全國碩士碩士入學統一考試英語（二）試題答案和解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

ReadthefoIIowingpassage.Foreachnumberedblanktherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET

I.(10points)

TheoutbreakofswinefIuthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdecIareda

gIobaIepidemiconJune11,.ItisthefirstworIdwideepidemic1by

theWorIdHealthOrganizationin41years.

Theheightenedalert2anemergencymeetingwithfIuexpertsin

GenevathatconvenedafterasharpriseincasesinAustraIia,and

rising3inBritain,Japan,ChileandeIsewhere.

Buttheepidemicis"4"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,

theorganization'sdirectorgeneraI,5theoverwhelmingmajorityof

patientsexperiencingonIymiIdsymptomsandafulIrecovery,ofteninthe

6ofanymedicaItreatment.

TheoutbreakcametoglobaI7inIateApril,whenMexicanauthorities

noticedanunusuaIlylargenumberofhospitalizationsand

deaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheight

ofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUrited

StatesandaroundtheworId.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweather

arrived.ButinIateSeptember,officialsreportedtherev/as11fIu

activityinalmosteve^ystateandthatvirtuallyaIIthe12testedare

thenewswinefIu,aIsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonsIfIu.IntheU.S.,it

has13morethanonemillionpeopIe,andcausedmorethan600deaths

andmorethan6,000hospitalizations.

FederaIheaIthofficiaIs14TamifluforchiIdrenfromthenationsI

stockpiIeandbegan15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefIu

vaccine.Thenewvaccine,v/hichisdifferentfromtheannuaIfIuvaccine,is

16aheadofsxpectations.Morethanthreemilliondosesweretobe

madeavaitableinearlyOctober,thoughmostofthose17doseswere

oftheFluMistnasaIspraytype,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,

peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveral

other19.ButitwasstillpossibIetovaccinatepeopIeinether

high-riskgroup:heaIthcareworkers,peopIe20infantsandheaIthy

youngpeople.

1[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented

[D]designated

2[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]foIIov/ed

[D]prompted

3[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts

[D]sums

4[A]moderate[B]normaI[C]unusual

[D]extreme

5[A]with[B]in[C]from[D]by

6[A]progress[B]absence[C]presence

[D]favor

7[A]reaIity[B]phenomenon[C]concept

[D]notice

8.[A]over[B]for[C]among

[D]to

9[A]stayup[B]cropup[C]fiIIup

[D]coverup

10[A]as[B]if[C]un

[D]untiI

11[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant

[D]magnificent

12[A]categories[B]exampIes[C]patterns

[D]samples

13[A]imparted[B]immerse[C]injected

[D]infected

14[A]released[B]relayed[C]reIieved

[D]remained

15[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking

[D]giving

16[A]feasible[B]avaiIable[C]reIiabIe

[D]applicable

17[A]prevaIent[B]principal[C]innovative

[D]initial

18[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended

[D]introduced

19[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies

[D]sufferings

20[A]involvedin[B]caringfor[C]concerned

with[D]wardingoff

SectionIIReadingcomprehension

PartA

Text1

Thelongestbu11runinacenturyofart-markethistoryendedona

dramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMy

HeadForeverM,atSotheby?sinLondononSeptember15th.AlIbuttwopieces

sold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwas

aIastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneofthe

oldestbanksonWaIIStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.

TheworIdartmarkethadaIreadybeenlosingmomentumforav/hiIeafter

risingbewiIderinglysince.Atitspeakinitwasworthsome$65biIIion,

reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doubIethe

figurefiveyearsearIier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.But

themarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogether

greatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedby

fewotherindustries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfolIowedMrHirst'ssaIe,spendingofany

sortbecamedeepIyunfashionable,especiallyinNev/York,wherethebail-outof

thebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemise

ofmanyart-buyinginvestors.IntheartworIdthatmeantcollectorsstayed

awayfromgalIeriesandsaIerooms.SaIesofcontemporaryartfeIIbytwo-thirds,

andinthemostoverheatedsector—forChinesecontemporaryart——theyweredown

bynearIy90%intheyeartoNovember.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggest

auctionhouses,Sotheby*sandChristiets,hadtopayoutnearly$200min

guaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsaIewiththem.

Thecurrentdownturnintheartmarketisthev/orstsincetheJapanese

stoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemost

seriouscontractioninthemarketsineetheSecondWorIdWar.Thistimeexperts

reckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsome

havebeenfarmorefIuctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie,schiefexecutive,

says:"I'mprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.

WhatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromtheIast,hesays,isthatthereare

stillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,v/heninterestrates

werehigh,therev/asnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.

Christie,srevenuesinthefirsthaIfofwerestillhigherthaninthefirst

halfof.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaid

thatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutaIackof

goodworktosell.ThethreeDs——death,debtanddivorce——stilldeliverworks

ofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,

waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssaIev/asreferredtoas“aIast

victoryMbecause

A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictories

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

0.BeautifulInsidsMyHeadForeverv/onoveraIImasterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworIdfinancialcrisis

22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeepIyunfashionabIeM(Line1-

2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat,

A.collectorswerenolongeractiveIyinvolvedinart-marketauctions

B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadIostitsappeaItoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneraIhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworth

buying

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A.SalesofcontemporaryartfeIIdramaticallyfromto

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare

A.auctionhouses'favorites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists

25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe_

A.FluctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecIine

D.ShiftedInterestinArts

Text2

IwasaddressingasmaIIgatheringinasuburbanVirginiaIivingroom—a

women'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningoneman

hadbeenparticularlytaIkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whiIe

hiswifesatsilentIybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningI

commentedthatwomenfrequentIycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.

Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtov/ardhiswifeandsaid,

"She'sthetaIkerinourfamiIy."Theroomburstintolaughter；themanIcoked

puzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexpIained."WhenIcomehomefromwork,I

havenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthe

whoIeeveninginsilence.

ThisepisodecrystaIIizestheironythataIthoughAmericanmentendtotaIk

morethanwomeninpubIicsituations,theyoftentaIkIessathome.Andthis

patterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticaIscientistAndrev/HackerintheIate

1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"Divorce

Talk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed——butonlyafewofthemen-gave

lackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrent

divorcerateofnearIy50percent,thatamountstomiIIionsofcasesinthe

UnitedStateseveryyear——avirtuaIepidemicoffailedconversation.

Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoften

focusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechancefora

careertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareof

dailyIife-supportworkIikecIeaning,cooking,sociaIarrangementsanderrands.

Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication："Hedoesn'tIistentome.""Hedoesn't

talktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheir

husbandstobefirstandforemostconversationaIpartnersbutfewhusbands

sharethisexpectationoftheirwives.

Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthe

stereotypicaIcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewitha

newspaperheIdupinf^ontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,

wantingtotaIk.

26.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Sharinghousework.

27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line

3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans___.

A.generatingmotivation.

B.exertinginfIuence

C.causingdamage

D.creatingpressure

28.AlIofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT

A.mentendtotaIkmoreinpubIicthanwomen

B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples

D.afemaIetendstobemoretaIkativeathomethanherspouse

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?

A.ThemoraIdecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.

C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.

D.ConversationaIpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmost

probablyfocuson

A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicaIcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.

D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrev/Hacker

Text3

Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreating

automaticbehaviors-habits—amongconsumers.ThesehabitshaveheIped

companiesearnbiIIionsofdoIIarswhencustomerseatsnacks,appIylotionsand

wipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefuIIy

designedsetofdailycues.

uTherearefundamentaIpubIichealthproblems,Iikedirtyhandsinstesdof

asoaphabit,thatremainkiIlersonIybecausewecan*tfigureouthowto

changepeople'shabits,“Dr.Curtissaid."WewantedtoIearnfromprivate

industryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&GambIe,Colgate-

PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmiIIionsofdolIarsfinding

thesubtIecuesinconsumers*Iivesthatcorporationscouldusetointroduce

newroutines.

IfyouIookhardenough,you*IIfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseevery

day——chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresherers,

waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiterers,

fabricsofteners,vitamins——areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,

fewpeoplereguIarIybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,because

ofcannyadvertisingandpubIichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabitually

givetheirpearIywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwith

Colgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.

Afev/decadesago,manypeopIedidn'tdrinkv/ateroutsideofameaI.

ThenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottIingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,and

nowofficeworkersunthinkingIysipbottIedwateraIIdayIong.Chewinggum,

onceboughtprimariIybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommerciaIsasa

breathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameaI.Skinmoisturizersare

advertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituaIs,sIippedinbetweenhairbrushing

andputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,

saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentIyretiredfromProcter&

Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproducts

Iastyear."Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingour

consumers*Iives,andit'sessentiaItomakingnewproductscommercialIy

viable.

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistsIikeDr.Berning

havelearnedthatthereispov/erintyingcertainbehaviorstohabituaIcues

throughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,

controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtoseIIquestiorabIe

beautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

31.AccordingtoD".Curtis,habitsIikehandwashingv/ithsoap.

[A]shouIdbefurthercultivated

[B]shouIdbechangedgraduaIly

[C]aredeeplyrootedinhistory

[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns

32.BottIedwater,chev/inggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedin

Paragraph5soasto

[A]reveaItheirimpactonpeople*shabits

[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

[0]indicatetheireffectonpeople'sbuyingpower

[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

33.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbeIongtoproductsthatheIpcreate

people'shabits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilever

34.FromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumerJshabitsaredevelopeddue

to_____

[A]perfectedartofproducts

[B]automaticbehaviorcreation

[C]commercialpromotions

[D]scientificexperimerits

35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfIuenceofadvertisementon

people'shabitsis

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[D]biased

Text4

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucial

democraticvaIues,includingtheprinciplesthataIIcitizenswhomeetminimal

quaIificationsofageandIiteracyareequaIIycompetenttoserveonjuries;

thatjurorsshouldbeseIectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionof

thecommunity;thatnocitizenshouIdbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryon

accountofrace,reIigion,sex,ornationaIorigin;thatdefendantsare

entitledtotrialbytheirpeers；andthatverdictsshouldrepresentthe

conscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryis

aIsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampIeofdirectratherthanrepresents!ive

democracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,

ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

ButasrecentIyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconfIictedv/iththese

democraticideaIs.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywasIimitedto

personsofsupposedlysuperiorinteIIigence,education,andmoraIcharacter.

AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionaI

raciaIdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStraucerv.

WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-caIledeliteorbIue-ribbonjuries

providedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

ThesystemaIsofailedtoreguIarIyincludewomenonjuriesuntiIthemid-

20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,it

wasnotuntiIthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjury

duty.EventhenseveraIstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjuryduty

unlesstheypersonaIIyaskedtohavetheirnamesincIudedonthejuryIist.

Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,ardit

keptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionand

ServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislav/

abolishedspecialeducationaIrequirementsforfederaIjurorsandrequiredthem

tobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthe

landmark1975decisionTayIorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedthe

requirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofaIIpartsofthecommunitytothe

statelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjury

seIectiontobeunconstitutionaIandorderedstatestousethesameprocecures

forseIectingmaIeandfemaIejurors.

36.FromtheprincipIesoftheUSjurysystem,weIearnthat

[A]bothIiberateandiIIiteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

[C]noageIimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepubIic

37.ThepracticeofseIectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968

showed

[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationIaws

[B]theprevaIentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

[C]theconfIictingideaIsinjuryselectionprocedures

[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjustices

38.Eveninthe1960s,womenv/ereseIdomonthejuryIistinsomestates

because

[A]theyv/ereautomaticsIlybannedbystateIaws

[B]theyfelIfarshortoftherequiredquaIifications

[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties

[D]theytendedtoevadepubIicengagement

39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActv/aspassed.

[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryseIectionwasunconstitutionaIandhadtobe

aboIished

[B]educationaIrequirementsbecameIessrigidintheseIectionoffederaI

jurors

[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheertire

community

[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejury

system

40.IndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson

[A]itsnatureandprobIems

[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition

[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

[D]itstraditionanddevelopment

PartB

BOTHBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewest

aircraft,the787andA350respectively.TheircleverdesignsandIightweight

compositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStarford

University,IedbyIIanKroo,hassuggestedthatairIinescouldtakeamore

naturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueIuse,anditwouldnotrequirethemto

buynewaircraft.

Theanswer,saysDrKroo,Iieswithbirds.Since1914,andaseminaIpaper

byaGermanresearchercalledCarIWieseIsberger,scientistshaveknownthat

birdsflyinginformation——aV-shape,echeIonorotherwise—expendIessenergy.

Theairflowingoverabird*swingscurIsupwardsbehindthewingtips,a

phenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencerecuced

drag,andspendIessenergypropeIIingthemseIves.PeterLissaman,an

aeronauticsexpertwhowasformerIyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthern

Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.

DrKrooandhisteammodeIIedwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjets

departingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretorendezvousover

Utah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionaIIyswappIacessoaIIcouId

haveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfound

thattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfueI(withaconcomitant

reductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthe

cruisingportionsofthefIightfelIbyaroundaquarter.

Thereare,ofcourse,kinkstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,

oratleasttheperceptionofit.WouIdpassengersfeeIcomfortabIetravelIing

inconvoy?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveraI

nauticaImiIes,andwouldnotbeintheunnervinglycosygroupingsfavouredby

displayteamsIiketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmight

notevenseetheotherpIanes.WhethertheseparationdistancesinvoIvedwouId

satisfyair-traffic-controIreguIationsisanothermatter,althoughaworking

groupat