BritainTheHistoryContents

1.EarlyHistory:foreignConquests2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar3.IndustrialRevolutionandExternalExpansion4.FalloftheEmpire5.ModernBritain1.Introduction?Educationiscompulsoryforallchildrenbetweentheagesof5and17.?About93%ofallchildrenattendpublicschoolsandthereststudyingatprivateschools.?TheNationalCurriculumwasintroducedintheeducationalsystemofGreatBritainin1988.?Pupilstodaymustlearn10subjects.●EducationalPolicy1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●RomanConquest?JuliusCaesar,commanderofRomanarmy,invadedEnglandin55BC.?MarkedthebeginningoftherecordedBritishhistory.?Recorded

historyofBritainstarted

intheyear55BC,whenJulius

Caesar

and

hisRomantroops

invadedthe

island.?The

RomanOccupation

ofBritainlasted

fornearly

400

yearsuntil

410

AD.JuliusCaesar1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●TheAnglo-saxonConquestTheAnglesandSaxons(theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes)begantoinvadetheBritishIslesin450A.D.,TheynamedtheLandinhabitedEngland,andthepeopleEnglish,sotheconquestisalsoknowntheEnglishConquest,whichlaidthebasisofmodernEnglishrace.1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●TheVikingsInvasion?Inthe787,VikingsandDanesbegantoplunderEnglandandconquereditin1013.?AlfredtheGreat:thefatherofBritishNavy.?EdwardIbecameKingofEngland.

AlfredtheGreat1.EarlyHistory:ForeignConquests●TheNormanConquest?

Causes:KingEdward’sdeathwithoutanheir.?AfterEdward’sdeath,HaroldbecametheEnglishking.?William’sarmylandedonEngland,wontheBattleofHastingsandconquereditin1066.?Effect:ThestartofMedievalEnglandandthedominanceofNorman-Frenchculture.

?HenryIIdestroyedfortressesofthenobles,disbandedtheirsoldiers,andconsolidatedtheroyalpower.?Heimposedanewtax.?Heestablishedcircuitcourtsandthejurysystem.?Hereformedthechurchcourts.?ThemurderofThomasBecket.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●HenryIIandhisReforms?Selfish,greedyandweek.?JohnLackland.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●KingJohnandMagnaCarta?HewasforcedtosigntheGreatCharteratRunnymedein1215.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●KingJohnandMagnaCarta?Causes:*breakingtheFrencheconomicblockade*ReclaimingthelandslosttoKingJohn?TheResultoftheWar:ThewarendedinfailurefortheAnglo-Normans.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●TheHundredYears’War(1337-1453)?IttookthelivesofhalfofthepopulationinEngland.?Manpowerbecamemoreimportantforthelackofit.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●TheBlackDeath(1348-1349)?Directcause:thepolltaximposeduponpoorpeasantstofinancetheHundredYears’War.?Result:suppressedbyfraudbytheking.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●ThePeasantUprising(1381)TheName:theHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbyredrose;theHouseofYork,symbolizedbywhiterose.Thetwoducalhouses:HenryVI

(descendentofEdwardIII)HenryVIIDukeofYork(grandsonofEdwardIII)EdwardIVRichardIII(EdwardIV’sbrother)2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●TheWarsoftheRoses(1455-1485)?England’smostfamouskingforhismanywives.?KnownfortheseparationoftheChurchofEnglandfromtheRomanCatholicChurch.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●HenryVIIICatherineAnneBolyne?MaryI,thedaughterofHenryVIIIandCatherine,wasadevoutcatholic.ShecruellysuppressedandpersecutedtheProtestants,knownasBloodyMaryinBritishHistory.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●MaryI?daughterofKingHenryVIIIandhissecondwife,AnneBoleyn.?inheritedandsolvedanumberofproblemsstirredupbyMaryin1558.?stayedsingleallherlife-VirginQueen?HerreignisoftenreferredtoastheGoldenAge,ortheElizabethanera.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●ElizabethI?ElizabethIdiedin1603,theScottishKing,JamesI,waswelcomedtotheEnglishthrone.?knownforthedivinerightoftheking?KnownforKingJamesBibleandJamestownin1607?GunpowderPlotandGuyFawkesDay2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●JamesI?TheBreakoutoftheWar：OwingtotheconflictbetweentheCrownandParliament,inAugust,1642,CharlesIdeclaredthewar.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar●CharlesI(1642-1646)TheFirstCivilWar(1648)TheSecondCivilWar(1649-1660)Commonwealth:thesummitofEnglishBourgeoisieRevolution(1660-1688)RestorationTheGloriousRevolution2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar?Theprocess2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar?Theprocess2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar?Significance*TheEnglishCivilWaroverthrewfeudalsysteminEngland;italsoshockedthefeudalfoundationinEurope.*ItmarkedtherealbeginningofconstitutionalmonarchyinEngland.*Itwitnessedtheriseofmiddle-classandpavedthewayfortheriseofcapitalism.*Itsignifiedthebeginningofmodernworldhistory.2.DeclineofFeudalismandtheCivilWar?TheRestorationandGloriousRevolutionin1688JamesII?FoundationfortheIndustrialRevolution

*Firstly,theenclosuremovementreducedpeasantstoemployees.*Secondly,Englandaccumulatedgreatamountsofprimitivecapital.

*Inaddition,thedevelopmentofthebasicscience

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolution?TheProcessoftheIndustrialRevolution

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolutionJeansflyingshuttleSteamEngineSteamboat:ClermentSteamboat:SavannahSteamLocomotive

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolution?TheProcessoftheIndustrialRevolution3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●IndustrialRevolution?TheConsequencesoftheIndustrialRevolution*Theindustrialbourgeoisiegainedsupremacyinthe1840sinbotheconomicandpoliticallifeinBritain.*Therapidgrowthofcapitalismbroughtenormouswealthtothebourgeoisieandatthesametimecausedmiseriesanddisasterstotheworkingpeople.3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization?ProcessofColonization*defeatoftheSpanishArmadain1588*defeatofFrancefourtimes-1689-1763,*defeatofPortugal,Holland,RussiaandIndia*occupationofAmerica,Africa,Oceania*theOpiumWar3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization?AnEmpireIn1876,itembracedaboutone-fourthoftheworld,135timesthesizeofitsmainland.TheEmpireonwhichtheSunNeverSets3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization?TheOpiumWartoChina

In1840,BritainblockedHaikou,andtheOpiumWarbegan.In1842,theQinggovernmentwasforcedtosignthefirstunequaltreaty,theTreatyofNanjing.Eversince:*massiveoutflowofgoldandsilverandnationalindustryhithard*FlaggingnationalspiritandtheOldSummerPalaceburnt*AseriesofunequaltreatiesandConcessions*landCededandreparationspayed

3.IndustrialRevolutionandColonization●Colonization?TheOpiumWartoChina

ThusChinawasinaSemi-feudalandsemi-colonialstate.4.FalloftheEmpire●BritainandWWIQueenVictoria(1819-1901),reignedfrom1837to1901.ShelivedthroughtheriseandfalloftheBritishEmpire.4.FalloftheEmpire●BritainandWWIIntheFirstWorldWar(1914-18),Britainlost750,000people,one-thirdofitsnationalwealthand70%ofitsmerchantships.Britainwastransformedfromacreditorintoadebtor,thefinancialcenterofLondonwasreplacedbyNewYork,tradedeficitsoccurred,andmaritimedominancewaslost.4.FalloftheEmpire●BritainandWWIIInWorldWarII(1939-1945),Britainlostnearly300,000combatantsandabout100,000civilians,costing￡25billioninmilitaryspendingandupto￡4billioninlosses.TheUKwasforcedtoselloffaquarterofitsoverseasassets(around￡1billion),withanationaldebtof￡237andaforeigndebtof￡3.7billion.5.ModernBritain●MargraretThatcherMargaretThatcher(1925-2013)wasthe49thBritishPrimeMinisterfrom1979to1990andthefirstfemalePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom.Herpoliticalphilosophyandpolicieswerepopularlyknownas“Thatcherism”andshewasnicknamedthe“IronLady”bytheSovietpress.?Economicreforms:*promotecompetitionandvigorously;*promoteprivatization;*fiscalausterityandmonetaristpolicies;*reformthetaxsystemtostimulateprivateinvestment;*turnitintoatradeunionandintroducepeople‘scapitalism;*adjusttheindustrialstructureandencouragehightechnology.5.ModernBritain●AnthonyBlairAnthonyBlair(1953),borninEdinburgh,Scotland,isaBritishpoliticianandthe51stPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom(1997-2007).●DavidCameronDavidWilliamDonaldCameron(bornin9October1966inLondon,England)isaBritishConservativepolitician,the53rdPrime