絕密★啟用前2005年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（科目代碼：201）☆考生注意事項☆答題前，考生須在試題冊指定位置上填寫考生編號和考生姓名；在答題卡考生須把試題冊上的“試卷條形碼”粘貼條取下，粘貼在答題卡的“試卷條形碼粘貼位置”框中。不按規定粘貼條形碼而影響評卷結果的，責任由考生自負。選擇題的答案必須涂寫在答題卡相應題號的選項上，非選擇題的答案必須書寫在答題卡指定位置的邊框區域內。超出答題區域書寫的答案無效；在草稿紙、試題冊上答題無效。填（書）寫部分必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆書寫，字跡工整、筆跡清楚；涂2B鉛筆填涂。考試結束，將答題卡和試題冊按規定交回。（以下信息考生必須認真填寫）考生編號考生姓名英語試題.PAGE英語試題.PAGE1.（14頁）Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,1thisislargelybecause,2weour3toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,4themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,5,weareextremelysensitiveto67smellsevenwhentheseare8tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,9othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybedonottheto10receptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsendtothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell12cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen13toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsitreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay16explainwhywearenotusuallyto–wedoto17oftheusualsmellofourownhouse,butwe18newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneThebrainfindsitto19for20thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking[A]anyway[A]evenif[A]distinguishing[A]diluted[B]though[B]ifonly[B]discovering[B]dissolved[C]instead[C]onlyif[C]determining[C]dispersed[D]therefore[D]asif[D]detecting[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge[D]attimes13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable20.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefromSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman”,withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforBrosnan’sanddeTheresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicbyposingacontrast.justifyinganassumption.makingacomparison.explainingaphenomenon.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraphl)impliesthatmonkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature.monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyaremoreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.attentivetoresearchers’instructions.niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions.anddehavefoundintheirstudythattheprefergrapestocucumbers.canbetaughttoexchangethings.willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.Text2Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelsasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheatmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalBruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothereport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch–aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.serveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofwhichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthatinpeoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveasaprotector.ajudge.acritic.aguide.bybyEndlessstudieskillaction.Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.Prudentplanninghindersprogress.Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.somelegislativemeasures.ofoftheybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence.alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletothetheoutcomeofthelatteraggravatesthebothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse.Text3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”–therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter.“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”EvidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep–whenmostvividdreamsoccur–asitiswhenfullyawake,saysEricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.wakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallsaysStanfordsleepresearcherWilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents–until,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.muchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Attheendoftheday,there’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic,”Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep–orratherdream–onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreamscanbemodifiedintheircourses.aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshowitsfunctioninourdreams.themechanismofREMsleep.therelationofdreamstoemotions.itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendtoaggravateinourunconsciousmind.developintohappydreams.persisttillthetimewefallasleep.showupindreamsearlyatnight.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthatwakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams.visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol.dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression.dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious.towhobadLeadyourlifeasusual.Seekprofessionalhelp.Exerciseconsciouscontrol.anxietyinthedaytime.Text4Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingbutthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive–thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms–heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.nowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.英語試題.PAGE英語試題.PAGE10.（14頁）AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglishisinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)rmality.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveyerestintheirlanguage.appreciationoftheirefforts.admirationfortheircontemptfortheirold-fashionedness.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as“temporary”isto“permanent”.“radical”isto“conservative”.“functional”isto“artistic”.“humble”isto“noble”.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)premiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.They’reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.(41) Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare–tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts–recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugInsteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.(42) But“national”doesn’thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial–provincescombiningeffortstocreateoneEitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince–oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince–negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.(43) AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That’sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn’tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.(44) PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow’sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs：“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertotrytoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”(45) SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.resistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.DrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!OrtheycouldreadKirby’sreport:“Thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-caretheyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatTheycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalbutself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andimpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.(46)isoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed–andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.thisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.(47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful;groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,n