive____________________②low-carb(合)＝low＋carb____________________③sweetener(派)＝sweet＋en＋er____________________語境猜詞答案A．①統計學家，統計員②充分利用③高估低估④后續的⑤隱含的，潛在的B．①在開價上戰勝；出價高于②使個性化③幸福，安康④倡導；做先鋒⑤便宜的，付得起的C．①添加劑，添加物②低碳水化合物③甜味劑答案精析語篇解讀本文是說明文。沒有人是一座孤島，文章陳述了“群體智慧”效應。實驗表明，在某些情況下大量獨立估計的平均值可能是相當準確的。1．B[段落大意題。根據第二段內容可知，本段闡述了人們所犯的錯誤不總是相同的，各不相同的誤差平均在一起，相互抵消就會產生更準確的估計，討論了獨立估計的平均值如何由于誤差的消除而變得更準確。因此本段主要解釋了“群體智慧”效應這一現象的基本邏輯。故選B。]2．D[細節理解題。根據第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms，thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.”和第三段可知，人們在沒有獨立的情況下，分成更小群體，平均值是更準確的，說明即使在不完全獨立的情況下做出估計，準確率也可以提高。故選D。]3．C[推理判斷題。根據第四段前三句可知，在后續研究中，研究人員試圖更好地了解小組成員在討論中實際做了什么。結合兩個問題可知，后續研究的重點是小組內的討論過程。故選C。]4．D[觀點態度題。根據最后一段可知，作者認為雖然Navajas領導的研究有局限性也存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。因此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究持贊許的態度。故選D。]語篇解讀本文是說明文。本文通過舉例和實驗研究解釋什么是宜家效應，即人們更加珍視自己親手創造的東西，并由此引發了對自我建造住房的好處的思考。5．D[細節理解題。根據第一段中“Themanufacturersdiscoveredthatrequiringtheadditionofanegginthebakingprocesswasjustenoughtomakethehousewiveshappywiththeirwork.”可知，額外的努力給顧客帶來了蛋糕烘焙的樂趣。故選D。]6．B[句意理解題。根據前文“Buildersvaluedtheirwrinkledcrane-likecreationsnearlyfivetimesasmuchasnon-builders.”可知，本段主要講述額外的勞動會讓參與者更喜歡和珍視自己的作品，所以畫線句意為“額外的勞動增加了感知價值”。故選B。]7．D[觀點態度題。根據最后一段“WikiHouse的聯合創始人AlastairParvin解釋說：‘當人們參與到他們的建筑環境中時，他們與環境的關系就完全不同了。’‘當屋頂開始漏水或門開始吱吱作響時，他們有能力自己修理。’”可推知，AlastairParvin對公眾參與住房建設持支持的態度。故選D。]8．C[寫作意圖題。縱觀全文可知，本文主要圍繞概念——宜家效應(IKEAeffect)展開，所以本文的目的是解釋一個概念。故選C。]語篇解讀這是一篇說明文，主要介紹了一項新的研究表明，一種名為赤蘚糖醇的糖替代品與血液凝固、中風、心臟病發作和死亡有關。9．C[推理判斷題。第二段后三句提到，如果血液中赤蘚糖醇的含量達到最高水平，有心臟病風險因素的人患心臟病的可能性會增加一倍。赤蘚糖醇似乎能使血小板更容易凝結。血塊會脫落并進入心臟或大腦，導致心臟病發作或中風。由此可推知，哈森在第二段的話“這種風險并不小”是為了表明這種風險不應被低估。故選C。]10．B[細節理解題。根據第三段“赤蘚糖醇是一種糖醇，是一種存在于許多水果和蔬菜中的天然碳水化合物。然而，大量人工制造的赤蘚糖醇已經成為一種非常受歡迎的低碳水化合物產品添加劑”可知，赤蘚糖醇被廣泛應用于食品中。故選B。]11．D[推理判斷題。根據倒數第二段中“Scienceneedsto...weshouldknowaboutit.(科學需要對赤蘚糖醇進行更深入的研究，而且要抓緊時間，因為這種物質現在已經廣泛存在。如果它有害，我們就應該知道)”以及最后一段中“butthisissomethingthatIthinkweneedtobelookingatcarefully”可推知，應該對赤蘚糖醇進行進一步的研究。故選D。]12．B[標題歸納題。根據文章大意尤其第一段“Asugar...accordingtoanewstudy.”可知，文章主要講的是一項新的研究表明，一種名為赤蘚糖醇的糖替代品與血液凝固、中風、心臟病發作和死亡有關。故“發現赤蘚糖醇的潛在健康風險”適合作文章標題。故選B。]作業11科學發明與創新類說明文A(2022·全國乙)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機)guaranteethesafetyand①reliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎設施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexamine②high-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityand③on-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficientacrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailway④personnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothat⑤fast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.1．Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A．Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B．Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C．Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D．Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“maintenance”inparagraph3referto?A．Personnelsafety.B．Assistancefromdrones.C．Inspectionandrepair.D．Constructionofinfrastructure.3．Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A．Toprovideearlywarning.B．Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C．Toearnprofitsforthecrews.D．Toacceleratetransportation.4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways語境猜詞①reliability(派)＝reliab(le)＋ility②high-tension(合)＝high＋tension③on-time(合)＝on＋time④personnel(派)＝person＋n＋el⑤fast-moving(合)＝fast＋movingB(2021·新課標Ⅱ)AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle，adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.SalahSukkarieh，aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney，seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhow①cattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorsto②monitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(標簽)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(質地)ofgrass.Thatway，cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting，wateringandharvestingcropssuchascornandwheat，butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds，it’sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry—andfailedattemptstousetechnology—haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds，whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago，stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelsey，vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen’sAssociation，saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen，makingthemappealingtargets.5．Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A．Soilpollution. B．Lackofworkers.C．Agingmachines. D．Low③profitability.6．WhatwillSukkarieh’srobotbeabletodo?A．Monitorthequalityofgrass. B．Curethediseasedcattle.C．Movecattletoanotherfield. D．Predictweatherchanges.7．WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A．Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B．Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C．Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D．Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.8．HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A．Increasethevalueofcattle.B．Bringdownthecostoflabor.C．Makethejobmoreappealing.D．Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.語境猜詞①cattleman(合)＝cattle＋man②monitor熟義：n.班長生義(文義)：v.③profitability(派)＝profit＋ab(le)＋ilityC(2024·江西南昌一模)HemanBekele，a14-year-oldstudentfromAnnandale，Virginia，hascreatedabarsoaptotreatmelanoma，themostcommonkindofskincancer，whichearnedhimthetitleofAmerica’sTopYoungScientistanda$25,000cashprizeafterhisinnovationwonfirstplaceinthe3MYoungScientistChallenge.“Imadethissoapbymixingregularmedicinalsoapwithdifferentcancerfightingchemicals.”Bekelesaidinaninterview.Ratherthanacure，Bekele’ssoapaimstohelpthepatient’simmunecellsstayactivewhilefightingmelanoma.Whilesimilarmethodsareavailableforskincancertreatments，hissolutionisamoreaffordablealternative，especiallyforthoseindevelopingcountries.Thoughtheproductisvery①promisingonpaper，studieswouldhavetobecarriedouttotestitsefficiencyintherealworld.Fornow，theyoungscientistsaidhehasafive-yearplan:Attheendofit，hehopestohavecreatedanonprofitorganizationwherehecanprovidefairandaccessibleskincancertreatmenttoasmanypeopleaspossible.Buttoaccomplishhisgoal，hewouldhavetogethistreatmentthroughclinicaltrials，obtainatemporarypatentandhaveitlicensedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration，hesaid.“Iappliedforthe3MYoungScientistChallengebecauseIbelievethatyoungmindscanmakeapositiveimpactontheworld，”Bekelesaid.“Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedinbiologyandtechnology，andthischallengegavemetheperfectplatformto②showcasemyideas.Theopportunitytoworkwith3Mmentorsandshowmyprojecttojudgeswasanexcitingprospect.Iam③passionateaboutfindingsustainablesolutionstoglobalproblems，andIhopetoinspireotherstodothesame.”9．WhydoesBekeleinventthebarsoap?A．Todealwithakindofskincancer.B．Toreducethecostofmakingsoap.C．Tochangepeople’simmunesystem.D．Tocompletethetaskfor3Mchallenge.10．Whataspectofthesoapdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．Itsmakingprocess. B．Itsworkingmethod.C．Itsadvantage. D．Itsdevelopment.11.WhatisBekele’snextplanforhisinvention?A．Tocreateacompany.B．Togetapprovalbytheauthority.C．Topromotethesoapinthemarket.D．Toworkwithanonprofitorganization.12．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeBekele?A．Innovativeandambitious.B．Inspiringandtolerant.C．Honestandaccessible.D．Energeticandthoughtful.語境猜詞①promising(派)＝promis(e)＋ing②showcase(合)＝show＋case③passionate(派)＝passion＋ate語境猜詞答案A．①可靠性②高(電)壓的③準時的④全體人員，職員⑤快速移動的B．①牧畜者，養牛者②監視③盈利能力C．①有希望的②展示③熱誠的，狂熱的答案精析語篇解讀本文是說明文。應用今天的“空中之眼”技術，無人機能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時又能幫助鐵路運營商每年節省數十億歐元，無人機將改變鐵路的未來。1.A[細節理解題。根據第二段中“Dronesarealreadybeingused...tracksandswitchingpoints.”可知，使用無人機檢查電路使得無人機在鐵路線上的應用成為可能。]2．C[詞義猜測題。根據后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropean...therailinfrastructure.”可知，maintenance指的是后文中的“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure”，故選C。]3．A[細節理解題。根據最后一段中“Engineersarenowworkingon...wouldbeabletoreactintime.”可知，鐵路無人機有望提前發出警報，使高速列車可以及時采取措施應對危險因素，避免事故發生。]4．D[標題歸納題。根據第一段第一句“Canasmallgroupof...savebillionsofeuroseachyear？”和下文對無人機在鐵路領域的應用的介紹以及對未來無人機的發展展望可知，在未來，無人機將會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，或許會成為鐵路安全的新未來。故D項最適合作為本文的標題。]語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章講述了澳大利亞一名教授正在開發一種機器人，用于監測牧場牛的健康狀況。5．B[細節理解題。根據第一段中的“aprofessionthat’sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage”可知，養牛產業面臨勞動力短缺的問題。故選B。]6．A[細節理解題。根據第二段倒數第二句“Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape，colorandtexture(質地)ofgrass.”可知，Sukkarieh的機器人可以監測草的質量。故選A。]7．B[推理判斷題。根據第四段第二、三句“ButBondsdoesn’tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustry—andfailedattemptstousetechnology—haveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.”可知，PeteBonds仍然雇用牛仔看牛是因為他認為人能做得更好。故選B。]8．D[推理判斷題。根據最后一段第二句“MichaelKelseyParis，vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen’sAssociation，saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.”可知，用機器人幫助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故選D。]eq\x(語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種治療黑色素瘤的肥皂。)9．A[細節理解題。根據第一段中“HemanBekele...skincancer.(來自弗吉尼亞州安納代爾的14歲學生赫曼·貝克勒發明了一種治療黑色素瘤的肥皂，這是一種最常見的皮膚癌)”可知，貝克勒發明條形肥皂是為了治療一種皮膚癌癥。故選A。]10．C[段落大意題。根據第三段“雖然也有類似的方法可用于皮膚癌治療，但他的解決方案是一種費用更低的替代方案，特別是對發展中國家的人來說。雖然該產品在紙面上很有前景，但還需要進行研究以測試其在現實世界中的效果”可知，第三段主要談論肥皂的優勢。故選C。]11．B[細節理解題。根據第四段中“Buttoaccomplishhisgoal...FoodandDrugAdministration，hesaid.(但他說，為了實現他的目標，他必須讓他的治療方法通過臨床試驗，獲得臨時專利，并獲得美國食品和藥物管理局的許可)”可知，貝克勒的下一個計劃是得到當局的批準。故選B。]12．A[推理判斷題。根據首段和最后一段中“Ihavealways...todothesame.(我一直對生物和科技很感興趣，這次挑戰給了我一個展示我想法的完美平臺。有機會與3M的導師一起工作，并向評委展示我的項目，這是一個令人興奮的前景。我熱衷于為全球問題尋找可持續的解決方案，我希望能激勵其他人也這樣做)”可知，貝克勒是一個勇于創新和雄心勃勃的人。故選A。]作業12社會生活與身心健康類說明文A(2022·全國乙)TheGovernment’ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate，thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016，thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml，wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestherecommendedlevelofsugar，puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake￡520mayearfortheTreasury.However，dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240mfortheyearendinginApril2019，whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itcomesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutby①manufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge，accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkscompanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport，dependingonthesugarcontent.However，somehighsugarbrands，likeClassicCocaCola，haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices，②milk-baseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax，asaresmallcompaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today’sfigures，accordingtoonegovernmentofficial，showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance，andtheindustryisplayingitspart.1．Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A．Tocollectmoneyforschools. B．Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C．Toprotectchildren’shealth. D．Toencourageresearchineducation.2．Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax?A．Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets.B．Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C．Theycutdownontheirproduction.D．Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.3．Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A．Mostalcoholicdrinks.B．Milk-baseddrinks.C．Fruitjuices.D．ClassicCoke.4．Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A．Itisa③short-sighteddecision. B．Itisasuccessstory.C．Itbenefitsmanufacturers. D．Itupsetscustomers.語境猜詞①manufacturer(派)＝manufacture＋(e)r②milk-based(合)＝milk＋based③short-sighted(合)＝short＋sightedB(2023·新課標Ⅱ)Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth，accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou’relucky，theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive，butit’sunusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans，butanewstudyshowsthatwildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundred①park-goers，askingthemtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions，②codingexperiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample，oneparticipant’sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”wasassignedthecategories“sittingatbeach”and“listeningtowaves”．Acrossthe320submissions，apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage”begantoemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions，halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife，walkingalongtheedgeofwater，andfollowinganestablishedtrail.Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesa③usablelanguage，whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample，theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday，theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunchbreak.“We’retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthe④human-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen，wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit，”saidPeterKahn，aseniorauthorofthestudy.5．Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?A．Pocketparksarenowpopular. B．Wildnatureishardtofindincities.C．Manycitiesare⑤overpopulated. D．Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.6．Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?A．Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.B．Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.C．Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.D．Tofindpatternsinthevisitors’summaries.7.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?A．Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.B．Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.C．Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.D．Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.8．WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?A．Languagestudy.B．Environmentalconservation.C．Publiceducation.D．⑥Interculturalcommunication.語境猜詞①park-goer(合)＝park＋goer②code熟義：n.密碼，暗碼生義(文義)：v.③usable(派)＝us(e)＋able④human-nature(合)＝human＋nature⑤overpopulated(合)＝over＋populated⑥intercultural(合)＝inter＋culturalC(2024·湖北七市州二模聯考)Anewstudyinvolvingnearly50,000peoplefromfourcontinentsoffersnewinsightsintoidentifyingthequantityofdailywalkingstepsthatwillbestimproveadults’healthan