Unit

1ElectronicDevices

Lesson1VLSITechnology《電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）》Lesson1VLSITechnologyBackgroundsTexttour

LanguageinuseVocabularyStructureReading/writingtechniques2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）2TerminologyTransistorvs.vacuumtubeConductivity&semiconductorMiniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSITimelineofElectronicTechnologyEvolutionCompanyInformationBellLaboratoriesTexasInstruments

IntelCorporationBackgrounds2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）3Terminology

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）4真空管是一種內部氣體全部或部分抽空的電子管，從而使電子在不受或少受氣體分子的干擾下運動。Transistorvs.vacuumtubeThevacuumtubeisanelectrontubefromwhichallormostofthegashasbeenremoved,permittingelectronstomovewithnoorlowinteractionwithanyremaininggasmolecules.2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）5Atransistorisadevicethatconductsavariableamountofelectricitythroughit,dependingonhowmuchelectricityisinputtoit.

Inotherwords,itisadigitalswitch.However,unlikethevacuumtube,itissolidstate.晶體管是一種依據輸入電量大小而傳導可變電量的器件。換言之，晶體管是一種數字開關。然而，和真空管不同，晶體管是“固態”的。

Transistorvs.vacuumtube2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）6Solidstatemeansthatitdoesn'tchangeitsphysicalformasitswitches.Therearenomovingpartsinatransistor.“固態”的意思是當晶體管切換狀態時，它的物理形式不發生變化。晶體管中不存在可以移動的部分

。Transistorvs.vacuumtube2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）7Comparedtothevacuumtube,transistorsweremuchsmaller,faster,andcheapertomanufacture.Theywerealsofarmorereliableandusedmuchlesspower.Transistorvs.vacuumtube

和真空管相比，晶體管尺寸小得多，速度快得多，生產成本低得多，性能更加可靠，功耗也少得多。

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）8Whilemostmaterialseitherinsulatefromelectricalflow(air,glass,wood)orconductelectricityreadily(metals,water),therearesomethatonlyconductelectricityasmallamount,oronlyundercertainconditions.Thesearecalledsemiconductors.大多數材料要么對電流絕緣（如空氣、玻璃、木頭），要么很容易傳導電流（如金屬、水溶液），但也有一些材料只傳導少量電流，或者只在特定條件下傳導電流。這些材料被稱作半導體。Conductivity&semiconductor

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）9Themostcommonlyusedsemiconductorisofcoursesilicon.

最常用的半導體材料當然是硅了。Conductivity&semiconductor

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）10Miniaturizationmeansthereductioninsizeofcomponentsandcircuitsforincreasingpackagedensityandreducingpowerdissipationandsignalpropagationdelays.微型化是指減少元件和電路的幾何尺寸,從而增加封裝密度、降低功耗、減少信號傳播延遲。Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）11Theintegratedcircuitisagroupoftransistorsmanufacturedfromasinglepieceofmaterialandconnectedtogetherinternally,withoutextrawiring.IntegratedcircuitsarealsocalledICsorchips.集成電路就是一組用單片材料制造的，內部互聯的（無外部連線）晶體管。集成電路也叫IC或者芯片。Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）12LSI：Large-scaleIntegration大規模集成(電路)Large-scaleintegration("LSI")cametorefertothecreationofintegratedcircuitsthathadpreviouslybeenmadefrommultiplediscretecomponents.VLSI：VeryLarge-scaleIntegration超大規模集成(電路)VLSIcircuitscancontainmillionsoftransistors.Miniaturization,IC,LSI,VLSI2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）13

TimelineofElectronicTechnologyEvolution2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）141900's:TheVacuumTube.1905:FirstelectronicdiodevacuumtubeisbuiltbyEnglishphysicistJ.AmbroseFleming,allowingthechangeofalternatingcurrentintoadirectone-waysignal.1906:FirstelectronictriodevacuumtubeisbuiltbyAmericanelectricalengineerLeeDeForest,allowingsignalstobecontrolledandamplified.Technologyofelectronicsisborn.Late1940's:TheTransistor.1947:Thepoint-contactbipolartransistorisinventedbyBellLab'sBardeen,Shockley,andBrattain.1951:Junctionfield-effecttransistor(JFET)isinvented.1952:Single-crystalsiliconisfabricated.1954:Oxidemaskingprocessisdeveloped.2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）15Late1950s:KeyICdiscoveries.1958:FirstsiliconintegratedcircuitisbuiltbyTexasInstrument'sJackKilby.1959:Planarprocesstodistributetransistorsonsilicon,withpassiveoxidelayerstoprotectjunctions,isdevelopedbyFairchildSemiconductor'sNoyceandMoore.Amodernversionofthisprocessisusedtoday.1960's:SmallScaleIntegration(SSI),upto20gatesperchip.1960:Metal-Oxide-Silicon(MOS)transistorisinvented.1962:Transistor-transistorLogic(TTL)isdeveloped.1963:ComplementaryMetalOxideSilicon(CMOS)isinvented.Late1960's:MediumScaleIntegration(MSI),20-200gatesperchip.1968:MOSmemorycircuitsareintroduced.2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）161970's:LargeScaleIntegration(LSI),200-5000gatesperchip.1970:8-bitMOScalculatorchipsareintroduced,7micrometerchipgeometries.1971:16-bitMicroprocessorsareintroduced.1980's:VeryLargeScaleIntegration(VLSI),over5000gatesperchip.1981:VeryHighSpeedIntegration(VHSIC),tens'ofthousandsofgatesperchip,1.5micrometerchipgeometries.1984:0.5micrometerchipgeometries.2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）17CompanyInformation

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）18AT&TBellLaboratories,Inc.,bynameBellLabs,thelongtimeresearchanddevelopmentarmoftheAmericanTelephoneandTelegraphCompany(AT&T).ItnowservesthesamefunctioninLucentTechnologiesInc.,whichwasspunofffromAT&Tin1996.HeadquartersforthelaboratoriesareinMurrayHill,N.J.BellLaboratories

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）19TexasInstrumentsIncorporated(TI)isanAmericanmanufacturerofcalculators,microprocessors,anddigitalsignalprocessorswithitsheadquartersinDallas,Texas.TexasInstruments2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）20IntelCorporationisanAmericanmanufacturerofsemiconductorcomputercircuits.Besidesmicroprocessors,thecompanymakesmicrocontrollers(single-chipcomputers),memorychips,computermodulesandboards,networkandconferencingproducts,andparallelsupercomputers.Thecompanywasfoundedin1968byRobertNoyceandGordonMoore.ItsheadquartersareinSantaClara,California.

Intel

Corporation2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）21OutlineTransistorandvacuumtube(para.1,2)TransistorsandICs(para.3)SemiconductorsandICs(para.4,5)Miniaturization:fromLSItoVLSI(para.6,7,8,9)Texttour2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）22InventedbyBellLabin1947Adigitalswitch…Asolidstatedevice…Advantagesovervacuumtubeinsize,speed,priceandpowerconsumptionetc.,…Transistorandvacuumtube2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）23Originally,…Likeotherdiscretedevices,…Inventionofintegratedcircuit…Integratedcircuitvs.discretecircuitIntegratedcircuit=IC=chipTransistorsandICs2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）24Semiconductors:aspecialmaterialConductelectricity…Silicon:themostcommonlyusedsemiconductorTransistorscreatedonICs…FirstICinhistoryinventedbyTIin1958SemiconductorsandICs

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）25Miniaturization:thekeytoICtech.LSI:hundredsoftransistors…VLSI:millionsoftransistors…ThefirstVLSImicroprocessor:Intel4004introducedin1971…Miniaturization:fromLSItoVLSIIntel40042025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）26Vocabulary device，conduct，discrete，manipulate，component，implementStructureIttakes(took,willtake)…timeto…Reading/writingtechniques給事物下定義的方法利用主語或表語從句進行強調Languageinuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）27Vocabulary2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）28Acontrivanceoraninventionservingaparticularpurpose,especiallyamachineusedtoperformoneormorerelativelysimpletasks.

設備；儀器；器件；裝置Atechniqueormeans.

技術，方法,Aplanorscheme,especiallyamalignone.

策略；詭計；謀略Adecorativedesign,figure,orpattern,asoneusedinembroidery.

紋章；圖案deviceindictionary

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）29deviceintextThetransistorwasoriginallyasingle,discretedevice,whichyoucouldplaceindividuallyintoacircuitmuchlikeanyother.最早的晶體管是分立器件。和其他分立器件一樣，你可以單獨地把它放置在某個電路中。

Thesedevicestypicallycontainedhundredsoftransistors.這些器件通常包含幾百個晶體管。

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）30ComponentPartEquipmentInventiondeviceinuse

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）31Todirectthecourseof;manageorcontrol.

指揮指引…的路線；管理或控制Toleadorguide.

領導或引導

Conductanorchestra指揮交響樂隊Toserveasamediumforconveying;transmit:

傳導,作為傳送的載體；傳輸：

Somemetalsconductheat.某些金屬導熱Tocomport(oneself)inaspecifiedway:

行為，舉止

Sheconductedherselfstoicallyinhertimeofgrief.她悲傷時，表現出奇的冷靜conductindictionary

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）32conductintextWhilemostmaterialseitherinsulatefromelectricalflow(air,glass,wood)orconductelectricityreadily(metals,water),therearesomethatonlyconductelectricityasmallamount,oronlyundercertainconditions.Thesearecalledsemiconductors.大多數材料要么對電流絕緣（如空氣、玻璃、木頭），要么很容易傳導電流（如金屬、水溶液），但也有一些材料只傳導少量電流，或者只在特定條件下傳導電流。這些材料被稱作半導體。2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）33Copperconductselectricitybetterthanothermaterials.

銅導電比其它材料好。Metalisagoodconductorofelectricity.

金屬是很好的導電體。Woodisapoorconductorofsound.

木頭是聲音的不良導體。Thesemiconductorisamaterialwhoseresistivityisbetweenthatofconductorsandinsulators,andwhoseresistivitycansometimesbechangedbylight,anelectricfieldoramagneticfield.

半導體是一種電阻率介于導體與絕緣體之間的材料,其電阻率有時會受光、電場或磁場的影響而變化。conductinuse

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）34Constitutingaseparatething;distinct.

分立的Consistingofunconnecteddistinctparts.

不連續的Definedforafinitesetofvalues;notcontinuous.

離散的discreteindictionary

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）35Large-scaleintegration("LSI")cametorefertothecreationofintegratedcircuitsthathadpreviouslybeenmadefrommultiplediscretecomponents.大規模集成是指將先前多個分立部件構成的電路集成化。

discreteintext2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）36Discrete,Integrateddiscretecircuit分立電路integratedcircuit集成電路Discrete,continuousDiscrete-timesignals,continuous-timesignalsDiscrete-timesystem,continuous-timesystemDTFT:DiscreteTimeFourierTransform,離散時間傅里葉變換DFT:DiscreteFourierTransform,離散傅里葉變換DCT:DiscreteCosineTransform,離散余弦變換DWT:DiscreteWaveletTransform,離散小波變換discreteinuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）37Tooperateorcontrolbyskilleduseofthehands;handle：操作Shemanipulatedthelightstogetjusttheeffectshewanted.

她熟練地操作著燈光，以達到她想要的效果Toinfluenceormanageshrewdlyordeviously:

影響，控制：Hemanipulatedpublicopinioninhisfavor.

他巧妙地使公眾輿論倒向他Totamperwithorfalsifyforpersonalgain:操縱triedtomanipulatestockprices.

試圖操縱股票價格manipulateindictionary

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）38Bycarefulchemicalcompositionandarrangement,itispossibletocreateaverysmalltransistordirectlyonalayerofsilicon,usingvarioustechnologiestomanipulatethematerialintothecorrectform.Thesetransistorsaresmall,fastandreliable,anduserelativelylittlepower.通過精心的化學合成和處理，運用各種材料處理技術可以在硅層上直接構造極小的晶體管。這樣的晶體管體積小、速度快、功能可靠，耗能也比較少。

manipulateintext

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）39Manipulate,exploit,maneuver

Thecentralmeaningsharedbytheseverbsistoinfluence,manage,use,orcontroltoone'sadvantagebyartfulorindirectmeans.

manipulatespeopleintohelpinghim;

操縱著人們去幫助他；exploitingherfriends;

利用她的朋友；maneuveringtogainanedgeovertheircorporatecompetitors.

策劃使他們能比他們共同的對手領先一步manipulateinuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）40Aconstituentelement,asofasystem.

成分，系統的組成要素Apartofamechanicalorelectricalcomplex.

零件componentindictionary

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）41Originally,thefunctionsperformedbyaprocessorwereimplementedusingseveraldifferentlogicchips.Intelwasthefirstcompanytoincorporatealloftheselogiccomponentsintoasinglechip.處理器完成的功能最早是由幾個不同的邏輯芯片實現的。英特爾公司率先將所有這些部件集成到單個芯片中。

componentintext

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）42Oneoftheessential,functioningpartsofasubsystemorequipment,possiblyaself-containedelement,oracombinationofparts,assemblies,attachments,oraccessories.

子系統或設備的基本組成部分或功能部件之中的一個。它可以是一種獨立的元件,也可以是若干部件、裝配件或附件的組合。Hardwareorsoftwarethatispartofafunctionalunit.

屬于某一操作裝置的組成部分的硬件或軟件。Insoftwareengineering,abasicpartofasystemorprogram.Forexample,theschedulerorsupervisorofanoperatingsystem.

在軟件工程中,系統或程序的基本部分。例如,操作系統中的調度程序或管理程序。componentinuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）43chrominancesignalcomponent

彩色［色度］信號分量circuitcomponent

電路元件componentinuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）44Atooloraninstrumentusedindoingwork:

工具，器械：agardeningimplement.園藝工具Anarticleusedtooutfitorequip.

裝備，家具Ameansofachievinganend;aninstrumentoragent.

媒介，手段Toputintopracticaleffect;carryout:

使生效；執行：implementthenewprocedures.實施新的程序Tosupplywithimplements.

向…提供工具implementindictionary

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）45Moretransistors(switches)wererequiredinordertoimplementmorecomplicatedfunctions.為了實現更復雜的功能，就需要更多的晶體管（數字開關）。

implementintext

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）46implementinstrumenttoolappliance都含“工具”的意思。implement指“在工作中任何有用或必需的器械”,尤指“較簡單的農田或園藝工具”,如:newtypesoffarmimplements新式農具。instrument指“用于精細工作或科學技術的工具”,如:surgicalinstruments外科器械。tool多指“手工操作的簡單工具“,如:toolsforcarpenters木工工具。appliance指“工具”、“器具”、“器械”、“電氣用具”,如:anapplianceforopeningtincans開馬口鐵罐頭的器具。implement

inuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）47Implementation實現，實施Insystemdevelopment,therealizationofasystemdesigninhardware,software,orboth.在系統開發過程中,用硬件、軟件或其兩者對一個系統設計的具體實現。

implement

inuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）48Implementation實現，實施Theseveralstepsconcernedininstallingandstartingsuccessfuloperationofcomputersystems.Thestepsincludefeasibilitystudies,applicationsstudies,equipmentselection,systemanalysis,designofproposednewsystem,physicallocationofequipment,operationanalysis,andcriticalreview.與計算機系統的安裝和開始成功運行相聯系的若干步驟。這些步驟包括:可行性論證、應用研究、設備選擇、系統分析、所建議的新系統的設計、設備安裝場地的選擇、運行分析及系統評價。implement

inuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）49Implementation實現Thefourthprocessofthefiveprocessesinsoftwareengineering,thatis,theentireprocessofwritingprogramsinaspecificprogramminglanguage,debuggingtheprogramsonamachinetogetcorrectexecutableprogramsaccordingtotheresultsofthedesign.軟件工程的五道工序中的第四道工序,即根據設計的結果用一定的編程語言寫出程序,在機器上進行調試,以得到正確的可執行的程序的過程。implement

inuse2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）50Structure2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）51Aftertheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit,ittookverylittletimetorealizethetremendousbenefitsofminiaturizingandintegratinglargernumbersoftransistorsintothesameintegratedcircuit.集成電路發明后不久，人們很快就意識到了小型化和將大量晶體管集成到同一塊集成電路的巨大好處。

Ittakes(took,willtake)

…timeto…2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）52Reading/writingtechniques2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）53給事物下定義的方法Inshort,atransistorisadevicethat

conductsavariableamountofelectricitythroughit,dependingonhowmuchelectricityisinputtoit.Inotherwords,itisadigitalswitch.However,unlikethevacuumtube,itissolidstate.Thismeansthatitdoesn'tchangeitsphysicalformasitswitches.Therearenomovingpartsinatransistor.2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）54利用主語或表語從句進行強調Thetransistoriswhatstartedtheevolutionofthemoderncomputerindustryinmotion.此句可譯為：晶體管（的發明）啟動了現代計算機工業的蓬勃發展進程。本句采用what引導的從句做表語，是一種對主語“thetransistor”進行強調的表達方式。其意思相當于：Thetransistorstartedtheevolutionofthemoderncomputerindustryinmotion.2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）55利用主語或表語從句進行強調Whatallowedthecreationofmodernprocessorswastheinventionoftheintegratedcircuit,whichisagroupoftransistorsmanufacturedfromasinglepieceofmaterialandconnectedtogetherinternally,withoutextrawiring.此句可譯為：集成電路的發明為現代處理器的誕生創造了條件；集成電路是單片材料制造的一組內部互聯的（無額外連線）晶體管。本句采用what引導的從句做主語，是對表語“theinventionoftheintegratedcircuit”的強調。

2025/3/6電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）56Unit

1ElectronicDevices

Lesson2MemoryDevices《電子信息工程專業英語教程（第6版）》Lesson2MemoryDevicesBackgroundsTexttour

LanguageinuseVocabularyStructureReading/writingtechniques2025/3/658TerminologyMOS,PMOS,NMOS,CMOSFlip-flop,RegisterSRAM,DRAM,ROM,EEPROMCAMCacheFerroelectric

Backgrounds2025/3/659Terminology

2025/3/660MOS:Metal-oxidesemiconductor

金屬氧化物半導體PMOS:p-typeMetal-oxidesemiconductor p型金屬氧化物半導體NMOS:n-typeMetal-oxidesemiconductor n型金屬氧化物半導體CMOS:ComplementaryMetal-Oxide-Semiconductor

互補金屬氧化物半導體MOS,PMOS,NMOS,CMOS2025/3/661CMOS是一類集成電路的總稱。這種集成電路的輸出結構由一個n型MOSFEF（金屬氧化物半導體場效應晶體管）和一個P型MOSFET串聯而成。因為n型和p型MOSFET是相互補償的,所以也常常使用“互補”一詞來說明這種集成電路。MOS,PMOS,NMOS,CMOS2025/3/662Aflip-flopisbasicallyabi-statecircuitinwhicheithera0or1statecanresides.Becauseofitssimplicity,theflip-flopisextremelyfast.Asabasicelement,theflip-flopisusedindigitalcircuitsandICs.Aflip-flopwillloseitsstatewhenthesupplyvoltageisremoved.Therefore,itisvolatile.觸發器是一種存儲“0”或“1”的雙態電路。由于觸發器結構簡單，所以其速度極快。觸發器是數字電路和集成電路中的基本部件。由于電源電壓去掉后，觸發器原有的狀態就失去了，因此它是“易失的”。

Flip-flop,Register2025/3/663Aregisterisasetofflip-flopsinparallel.Typicallyaregisteris8,16,32or64bitswide.Oftenaregisterisusedtoholddata,addresspointers,etc.Aregisterisvolatileandveryfastjustliketheflip-flop.寄存器是一組并行觸發器。寄存器的典型數據寬度為8位、16位、32位或者64位。寄存器常用于保存數據、地址指針等。和觸發器一樣，寄存器也是“易失”的，而且速度很快。Flip-flop,Register2025/3/664SRAM:StaticRandomAccessMemoryAnSRAMisanarrayofaddressableflip-flops.Thearraycanbeconfiguredassuchthatthedatacomesoutinsinglebit,4-bit,8bit,andetc.format.SRAMissimple,fastandvolatilejustliketheflip-flop,itsbasicmemorycell.靜態隨機存取存儲器(SRAM)是一種可尋址的觸發器陣列。該陣列可配置成1位、4位、8位等數據格式。它和它的基本存儲單元觸發器一樣：結構簡單、存取速度快、具有易失的特點。SRAM,DRAM,ROM,EEPROM2025/3/665DRAM：DynamicRandomAccessMemoryTheword′dynamic′indicatesthatthedataisnotheldinaflip-flopbutratherinastoragecell.Thedatainastoragecellmustberefreshed(readoutandre-written)regularlybecauseofleakage.動態隨機存取存儲器：“動態”這個詞意味著數據不是保存在觸發器當中，而是保存在一個存儲單元中。由于存在泄漏，所以保存在存儲單元中的數據必須定期更新（讀出并重新寫入）。SRAM,DRAM,ROM,EEPROM2025/3/666ROM:ReadOnlyMemoryROMsarealsocalledmask-ROMsormaskprogrammedROMs.ThisisbecauseaROMneedstobeprogrammedbysettingitscellstoeither0or1atthetimeofmanufacture.

只讀存儲器：也叫做掩模ROM或者掩模編程ROM。這是因為在制造時就需要通過將存儲單元置0或置1對其進行編程。

SRAM,DRAM,ROM,EEPROM2025/3/667EEPROM：ElectricallyErasableProgrammableROMThismeansthatthechipcanbeprogrammedlikeanEPROM,butcanbeerasedelectrically.Asaresult,noUVsourceisrequired.EEPROM是指該類芯片可以像EPROM一樣可編程，但使用的是電擦除的方法。這樣，就不需要紫外線信號源了。

SRAM,DRAM,ROM,EEPROM2025/3/668 CAMisalsoknownas"associativestorage".Itisamemorychipinwhicheachbitpositioncanbecompared.InregularDRAMandSRAMchips,thecontentsareaddressedbybitlocationandthentransferredtothearithmeticlogicunit(ALU)intheCPUforcomparison.InCAMchips,thecontentiscomparedineachbitcell,allowingforveryfasttablelookups.Sincetheentirechipiscompared,thedatacontentcanoftenberandomlystoredwithoutregardtoanaddressingschemewhichwouldotherwiseberequired.However,CAMchipsareconsiderablysmallerinstoragecapacitythanregularmemorychips.CAM:ContentAddressableMemory

2025/3/669Thecacheisatemporarystorageareaforfrequently-accessedorrecently-accesseddata.Havingcertaindatastoredinacachespeedsuptheoperationofthecomputer.Therearetwokindsofcache:internal(ormemorycache)andexternal(ordiskcache).Internalcacheisbuiltintotheprocessor,andexternalcacheisonthemotherboard.Whenanitemiscalledfor,thecomputerfirstcheckstheinternalcache,thentheexternalcache,andfinallytheslowermainstorage.Cache2025/3/670Ferroelectricispertainingtoaphenomenonexhibitedbycertainmaterialsinwhichthematerialispolarizedinonedirectionortheother,orreversedindirectionbytheapplicationofapositiveornegativeelectricfieldofmagnitudegreaterthanacertainamount.Thematerialretainstheelectricpolarizationunlessitisdisturbed.某些材料表現出的一種現象。當在這種材料上施加超過特定強度的電場時,該材料就在一個方向上極化或改變原極化的方向。只要不受干擾,這種材料就一直保持其極化狀態。Ferroelectric2025/3/671TexttourOutlineOverview(para.1,2)Flip-flop(para.3)Register(para.4)SRAM(para.5,6,7)DRAM(para.8,9)ROM(para.10,11)EEPROM(para.12)2025/3/672TexttourTypePropertiesR/wNon-volatileSpeedCost/bitFlip-flopOne-bitregister.Usuallyusedasabasicbuildingblockindigitalcircuits.YesNoUltrafastVeryhighRegisterSetofflip-flopsholdingabyte,wordorlongword.UsedincomplexchipssuchasCPUs.YesNoUltrafastVeryhigh2025/3/673TexttourTypePropertiesR/wNon-volatileSpeedCost/bitSRAM

Arrayofflip-flopsthatisaddressable.Usedfortemporarystorageofdataorcache.YesNoVeryfasthighDRAM

Arrayofstoragecellswhichisaddressable.Usedformaincomputingdatastorage.YesNofastModerate2025/3/674TexttourTypePropertiesR/wNon-volatileSpeedCost/bitROMArrayofhard-wiredcellsthatisaddressable.Programmingdoneattimeofchipmanufacture.NoYesVeryfastlowE2PROM

ElectricallyerasableprogrammableROM.Numberofwritecyclesislimited.YesYeslowhigh2025/3/675Vocabularystatic，dynamic，approach，offset,pattern,hybrid

,indicate

Structure

Reading/writing

techniquesLanguageinuse2025/3/676Vocabulary2025/3/677Havingnomotion;beingatrest;quiescent.

靜止的；靜態的Fixed;stationary.

固定的；不動的Of,relatingto,orproducingstationarycharges;electrostatic.

靜電的Of,relatingto,orproducedbyrandomradionoise.

隨機無線電噪聲的Randomnoise,suchascracklinginareceiverorspecksonatelevisionscreen,producedbyatmosphericdisturbanceofthesignal.

隨機噪聲Static,dynamic

indictionary

2025/3/678Oforrelatingtoenergyortoobjectsinmotion.

動態的Oforrelatingtothestudyofdynamics.

動力學的Characterizedbycontinuouschange,activity,orprogress:

不斷變化的Markedbyintensityandvigor;forceful.

生氣勃勃的;有力的Oforrelatingtovariationofintensity,asinmusicalsound.

強度變化的Aforce,especiallypolitical,social,orpsychological:

動力Static,dynamic

indictionary

2025/3/679SRAM(StaticRandomAccessMemory)

靜態隨機存取存儲器DRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory)

動態隨機存取存儲器Static,dynamic

intext

2025/3/680staticelectricity靜電staticinduction靜電感應staticcontrolcircuit靜態控制電路staticamplifier靜態放大器dynamiccircuit動態電路dynamiccapacity動態電容Static,dynamic

inuse2025/3/681Tocomenearornearer,asinspaceortime:

接近Tocomeorgonearornearerto:接近，靠近Tocomecloseto,asinappearance,quality,orcondition;approximate:近乎,接近Theperformanceapproachesperfection.Tomakeaproposaloroverturestowithaspecificendinview:

提議：Tobegintodealwithorworkon:

著手,開始處理approachedthetaskwithdread.Approachindictionary

2025/3/682Theactofapproaching:

接近theapproachofnight.夜幕降臨Afairlycloseresemblance;anapproximation.

近似；接近Awayormeansofreachingsomething;anaccess:

途徑,方法,通路anapproachtothebridge.通向橋的路Themethodusedindealingwithoraccomplishing:

步驟,方法：alogicalapproachtotheproblem.對問題的邏輯解決步驟Anadvanceoroverturemadebyonepersontoanother.

提議，建議Approachindictionary

2025/3/683WithDRAMtechnology，thissimpleapproachisimpossiblesinceaddressingarowofdatawithoutrewritingitwilldestructalldataintherowbecauseofthedynamicnature.對于DRAM存儲器，這種簡單的存取方法式是不可行的；由于動態的特點，讀出一行數據而不再次將其寫入會破壞該行內所有的數據。Approachintext

2025/3/684attheapproachof在...快到的時候beapproaching(to)與...差不多,大致相等bedifficultofapproach難到達的;難于接近的beeasyofapproach容易到達的;容易接近的makeanapproachto對...進行探討makeapproachestosb.設法接近某人approachsb.onsth.向某人接洽approachsb.aboutsth.向某人接洽approachto接近,近似,約等于;做事的方法Approachinuse2025/3/685Approachtosth./doingsth.Waytodosth./ofdoingsth.Methodfordoingsth.Approachinuse2025/3/686Anagent,anelement,orathingthatbalances,counteracts,orcompensatesforsomethingelse.

補償物、抵消物、中和物Thenumberofmeasuringunitsfromanarbitrarystartingpointinarecord,area,orcontrolblock,tosomeotherpoint.

偏移量Tocounterbalance,counteract,orcompensatefor:

平衡、中和或補償：fringebenefitsdesignedtooffsetlowsalaries.

用以補償低工資的額外福利Offsetindictionary

2025/3/687Thedisadvantageoftheextracircuitryrequiredforrefreshingiseasilyoffsetbythelowerpriceperbitwhenusinglargememorysizes.當所需存儲量很大時，數據更新需要額外電路這個缺點很容易就被較低的位價格彌補了。Offsetintext

2025/3/688zerooffset零(點)偏移lineoffset行偏移Offsetbinarycode偏移二進制編碼Offsetinuse2025/3/689Amodeloranoriginalusedasanarchetype.

原型Apersonorthingconsideredworthyofimitation.

模范，榜樣Aplan,diagram,ormodeltobefollowedinmakingthings:

圖案，模型、圖紙或圖形：adresspattern.服裝式樣Arepresentativesample;aspecimen.

樣品，標本Anartisticordecorativedesign:

（藝術或裝飾的）圖案式樣：Patternindictionary

2025/3/690Aconsistent,characteristicform,style,ormethod,as:one'spatternofbehavior.一個人的行為特點Atestpattern.考試模式aflightpattern.飛行著陸道Patternindictionary

2025/3/691Thisaluminumpatternisdefinedbyalithographicmaskusedinoneofthelaststepsofmanufacture.Thereforethesedevicesareoftencalledmask-ROMs.鋁層圖案是在芯片制造的最后一道工序中由一塊掩模平板決定的。所以，該類器件常被稱作掩模ROM。

Patternintext

2025/3/692模式Aphysicalarrangementofelementsabitpattern二進制位模式adot-matrixpattern點矩陣模式astoragepattern存儲模式Repeatingwithsome

degreeofcorrespondencein

successivetrialsorobservationsapatternofmessagetraffic報文流量模式apatternofhardwarefailures硬件故障模式Patterninuse2025/3/693bitpattern位組合格式beatpattern拍頻波形圖chargepattern電荷分布圖circuitpattern(印刷電路)電路圖案Patterninuse2025/3/694Atermsometimesappliedtoa“composite”device;toadeviceincorporatingmultipleelementsofdifferenttype.

用來說明一種“復合型”器件;或修飾由多個不同類型的元件組成共同工作的器件。

Acommonshortformusedfor“hybridcircuit”and“hybridnetwork”mainlyintheplural. “混合電路”和“混合