Unit16InternetofThingsPassageABasicsaboutInternetofThingsPassageBIoTElementsPassageCRFID

PassageABasicsaboutInternetofThings

Thenextwaveintheeraofcomputingwillbeoutsidetherealmofthetraditionaldesktop.IntheInternetofThings(IoT)paradigm,manyoftheobjectsthatsurrounduswillbeonthenetworkinoneformoranother.RadioFrequencyIDentification(RFID)andsensornetworktechnologieswillrisetomeetthisnewchallenge,inwhichinformationandcommunicationsystemsareinvisiblyembeddedintheenvironmentaroundus.Thisresultintheenerationofenormousamountsofdatawhichhavetobestored,

processedandpresentedinaseamless,efficient,andeasilyinterpretableform.Thismodelwillconsistofservicesthatarecommoditiesanddeliveredinamannersimilartotraditionalcommodities.Cloudcomputingcanprovidethevirtualinfrastructureforsuchutilitycomputingwhichintegratesmonitoringdevices,storagedevices,analyticstools,visualizationplatformsandclientdelivery.ThecostbasedmodelthatCloudcomputingofferswillenableend-to-endserviceprovisioningforbusinessesanduserstoaccessapplicationsondemandfromanywhere.

Smartconnectivitywithexistingnetworksandcontext-awarecomputationusingnetworkresourcesisanindispensablepartofIoT.[2]WiththegrowingpresenceofWiFiand4G-LTEwirelessInternetaccess,theevolutiontowardsubiquitousinformationandcommunicationnetworksisalreadyevident.However,fortheInternetofThingsvisiontosuccessfullyemerge,thecomputingparadigmwillneedtogobeyondtraditionalmobilecomputingscenariosthatusesmartphonesandportables,andevolveintoconnectingeverydayexistingobjectsandembeddingintelligenceintoourenvironment.

Fortechnologytodisappearfromtheconsciousnessoftheuser,theInternetofThingsdemands:thefirstasharedunderstandingofthesituationofitsusersandtheirappliances,theseconda

softwarearchitectureandpervasivecommunicationnetworkstoprocessandconveythecontextualinformationtowhereitisrelevant,andthethirdtheanalyticstoolsintheInternetofThingsthataimforautonomousandsmartbehavior.Withthesethreefundamentalgroundsinplace,smartconnectivityandcontext-awarecomputationcanbeaccomplished.

ThetermInternetofThingswasfirstcoinedbyKevinAshtonin1999inthecontextofsupplychainmanagement.However,inthepastdecade,thedefinitionhasbeenmoreinclusivecoveringwiderangeofapplicationslikehealthcare,utilities,transport,etc.

Althoughthedefinitionof‘Things’haschangedastechnologyevolved,themaingoalofmakingacomputersenseinformationwithouttheaidofhumaninterventionremainsthesame.

AradicalevolutionofthecurrentInternetintoaNetworkofinterconnectedobjectsthatnotonlyharvestsinformationfromtheenvironment(sensing)andinteractswiththephysicalworld(actuation/command/control),.

butalsousesexistingInternetstandardstoprovideservicesforinformationtransfer,analytics,applications,andcommunicationsFueledbytheprevalenceofdevicesenabledbyopenwirelesstechnologysuchasBluetooth,radiofrequencyidentification(RFID),Wi-Fi,andtelephonicdataservicesaswellasembeddedsensorandactuatornodes,IoThassteppedoutofitsinfancyandisonthevergeoftransformingthecurrentstaticInternetintoafullyintegratedFutureInternet.[3]TheInternetrevolutionledtotheinterconnectionbetweenpeopleatanunprecedentedscaleandpace.Thenextrevolutionwillbetheinterconnectionbetweenobjectstocreateasmartenvironment.

Onlyin2011didthenumberofinterconnecteddevicesontheplanetovertaketheactualnumberofpeople.[4]Currentlythereare9billioninterconnecteddevicesanditisexpectedtoreach24billiondevicesby2020.AccordingtotheGSMA,thisamountsto$1.3trillionrevenueopportunitiesformobilenetworkoperatorsalonespanningverticalsegmentssuchashealth,automotive,utilitiesandconsumerelectronics.AschematicoftheinterconnectionofobjectsisdepictedinFig.16.1,wheretheapplicationdomainsarechosenbasedonthescaleoftheimpactofthedatagenerated.Theusersspanfromindividualtonationallevelorganizationsaddressingwiderangingissues.Figure16.1InternetofThingsschematicshowingtheendusersandApplicationareasbasedondata

Ashavingbeenidentified,InternetofThingscanberealizedinthreeparadigms-nternet-oriented(middleware),things-oriented(sensors)andsemantic-oriented(knowledge).Althoughthistypeofdelineationisrequiredduetotheinterdisciplinarynatureofthesubject,theusefulnessofIoTcanbeunleashedonlyinanapplicationdomainwherethethreeparadigmsintersect.

TheRFIDgroupdefinestheInternetofThingsas

·Theworldwidenetworkofinterconnectedobjectsuniquelyaddressablebasedonstandardcommunicationprotocols.

·‘Things’areactiveparticipantsinbusiness,informationandsocialprocesseswheretheyareenabledtointeractandcommunicateamongthemselvesandwiththeenvironmentbyexchangingdataandinformationsensedabouttheenvironment,whilereactingautonomouslytothereal/physicalworldeventsandinfluencingitbyrunningprocessesthattriggeractionsand

createserviceswithorwithoutdirecthumanintervention.

·Usesnformationandcommunicationsechnologiesttomaketheritical

nfrastructurecomponentsandservicesofacity’sadministration,education,healthcare,publicsafety,real

estate,ransportationandutilitiesmoreaware,interactiveandefficient.

Inourdefinition,wemakethedefinitionmoreusercentricanddonotrestrictittoanystandardcommunicationprotocol.

Thiswillallowlong-lastingapplicationstobedevelopedanddeployedusingtheavailablestate-of-the-artprotocolsatanygivenpointintime.OurdefinitionoftheInternetofThingsforsmartenvironmentsisInterconnectionofsensingandactuatingdevicesprovidingtheabilitytoshareinformationcrossplatformsthroughaunifiedframework,developingacommonoperatingpictureforenablingInnovativeapplications.Thisisachievedbyseamlessubiquitoussensing,dataanalyticsandnformationrepresentationwithCloudcomputingastheunifyingframework.

InternetofThingshasbeenidentifiedasoneoftheemergingtechnologiesinITasnotedinGartner'sITHypeCycle.AHypeCycleisawaytorepresenttheemergence,adoption,maturity,andimpactonapplicationsofspecifictechnologies.IthasbeenforecastedthatIoTwilltake5-10yearsformarketadoption.

Thepopularityofdifferentparadigmsvarieswithtime.AsitcanbeseenfromGooglesearch,sinceIoThascomeintoexistence,searchvolumeisconsistentlyincreasingwiththefallingtrendforWirelessSensorNetworks.AsperGoogle’ssearchforecast,thistrendislikelytocontinueasotherenablingtechnologiesconvergetoformagenuineInternetofThings.

Notes

[1]ThecostbasedmodelthatCloudcomputingofferswillenableend-to-endserviceprovisioningforbusinessesanduserstoaccessapplicationsondemandfromanywhere.

采用云計算模型的價值在于可以為商務活動和各種用戶提供端對端的業務,以隨時隨地接入按需應用。

·Cloudcomputing的意思是“云計算”。

·end-to-endservice的意思是“端對端”。

[2]Smartconnectivitywithexistingnetworksandcontext-awarecomputationusingnetworkresourcesisanindispensablepartofIoT.

針對既有網絡的智能化互聯,以及基于網絡資源的情景化感知計算構成了物聯網不可或缺的部分。

·context-aware的意思是“情景化感知”。

[3]FueledbytheprevalenceofdevicesenabledbyopenwirelesstechnologysuchasBluetooth,radiofrequencyidentification(RFID),Wi-Fi,andtelephonicdataservicesas

wellasembeddedsensorandactuatornodes,IoThassteppedoutofitsinfancyandisonthevergeoftransformingthecurrentstaticInternetintoafullyintegratedFutureInternet.

借助于常用的開放式的無線技術,例如藍牙、射頻識別、Wi-Fi、電話數據業務以及嵌入式傳感器和執行器節點,物聯網已經步出了其初長期,處在將目前處于靜止狀態的互聯網轉變到全集成化的未來一代互聯網的起始點。

·fueledby的意思是“源泉、借助”。

[4]Onlyin2011didthenumberofinterconnecteddevicesontheplanetovertaketheactualnumberofpeople.

僅僅在2011年,地球上相互連接設備的數量就超過了實際的人數。

·interconnecteddevices的意思是“相互連接的設備”。

[5]Inourdefinition,wemakethedefinitionmoreusercentricanddonotrestrictittoanystandardcommunicationprotocol.

在定義中,我們往往讓其定義是以用戶為中心,而非限定在任何一種標準的通信協議。

Exercises

1.Fillintheblanks.

(1)Radiofrequencyidentification(RFID)andsensornetworktechnologieswill

tomeetthisnewchallenge,inwhichinformationandcommunicationsystemsareinvisibly

intheenvironmentaroundus.

(2)Thisresultinthegenerationofenormousamountsofdatawhichhavetobestored,processedandpresentedina

,efficient,andeasily

form.

(3)FortheInternetofThings

tosuccessfullyemerge,thecomputing

willneedtogobeyondtraditionalmobilecomputing

thatusesmartphonesandportables,and

intoconnectingeverydayexistingobjectsandembeddingintelligenceintoourenvironment.

(4)Althoughthedefinitionof‘Things’haschangedastechnologyevolved,themaingoalofmakingacomputer

informationwithouttheaidofhuman

remainsthesame.

(5)TheInternetrevolutionledtotheinterconnectionbetweenpeopleatan

scaleandpace.

(6)

in2011

thenumberofinterconnecteddevicesontheplanetovertaketheactualnumberofpeople.

(7)Theusers

fromindividualtonationallevelorganizationswideranging.

(8)Althoughthistypeof

isrequiredduetothe

natureofthesubject,theusefulnessofIoTcanbe

onlyinanapplicationdomainwherethethreeparadigms

.

(9)Usesinformationandcommunicationstechnologiestomakethecritical

componentsandservicesofacity’s,education,healthcare,publicsafety,realestate,transportationandutilitiesmoreaware,interactiveandefficient.

(10)OurdefinitionoftheInternetofThingsforsmartenvironmentsisInterconnectionof

and

devicesprovidingtheabilitytoshareinformationacrossplatformsthroughaunified

,developingacommonoperatingpictureforenablinginnovativeapplications.

2.Fillintheblankswiththebestchoice.

(1)WiththegrowingpresenceofWiFiand4G-LTEwirelessInternetaccess,the

towardsubiquitousinformationandcommunicationnetworksisalreadyevident.

a.routineb.evolution

c.roadmapspect

(2)Fortechnologytodisappearfromthe

oftheuser,theInternetofThingsdemands:thefirstasharedunderstandingofthesituationofitsusersandtheirappliances.

a.understandingb.rendering

c.perceptiond.consciousness

(3)AradicalevolutionofthecurrentInternetintoaNetworkofinterconnectedobjectsthatnotonly

informationfromtheenvironment(sensing)andinteractswiththephysicalworld(actuation/command/control),butalsousesexistingInternetstandardstoprovideservicesforinformationtransfer,analytics,applications,andcommunications.

a.harvest

b.capture

c.get

d.render

(4)AccordingtotheGSMA,thisamountsto$1.3trillionrevenueopportunitiesformobilenetworkoperatorsalonespanningvertical

suchashealth,automotive,

utilitiesandconsumerelectronics.

a.domains

b.segments

c.division

d.terrestrials

(5)A

oftheinterconnectionofobjectsisdepictedinFig.1,wheretheapplicationdomainsarechosenbasedonthescaleoftheimpactofthedatagenerated.

a.blueprint

b.illustration

c.schematic

d.envision

(6)Ashavingbeen

,InternetofThingscanberealizedinthreeparadigms-internet-oriented(middleware),thingsriented(sensors)andsemantic-oriented(knowledge).

a.identified

b.recognized

c.scrutinized

d.nurtured

(7)Theworldwidenetworkofinterconnectedobjectsuniquelyaddressablebasedonstandardcommunication

.

a.formats

b.formula

c.specifications

tocols

(8)Thisisachievedbyseamless

sensing,dataanalyticsandinformationrepresentationwithCloudcomputingastheunifyingframework.

a.throughout

b.universal

c.ubiquitous

plete

3.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

Itispredictablethat,withinthenextdecade,theInternetofthingswillexistasaseamlessfabricofclassicnetworksandnetworkedobjects.Contentandserviceswillbeallaroundus,alwaysavailable,pavingthewaytonewapplications,enablingnewwaysofworking;newwaysofinteracting;newwaysofentertainment;newwaysofliving.Insuchaperspective,theconventionalconceptoftheInternetofthingsasaninfrastructurenetworkreachingouttoend-users’terminalswillfade,

leavingspacetoanotionofinterconnected“smart”objectsformingpervasivecomputingenvironments.TheInternet

infrastructurewillnotdisappear.Onthecontrary,itwillretainitsvitalroleasglobalbackboneforworldwideinformationandobjectssharinganddiffusion,interconnecting

physicalobjectswithcomputing/communicationcapabilitiesacrossawiderangeofservicesandtechnologies.

PassageBIoTElements

WepresentataxonomythatwillaidindefiningthecomponentsrequiredfortheInternetofThingsfromahighlevelperspective.Specifictaxonomiesofeachcomponentcanbefoundelsewhere.TherearethreeIoTcomponentswhichenablesseamlessubicomp:

(a)Hardware-madeupofsensors,actuatorsandembeddedcommunicationhardware,

(b)Middleware-ondemandstorageandcomputingtoolsfordataanalytics,and(c)Presentation-noveleasytounderstandvisualizationandinterpretationtoolswhichcanbe

widelyaccessedondifferentplatformsandwhichcanbedesignedfordifferentapplications.

RFIDtechnologyisamajorbreakthroughintheembeddedcommunicationparadigmwhichenablesdesignofmicrochipsforwirelessdatacommunication.Theyhelpintheautomaticidentificationofanythingtheyareattachedtoactingasanelectronicbarcode.ThepassiveRFIDtagsarenotbatterypoweredandtheyusethepowerofthereader'snterrogationsignaltocommunicatetheIDtotheRFIDreader.Thishasresultedinmanyapplicationsparticularlyinretailandsupplychainmanagement.Theapplicationscanbefoundintransportation(replacementoftickets,registrationstickers)andaccesscontrolapplicationsaswell.

Thepassivetagsarecurrentlybeingusedinmanybankcards

androadtolltagswhichareamongthefirstglobaldeployments.ActiveRFIDreadershavetheirownbatterysupplyandcaninstantiatethecommunication.Oftheseveralapplications,themainapplicationofactiveRFIDtagsisinportcontainersformonitoringcargo.

Recenttechnologicaladvancesinlowpowerintegratedcircuitsandwirelesscommunicationshavemadeavailableefficient,lowcost,lowpowerminiaturedevicesforuseinremotesensingapplications.Thecombinationofthesefactorshasimprovedtheviabilityofutilizingasensornetworkconsistingofalargenumberofintelligentsensors,enablingthecollection,processing,analysisanddisseminationofvaluableinformation,gatheredinavarietyofenvironments.ActiveRFIDisnearlythesameasthelowerendWSNnodeswithlimitedprocessingcapabilityandstorage.

ThescientificchallengesthatmustbeovercomeinordertorealizetheenormouspotentialofWSNsaresubstantialandmultidisciplinaryinnature.Sensordataaresharedamongsensornodesandsenttoadistributedorcentralizedsystemforanalytics.ThecomponentsthatmakeuptheWSN

monitoringnetworkinclude.

(a)WSNhardware-Typicallyanode(WSNcorehardware)containssensorinterfaces,processingunits,transceiverunitsandpowersupply.Almostalways,they

compriseofmultipleA/Dconvertersforsensorinterfacingandmoremodernsensornodeshavetheabilitytocommunicateusingonefrequencybandmakingthemmoreversatile.

(b)WSNcommunicationstack-Thenodesareexpectedtobedeployedinanad-hocmannerformostapplications.Designinganappropriatetopology,routingandMAClayer

iscriticalforthescalabilityandlongevityofthedeployednetwork.NodesinaWSNneedtocommunicateamongthemselvestotransmitdatainsingleormulti-hoptoabasestation.Nodedropouts,andconsequentdegradednetworklifetimes,arefrequent.ThecommunicationstackatthesinknodeshouldbeabletointeractwiththeoutsideworldthroughtheInternettoactasagatewaytotheWSNsubnetandtheInternet.

(c)WSNMiddleware-AmechanismtocombinecyberinfrastructurewithaServiceOrientedArchitecture(SOA)andsensornetworkstoprovideaccesstoheterogeneoussensorresourcesinadeploymentindependentmanner.Thisisbasedontheideaofisolatingresourcesthatcanbeusedbyseveralapplications.Aplatform-independentmiddlewarefordevelopingsensorapplicationsisrequired,suchasanOpenSensorWebArchitecture(OSWA).OSWAisbuiltuponauniformsetofoperationsandstandarddatarepresentationsasdefinedintheSensorWebEnablementMethod(SWE)bytheOpen

GeospatialConsortium(OGC)

(d)SecureDataaggregation-Anefficientandsecuredataaggregationmethodisrequiredforextendingthelifetimeofthenetworkaswellasensuringreliabledatacollectedfromsensors.NodefailuresareacommoncharacteristicofWSNs,thenetworktopologyshouldhavethecapabilitytohealitself.Ensuringsecurityiscriticalasthesystemisautomaticallylinkedtoactuatorsandprotectingthesystemsfromintrudersbecomesveryimportant.

Notes

[1]ThepassiveRFIDtagsarenotbatterypoweredandtheyusethepowerofthereader‘sinterrogationsignaltocommunicatetheIDtotheRFIDreader.

無源射頻識別標簽不是電池供電,它們使用閱讀器的詢問信號能量來與射頻識別器進行通信。

·interconnecteddevices的意思是“訪問信號”。

[2]ActiveRFIDisnearlythesameasthelowerendWSNnodeswithlimitedprocessingcapabilityandstorage.ThescientificchallengesthatmustbeovercomeinordertorealizetheenormouspotentialofWSNsaresubstantialandmultidisciplinaryinnature.

有源射頻識別技術與有限處理能力和存儲的無線傳感器網絡節點基本相同。為了實現無線傳感器網絡的巨大潛力,必須克服的科學挑戰是實質性的和多學科的本質。

·activeRFID的意思是“有源射頻”。

·multidisciplinary的意思是“有關各種學問的”。

[3]NodefailuresareacommoncharacteristicofWSNs,thenetworktopologyshouldhavethecapabilitytohealitself.Ensuringsecurityiscriticalasthesystemisautomatically

linkedtoactuatorsandprotectingthesystemsfromintrudersbecomesveryimportant.

節點故障是一種常見的無線傳感器網絡的特點,網絡拓撲結構應具備自我恢復的能力。因為系統自動連接到執行器且保護系統免受入侵,因此確保安全性就顯得非常重要。

·hecapabilityto的意思是“有……的能力”。

·nodefailures的意思是“節點故障”。

Exercises

1.Fillintheblanks.

(1)We

present

a

thatwillaidindefiningthecomponentsrequiredfortheInternetofThingsfromahighlevel.

(2)RFIDtechnologyisamajor

intheembeddedcommunication

whichenablesdesignofmicrochipsforwirelessdatacommunication.

(3)The

tagsarecurrentlybeingusedinmanybankcardsandroadtolltagswhichareamongthefirstglobal

.

RFIDreadershavethirownbatterysupplyandcan

thecommunication.

(4)

theseveralapplications,themainapplicationofactiveRFIDtagsisinportcontainersformonitoringcargo.

(5)NodesinaWSNneedtocommunicateamongthemselvestotransmitdatainsingleor

toabasestation.Nodedropouts,andconsequent

networklifetimes,arefrequent.

(6)WSNMiddleware-A

tocombinecyberinfrastructurewithaServiceOrientedArchitecture(SOA)andsensornetworkstoprovide

toheterogeneoussensorresourcesinadeploymentindependentmanner.

2.Translate

thefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.

射頻識別系統與IC卡有著密切的關系。數據存儲在電子數據載體(稱為應答器)之中。然而,應答器的能量供應以及應答器與閱讀器之間的數據交換不是通過電路的觸點接通而

是通過電場或者磁場的激發和耦合,這一方面是因為采用了無線電和雷達技術。因此,射頻識別是無線電頻率識別的簡稱,即通過無線電波進行識別。

PassageCRFID

Inrecentyears,radiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasmovedfromobscurityIntomainstreamapplicationsthathelpspeedthehandlingofmanufacturedgoodsandmaterials.RFIDenablesidentificationfromadistance,andunlikeearlierbar-codetechnology(seethesidebar),itdoessowithoutrequiringalineofsight.RFIDtags(seeFigure16.2)supportalargersetofuniqueIDsthanbarcodesandcanincorporateAdditionaldatasuchasmanufacturer,producttype,

andevenmeasureenvironmentalfactorssuchastemperature.Furthermore,RFIDsystemscandiscernmanydifferenttags

locatedinthesamegeneralareawithouthumanassistance.Incontrast,considerasupermarketcheckoutcounter,whereyoumustorienteachbar-codeditemtowardareaderbeforescanningit.

Figure16.2RFIDtags

ManytypesofRFIDexist,butatthehighestlevel,wecandivideRFIDdevicesintotwoclasses:activeandpassive.Activetagsrequireapowersource-they’reeitherconnectedtoapoweredinfrastructureoruseenergystoredinanintegratedbattery.Inthelattercase,atag’slifetimeislimitedbythestoredenergy,balancedagainstthenumberofreadoperationsthedevicemustundergo.Oneexampleofanactivetagisthetransponderattachedtoanaircraftthatidentifiesitsnationalorigin.AnotherexampleisaLoJackdeviceattachedtoacar,whichincorporatescellulartechnologyandaGPStolocatethecarifstolen.

However,batteriesmakethecost,size,andlifetimeofactivetagsimpracticalfortheretailtrade.PassiveRFIDisofinterestbecausethetagsdon’trequirebatteriesormaintenance.Thetagsalsohaveanindefiniteoperationallifeandaresmallenoughtofitintoapracticaladhesivelabel.Apassivetagconsistsofthreeparts:anantenna,asemi-conductorchipattachedtotheantenna,andsomeformofencapsulation.

Thetagreaderisresponsibleforpoweringandcommunicatingwithatag.Thetagantennacapturesenergyandtransfersthetag’sID(thetag’schipcoordinatesthisprocess).Theencapsulationmaintainsthetag’sintegrityandprotectstheantennaandchipfromenvironmentalconditionsorreagents.Theencapsulationcouldbeasmallglassvial(seeFigure16.2)oralaminarplasticsubstratewithadhesiveononesidetoenable

easyattachmenttogoods.TwofundamentallydifferentRFIDdesignapproachesexistfortransferringpowerfromthereadertothetag:

magneticinductionandelectromagnetic(EM)wavecapture.ThesetwodesignstakeadvantageoftheEMpropertiesassociatedwithanRFantenna-thenearfieldandthefarfield.Bothcantransferenoughpowertoaremotetagtosustainitsoperation-typicallybetween10μWand1mW,dependingonthe

tagtype.(Forcomparison,thenominalpoweranIntelXscaleprocessorconsumesisapproximately500mW,andanIntelPentium4consumesupto50W.)Throughvarious

modulationtechniques,near-andfar-field-basedsignalscanalsotransmitandreceivedata.

Faraday’sprincipleofmagneticinductionisthebasisofnear-fieldcouplingbetweenareaderandtag.Areaderpassesalargealternatingcurrentthroughareadingcoil,resultinginanalternatingmagneticfieldinitslocality.Ifyouplaceatagthatincorporatesasmallercoilinthisfield,analternatingv