2021-2022學年北京市北師大實驗中學高二下學期月考試題英語試卷第一部分知識運用（共兩節，30分）第一節（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。ForalongtimeGabrieldidn’twanttobeinvolvedinmusicatall.Inhisfirstyearsofhighschool,Gabrielwouldlookpityinglyatthemusicstudents,____1____acrossthecampuswiththeirheavyinstrumentcases,____2____atschoolforpracticehoursbeforeanyoneelsehadtobethere.Hesworetohimselfto____3____music,ashehatedgettingtoschoolextraearly.However,oneday,inthemusicclassthatwaspartofhisschool’sstandardcurriculum,hewasplayingidly(隨意地)onthepianoandfoundit____4____topickouttunes.Withasinkingfeeling,herealizedthatheactuallyenjoyeddoingit.Hetriedtohidehis____5____pleasurefromthemusicteacher,whohadwanderedovertolisten.ShetoldGabrielthathehadagoodearandsuggestedthatGabrielgointothemusicstore-roomtoseeifanyoftheinstrumentsthere____6____him.Therehedecidedtogivethecello(大提琴)achance.Whenhebeganpracticing,hetookitvery____7____.Buthequicklyfoundthathelovedplayingthisinstrument,andwas____8____topracticingitsothatwithinacoupleofmonthshewasplayingreasonablywell.Thismeant,ofcourse,thathearrivedatschoolearlyinthemorning,____9____hisheavyinstrumentcaseacrossthecampustothepityinglooksofthenon-musicianshehadleft_____10_____.1.A.travelling B.marching C.pacing D.struggling2.A.risingup B.comingup C.drivingup D.turningup3.A.betray B.accept C.avoid D.remove4.A.complicated B.secure C.confusing D.easy5.A.transparent B.apparent C.false D.similar6.A.occurredto B.tookto C.appealedto D.heldto7.A.seriously B.proudly C.casually D.naturally8.A.committed B.used C.limited D.admitted9.A.pushing B.dragging C.lifting D.taking10.A.over B.aside C.behind D.out【答案】1.D2.D3.C4.D5.B6.C7.C8.A9.B10.C【解析】【導語】這是一篇記敘文。主要講述了主人公Gabriel從一開始不喜歡音樂到后來喜歡上音樂，追求音樂的過程。【1題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：在他高中的頭幾年，Gabriel會同情地地看著那些音樂專業的學生，他們拿著沉重的樂器箱在校園里艱難地走著，在其他人來之前的幾個小時就出現在學校練習。A.travelling旅行；B.marching前進；C.pacing踱步；D.struggling掙扎。由“lookpityinglyatthemusicstudents”以及“withtheirheavyinstrumentcases”可知，同情地看著那些音樂學生，可知他們拿著沉重的樂器箱在校園里艱難地走著。故選D項。【2題詳解】考查動詞短語辨析。句意：在他高中的頭幾年，Gabriel會憐憫地看著那些音樂專業的學生，他們拿著沉重的樂器箱在校園里艱難地走著，在其他人來之前的幾個小時就出現在學校練習。A.risingup升起，起義；B.comingup走近，發生，被提出；C.drivingup抬高，開車；D.turningup出現。結合“forpracticehoursbeforeanyoneelsehadtobethere”可知，在其他人來之前的幾個小時就出現在學校練習。故選D項。【3題詳解】考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：他對自己發誓要避開音樂，因為他討厭提前到校。A.betray背叛；B.accept接受；C.avoid避免，避開；D.remove移除。根據上文可知，Gabriel一點也不想卷入音樂學習中，以及后文提到“ashehatedgettingtoschoolextraearly”，因為他討厭過早到校，因此可以推測文意為他向自己發誓避開（avoid）音樂。故選C項。【4題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：然而，有一天，在學校的標準課程音樂課上，他悠閑地在鋼琴上彈著，發現彈曲子很容易。A.complicated復雜的；B.secure安全的；C.confusing困惑的；D.easy簡單的。由However轉折以及句意可知，他隨意地彈奏著鋼琴，發現很容易（easy）就彈奏出了曲調。故選D項。【5題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他試圖在音樂老師面前掩飾他那明顯的快樂，因為老師走過去聽了他的音樂。A.transparent透明的；B.apparent明顯的；C.false錯誤的；D.similar相似的。由“whohadwanderedovertolisten.”因為老師走過去聽了他的音樂，可知，Gabriel不想讓音樂老師看到自己表露出來的很明顯的喜悅之情。故選B項。【6題詳解】考查動詞詞組辨析。句意：她告訴Gabriel，他辨音能力很好，并建議Gabriel到音樂商店去看看有沒有什么樂器對他有吸引力。A.occurredto想到；B.tookto喜歡，開始從事；C.appealedto吸引；D.heldto堅持。由老師告訴Gabriel有很好的辨音能力，可知此處為建議他去音樂商店看看有沒有吸引（appealedto）他的樂器。故選C項。【7題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：當他開始練習時，他很隨意。A.seriously嚴肅地；B.proudly自豪地；C.casually隨意地；D.naturally自然地。由but可知前后句為對比關系，可知，此處為開始練習時，他非常隨意地（casually）對待它，但是他很快發現他熱愛演奏這個樂器并且堅定的練習。故選C項。【8題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：但他很快就發現自己喜歡上了這門樂器，并堅持練習，所以幾個月后，他的演奏水平就相當不錯了。A.committed堅定的；B.used用過的；C.limited限制的；D.admitted公認的。由后面“hewasplayingreasonablywell.”演奏地很好，可知，此處為很堅定的（committed）練習大提琴以至于在幾個月內演奏的相當的好。故選A項。【9題詳解】考查現在分詞詞義辨析。句意：當然，這意味著他一大早就到了學校，拖著沉重的樂器箱穿過校園，面對那些被他拋在身后的非音樂家們的憐憫表情。A.pushing推；B.dragging拖著；C.lifting舉起；D.taking帶走。結合文意可知，拖著（drag）他沉重的樂器箱穿過校園，與文章第一段“___acrossthecampuswiththeirheavyinstrumentcases”相呼應。故選B項。【10題詳解】考查介詞詞義辨析。句意：當然，這意味著他一大早就到了學校，拖著沉重的樂器箱穿過校園，面對那些被他拋在身后的非音樂家們的同情的表情。A.over上面；B.aside旁邊；C.behind后面；D.out外面。由前文他喜歡上了這門樂器，并且演奏的相當不錯，可知，他已經把非音樂生同情的看法拋在身后（behind）。故選C項。第二節（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）A閱讀下列短文，根據短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當的單詞，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。ThefirsttimeIsawMay,she___11___(sit)inmyfrontyard,huggingmydogHarley.Shehadjustmovedintoasmallhousedowntheroadfromus.FromthesecondItalkedtoher,IknewMaywouldbeacherishedfriend.HersmileandgoodcheermademefeelbetterwhenIwasaroundher.Itdidn’ttakelong___12___Maywasbelovedbyeveryoneinourneighborhood.Childrenandadultsvisitedherhomeoften.Whenwevisitedher,shewouldkindlylistentoallofour___13___(trouble)andthensaysomethingsowisethatwewouldleaveherhomewithourhearts___14___(sing).【答案】11.wassitting12.before13.troubles14.singing【解析】【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講述了作者第一次見到朋友May的情景。【11題詳解】考查時態。句意：我第一次見到梅的時候，她正坐在我家前院，抱著我的狗哈利。分析句子“ThefirsttimeIsawMay,”可知，此處應用一般過去時。分析句意可知，此處描述的是我第一見到May時，她正坐在我家前院里，應用進行時。由此可知，此處使用過去進行時。故填wassitting。【12題詳解】考查連接詞。句意：沒過多久，梅就受到了我們周圍每個人的喜愛。Itdidn’ttakelongbefore..固定用法，意為“過了不久就……”。分析句子可知，此處表示沒過多久，梅就受到了我們周圍每個人的喜愛。故填before。【13題詳解】考查名詞。句意：當我們去看她時，她會親耳傾聽我們所有的煩惱，然后說一些睿智的話，讓我們在離開她的家時，心里都在歌唱。trouble名詞，意為“麻煩，煩惱”；當表示具體的麻煩事或煩惱時，是一個可數名詞，由空前our可知，此處應使用名詞復數。故填troubles。【14題詳解】考查with的復合結構。句意：當我們去看她時，她會親耳傾聽我們所有的煩惱，然后說一些睿智的話，讓我們在離開她的家時，心里都在歌唱。分析句子可知，此處的sing與heart之間是主動關系，故填singing。【點睛】“with+賓語+賓補”的復合結構是高中語法必考項之一。做這類題時一定要分析，動詞與賓語之間的關系，若是表示主動或進行，則用dong；若是表示被動或完成，則用done；若是表示將要發生的事情，則用todo；其他請況，若是表示狀態則可以用形容詞、副詞或介詞短語來充當賓補。如第4小題，sing與heart之間是主動關系，所以應使用現在分詞形式。B閱讀下列短文，根據短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當的單詞，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。Wearedrowninginaseaoffreeinformation.TheInternetisinourbusinesses,homesandourbedrooms.Anarmyofdesignersanddataengineersspendtheirworkinglifefiguringoutways___15___(make)usstaypluggedinlonger.Ourdesiresarerepackagedbygianttechcompaniesandthen___16___(sell)backtousunderthecoveroffreecontent,butitisn'tfree.Wearepayingforitwithinvisiblecurrencies,suchasourtimeandprivacy,___17___peopleareonlynowbeginningtounderstand.【答案】15.tomake16.aresold17.which【解析】【分析】這是一篇議論文。我們淹沒在自由信息的海洋中，互聯網在我們身邊各處。直到現在人們才意識到一直以來消費的都是自己的時間和隱私。【15題詳解】考查不定式作狀語。句意：一大群設計師和數據工程師花費他們的工作時間，想辦法讓我們更長久地保持聯系。分析句子可知，設計師和數據工程師的目的就是，想辦法讓我們更長久地保持聯系。應使用不定式，表目的。故填tomake。【16題詳解】考查語態。句意：我們的欲望被大型科技公司重新包裝，然后在免費內容的掩護下賣給我們，但并不是免費的。分析句子可知，此處是and并列了兩個謂語動詞，時態應跟arerepackaged保持一致，即一般現在時。且sell與主語ourdesires之間是被動關系，應使用被動語態。故填aresold。【17題詳解】考查非限制定語從句。句意：我們用無形的貨幣來支付，比如我們的時間和隱私，這些東西人們現在才開始了解。分析句子可知，空后是一個非限制定語從句，且從句中動詞understand后缺賓語，應使用關系代詞which引導。故填which。C閱讀下列短文，根據短文內容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個適當的單詞，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空。Findingtheopportunitytoreadcanbeachallenge,soitcomes___18___(nature)thataudiobooks(有聲書)havebecomeapreferredchoice.___19___thehelpofaudiobook,peoplecanenjoytheirfavoritebookswhileexercisingorcommutingtoschool.Audiobooks___20___(grow)inpopularityuptillnow,fortheyareundoubtedlyausefulwaytoescapethestressesofmodernlifeandagoodwaytokeepbusy.【答案】18.naturally19.With20.havegrown/havebeengrowing【解析】【分析】這是一篇議論文。文章論述了有聲讀物給人們帶來的好處。有聲讀物既是逃避現代生活壓力的有用方法，也是保持忙碌的好方法。【18題詳解】考查副詞。句意：尋找閱讀的機會是一個挑戰，因此有聲讀物自然成為首選。分析句子可知，此處修飾動詞comes，應用副詞形式。故填naturally。【19題詳解】考查介詞。句意：在有聲讀物的幫助下，人們可以在鍛煉或上下班上學時欣賞自己喜愛的書籍。固定搭配withthehelpof意為“在……的幫助下”，此處位于句首，首字母應大寫。故填With。20題詳解】考查時態。句意：有聲讀物到目前為止越來越受歡迎，為它們無疑是逃避現代生活壓力的有用方法，也是保持忙碌的好方法。分析文章可知，句中有時間狀語uptillnow，應該用現在完成時態；根據句意可知，有聲讀物越來越受歡迎這件事情將來還可持續下去，用現在完成進行時也符合題意。故填havegrown/havebeengrowing。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節，50分）第一節（共20小題；每小題2分，共40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。AIwasselfishasateenager．Iusuallyspentmytimethinkingaboutmyselfandtakingcareofmyownneeds．Iletmyolderbrotherdomostoftheworkaroundthehouseuntilheleftforcollege．IletmymomanddadworryaboutourbillsandproblemswhileIreadbooks,played,andlostmyselfinmyownimagination．Thisdidn'tchangeevenwhenIwenttocollegeeither．Istudiedhardbutonlytomakemyownlifebetter．EvenwhenIstartedtoexploremyfaith,itwasonlytoincreasemyownhappiness．Imarriedaftergraduationanddecidedtostartafamily．Ofcourse,Ihadnoideawhathardknocksrealityhadinstoreformyselfishsoul．SoonIfoundmyselfunemployed,deeplyindebt,andwithanewbabyontheway．lfoundoutthatlifehaslittlesympathyforspoiledpeople．Infact,allofthestrugglesIwasgoingthroughwerebeatingtheselfishnessslowlyoutofme．Still,Ididn'tgiveuponhappiness．Iknewthattheremustbeawaytofindit．Ifinallyrealized,however,thatithadtoincludemorethanjustmyownneeds,wants,anddesires．Theanswerbegantomakeitselfclearonenightshortlyaftermybabyboywasborn．Igotabottleandheldhiminmyarms．AsIwasfeedinghimIlookeddownandsawhisbig,innocent,trustingeyes．Ismiledandtalkedtohim．ThenhesmiledandIcouldfeelmyheartgrowing,expandingwithlove．Ifeltsuchpeaceandjoy．AtthatmomentIhadahintofthetruth:itisbygrowingourheartswithlovethatwefindourhappiness．CarolynArendswrote："Themorepeopleyouletintoyourheart,thebiggeryourheartgets．Themoreloveyouget,themoreloveyouhavetogive．Itjustkeepsgrowing."So,keeploving,keeplivingandkeepcaring.Keepgrowingyourhearttoday,tomorrow,andalways．21Whatdoweknowabouttheauthorfromthefirstparagraph?A.Heoftenhelpedhisbrotherwithhousework．B.Hestudiedhardforhisfamily．C.Hewasconcernedabouthisfamily．D.Heputhisownneedsaboveothers'．22.Whatdidtheauthorrealizeafterhesufferedinlife?A.Spoiledpeoplecan'tsurvivethehardshipoflife.B.Spoiledpeopleareneverhappyinlife．C.Lifeiscrueltospoiledpeople．D.Selfishnessishelpful．23.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Theauthorlovedkids．B.Theauthoroftenfedhisbaby．CTheauthorrealizedtheimportanceofhappiness．D.Whencaringforhisbaby,theauthorgotinspired．24.Whichcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.LovingOthers,aWaytoHappinessB.TheElderOneGrows,theMoreHeGetsC.HelpOthers,HelpOneselfD.KeepGrowingtoLiveaHappyLife【答案】21.D22.C23.D24.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇記敘文。文章作者通過講述自己從一個自私的人變為一個心中對他人有愛的人的成長經歷，明白了“愛他人是獲得幸福的方法”的道理。【21題詳解】推理判斷題。答案定位在第一段Iusuallyspentmytimethinkingaboutmyselfandtakingcareofmyownneeds．可知作者在青少年時期，較為自私，行為處事時，總是只考慮自己，幾乎不為家人考慮，故選D。【22題詳解】推理判斷題。答案定位在第二段SoonIfoundmyselfunemployed,deeplyindebt,andwithanewbabyontheway．lfoundoutthatlifehaslittlesympathyforspoiledpeople．（很快我發現自己失業，負債累累，還有一個新的嬰兒。我發現生活中很少同情被寵壞的人。）由此推斷出作者在遭遇了人生變故后，意識到生活對被寵壞的人是殘忍的，故選C。【23題詳解】推理判斷題。答案定位在第三段AsIwasfeedinghimIlookeddownandsawhisbig,innocent,trustingeyes．Ismiledandtalkedtohim．ThenhesmiledandIcouldfeelmyheartgrowing,expandingwithlove．Ifeltsuchpeaceandjoy．AtthatmomentIhadahintofthetruth:itisbygrowingourheartswithlovethatwefindourhappiness．可知作者在照料孩子的過程中，作者受到了啟示，了解到通往幸福的途徑是心中充滿愛，故選D。【24題詳解】主旨大意題。文章作者通過講述自己從一個自私的人變為一個心中對他人有愛的人的成長經歷，明白了“愛他人是獲得幸福的方法”的道理。故選A。BIfafamilymemberblamesyouforsomethingyouhavedone,itisimportanttobecarefulabouthowyoudefendyourself.Itisnotagoodideatousewaysthatcausehurt,eveniftheywouldhelpyoumakeavalidpoint.Ifyoucanthinkofaninstancewheretheotherpersonhasdoneexactlywhattheyaccuseyouof,forexample,itwouldnotbegoodmannerstothrowitintheirface.Youshouldonlybringitupifyoudon’thaveachoice.Then,youshouldmakesurethatyoudoitrespectfully.Evenifafamilymemberintentionallygoesagainstreasonablewishesyoumayhave,youshouldunderstandthatpeopleseeeventhemostfundamentalthingsinverydifferentways.Rememberthatpeoplearedifferent.Ifyouconsideranynoiseaftermidnighttobeintolerable,forexample,othersmayseeitiscompletelyacceptable.Itcantakethemagreatdealoftimetochangetheirbehaviorforademandthattheydonotunderstand.Thinkaboutthefamilyconflictsthatyouareworriedaboutnow.Checktoseeifyourparentshadsimilarproblems.Peoplewhogrowupwithparentswhofightunfairlyoftenrepeatthesamebehavior.Considerchangingtheunfairhabitsthatyougrewupwith.Understandthatmemoriestendtochange.Inlong-standingfamilydisputes,allpartiesinvolvedtendtohavecompletelydifferentrecollectionsoftheoriginalproblem.Familiesareacuriousconcept—whilefamilymembersoftenfeelnothingbutannoyedforoneanother,theywillalsooftenbethereforthemiftheyshouldeverbeinserioustrouble.Whenyoufeelresentmentforsomeone,thinkabouthowfaryouwouldgoforthemiftheyhappenedtobeintrouble.Itcouldhelpsoftenyou.Thinkabouthowyoucarefortheotherperson.25.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragreewithaccordingtothefirstparagraph?A.Tofightbacktodefendyourself.B.Totargettheproblem,nottheperson.C.Todealwithamanashedealswithyou.D.Tohurteachotherwhenangry.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“resentment”inthelastparagraphmean?A.Curiosity. B.Kindness. C.Concern. D.Anger.27.Whichofthefollowingstatementsmaytheauthorapproveof?A.Familymemberssharethesamememoriesoverfamilydisputes.B.Parentsshouldsetagoodexampleinafamily.C.It’seasyforpeopletoagreeondifferentideas.D.Youcandefendyourselfbythrowingfactsback.28.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Thinkabouthowyoucareforotherpersons.B.Learntoconcernaboutfamilymembers.C.Howtodealwithfamilyconflictswisely.D.Learntoaccepteachotherinafamily.【答案】25.B26.D27.B28.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹如何明智地解決家庭沖突?【25題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第一段Ifyoucanthinkofaninstancewheretheotherpersonhasdoneexactlywhattheyaccuseyouof,forexample,itwouldnotbegoodmannerstothrowitintheirface.比如，如果家庭成員指責你不應該這樣做，而你卻回想到他/她以前也這么做過，這時候講出這件事打他們的臉則是不禮貌的做法。可以推斷出，我們要就事論事，不針對個人。故選B。【26題詳解】詞義猜測題。根據文章最后一段whilefamilymembersoftenfeelnothingbutannoyedforoneanother,theywillalsooftenbethereforthemiftheyshouldeverbeinserioustrouble.中的annoyed提示，和后句thinkabouthowfaryouwouldgoforthemiftheyhappenedtobeintrouble.Itcouldhelpsoftenyou.請想一想：如果他/她陷入麻煩，你會怎么做？這會讓你緩和對他/她的態度，從而可以猜測出resentment為“怨恨”之意。故選D。【27題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第三段Peoplewhogrowupwithparentswhofightunfairlyoftenrepeatthesamebehavior.可知，如果父母總是爭吵，在這種情況下成長的人往往也會重復同樣的行為。從而可以推斷，父母應該在家庭中樹立一個好榜樣。故選B。【28題詳解】主旨大意題。根據文章第一段Ifafamilymemberblamesyouforsomethingyouhavedone,itisimportanttobecarefulabouthowyoudefendyourself.和全文內容可知，文章主要介紹如何明智地解決家庭沖突?故選C。【點睛】閱讀理解通常都會出現詞義猜測題，要求考生從上下文理解中概括出生詞或短語的詞義。考生作此類題型時，首先要找到所猜測詞所在文章的位置，然后在理解文章大意的基礎之上，對此詞前后句反復研讀，最后根據前后句猜測出詞義。例如小題2要求猜測出resentment的含義，就是根據文章最后一段whilefamilymembersoftenfeelnothingbutannoyedforoneanother,theywillalsooftenbethereforthemiftheyshouldeverbeinserioustrouble.中的annoyed提示，和后句thinkabouthowfaryouwouldgoforthemiftheyhappenedtobeintrouble.Itcouldhelpsoftenyou.請想一想：如果他/她陷入麻煩，你會怎么做？這會讓你緩和對他/她的態度，從而可以猜測出resentment為“怨恨”之意。CInarecentseriesofexperimentsattheUniversityofCalifornia,researchersstudiedtoddlers’thinkingaboutwinnersandlosers,bullies(欺凌)andvictims.Inthefirstexperiment,toddlers(學步兒童)watchedasceneinwhichtwopuppets(木偶)hadconflictinggoals:Onewascrossingastagefromrighttoleft,andtheotherfromlefttoright.Thepuppetsmetinthemiddleandstopped.Eventuallyonepuppetboweddownandmovedaside,lettingtheotheronepassby.Thenresearchersaskedthetoddlerswhichpuppettheyliked.Theresult:20outof23toddlerspickedthehigher-statuspuppet—theonethatdidnotbowormoveaside.Itseemsthatindividualscangainstatusforbeingdominant(占優勢的)andtoddlerslikewinnersbetterthanlosers.Butthenresearchershadanotherquestion:Dotoddlerslikewinnersnomatterhowtheywin?So,researchersdidanotherexperimentverysimilartotheonedescribedabove.Butthistime,theconflictendedbecauseonepuppetknockedtheotherdownandoutoftheway.Nowwhenthetoddlerswereaskedwhotheyliked,theresultsweredifferent:Only4outof23childrenlikedthewinner.Thesedatasuggestthatchildrenalreadyloveawinnerbytheageof21-31months.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepreferenceisinborn:21monthsisenoughtimetolearnalotofthings.Butifapreferenceforwinnersissomethingwelearn,weappeartolearnitquiteearly.Evenmoreinteresting,thepreferenceforwinnersisnotabsolute.Childreninourstudydidnotlikeawinnerwhoknockedacompetitordown.Thissuggeststhatalreadybytheageof21-31months,children’slikingforwinnersisbalancedwithothersocialconcerns,includingperhapsageneralpreferenceforniceorhelpfulpeopleoveraggressiveones.Inatimewhenthenewsisfullofstoriesofpublicfigureswhocelebratewinningatallcosts,theseresultsgiveusmuchconfidence.Humansunderstanddominance,butwealsoexpectstrongindividualstoguide,protectandhelpothers.Thisfeelslikegoodnews.29.Oneofthepurposesoftheexperimentsisto________.A.teachtoddlershowtogainhigherstatusB.offertoddlersachancetowatchasceneC.observetheprocessoftoddlers’solvingaconflictD.findouttoddlers’attitudetowardwinnersandlosers30.Thetoddlersregardedbowingandmovingasideasasignof________.A.obeyingrulesB.gainingstatusC.givingintotheotherD.showinggoodmanners31.Whatdoesthesecondexperimenttellusabouttoddlers?A.Theyareexcellentlearners.B.Theyarealwayschangeable.C.Theyshowmercytotheloser.D.Theyvaluekindnessoverwinning.32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheresultsoftheseriesofexperiments?A.Disappointing. B.Encouraging.C.Unexpected. D.Controversial.【答案】29.D30.C31.D32.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了研究人員進行了一系列的試驗研究幼兒對贏家和輸家、欺凌者和受害者的態度。【29題詳解】細節理解題。根據第一段中的“researchersstudiedtoddlers’thinkingaboutwinnersandlosers,bullies(欺凌)andvictims.”可知，研究人員研究了幼兒對贏家和輸家、欺凌者和受害者的看法，由此可知，試驗的其中一個目的是查明幼兒對贏家和輸家的態度，故D項正確。【30題詳解】細節理解題。根據第二段中的“Theresult:20outof23toddlerspickedthehigher-statuspuppet—theonethatdidnotbowormoveaside.Itseemsthatindividualscangainstatusforbeingdominant(占優勢的)andtoddlerslikewinnersbetterthanlosers.”可知，23名幼兒中有20名選擇了地位較高的玩偶，即不鞠躬也不讓開的玩偶，似乎每個人都可以通過占優勢而獲得地位，幼兒更喜歡贏家而不是輸家，由此可知，幼兒把鞠躬和讓開看作是向對方屈服的標志，故C項正確。【31題詳解】細節理解題。根據倒數第二段中的“Childreninourstudydidnotlikeawinnerwhoknockedacompetitordown.Thissuggeststhatalreadybytheageof21-31months,children’slikingforwinnersisbalancedwithothersocialconcerns,includingperhapsageneralpreferenceforniceorhelpfulpeopleoveraggressiveones.”可知，第二個試驗中孩子不喜歡擊倒對方的贏家，這表明到21-31個月大時，孩子們對贏家的喜愛已經與其他社會問題相平衡，其中包括對友善或樂于助人的人的普遍偏愛，而不是好斗的人，由此可知，第二個試驗表明21-31個月大的孩子看重友善勝過獲勝，故D項正確。【32題詳解】推理判斷題。根據最后一段中的“theseresultsgiveusmuchconfidence.”（這些結果給了我們很大的自信）及“Thisfeelslikegoodnews.”（這聽起來是個好消息）可知，作者認為試驗結果是令人鼓舞的，故B項正確。【點睛】涉及到觀點態度的推理判斷題難度較大，文章一般不會直接標明作者的態度，需要我們根據措辭的褒貶來揣摩作者的態度，例如本篇第4題，根據最后一段中的“theseresultsgiveusmuchconfidence.”可知，這些結果給了我們很大的自信，再根據“Thisfeelslikegoodnews.”可知，這聽起來是個好消息，“confidence”和“good”表明了作者認為試驗結果是令人鼓舞的。DEudaimoniaisanAncientGreekword,particularlystressedbythephilosophersPlatoandAristotle,whichdeservesfarmoreattentionthanithasbecauseitcorrectstheshortfalls(缺失）inoneofthemostcentral,buttroublingwordsinourmodemlanguage:happiness.Whenwenowadaystrytoclearlyexpressthepurposeofourlives，itistheword“happiness”thatwecommonlyturnto.Wetellourselvesandothersthatthemostimportantprincipleforourjobs,ourrelationshipsandtheconductofourday-to-daylivesisthepursuitofhappiness.Itsoundslikeaninnocentenoughidea,buttoomuchrelianceonthetermmeansthatwefrequentlyunfairlytendtoquitor,atleast,heavilyquestionagreatmanychallengingbutworthwhilesituations.TheAncientGreeksdidnotbelievethatthepurposeoflifewastobehappy;theyproposedthatitwastoachieveEudaimonia,awordwhichhasbeenbesttranslatedas“fulfilment”.Whatdistinguisheshappinessfromfulfilmentispain.Itisverypossibletobefulfilledand—atthesametime—underpressure,sufferingphysicallyormentally,overburdenedand,quitefrequently,inanirritable(易怒的）mood.Thisisaslightpsychologicaldifferencethatishardfortheword“happiness”tocapture,forit’strickytospeakofbeinghappyyetunhappy,orhappyyetsuffering.However,suchacombinationisreadilyaccommodatedwithintherespectedandnoble-soundingideaofEudaimonia.Thewordencouragesustotrustthatmanyoflife’smostworthwhileprojectswillsometimesbeinconflictwithcontentment,andyetwillbeworthpursuing.Properlyexploringourprofessionaltalents,managingahousehold,keepingarelationshipgoing,creatinganewbusinessventureorengaginginpolitics...noneofthesegoalsarelikelytoleaveuscheerfulandgrinningonadailybasis.Theywill,infact,involveusinallmannerofchallengesthatwilldeeplyexhaustandweakenus,provoke(激怒）andwoundus.Andyetwewillperhaps,attheendofourlives,stillfeelthatthetaskswereworthundertaking.Throughthem,we’llhaveachievedsomethingdeeperandmoreinterestingthanhappiness.WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.We’llknowthatwearetryingtodosomethingfarmoreimportantthansmileallthetime:we'restrivingtodojusticetoourfullhumanpotential.33.Whatdoweknowabout“Eudaimonia”fromthepassage?A.ItwasfirstcreatedbytwoGreekphilosophers.B.Ithasreceivedalotofattentionfromthepublic.C.Itstillhassomeshortfallsthatneedtobecorrected.D.ItwasregardedasthepurposeoflifeinancientGreece.34.AccordingtoParagraph3,happiness.A.istheoppositeoffulfillmentBisfreefromphysicalormentalpainC.stressesthepsychologicaldifferenceD.servesasarespectedandnoblelifegoal35.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat.A.aimingforhappinessmayleadtowrongself-blamingB.goalsthatwoundandweakenusresultinhappinessC.challengesleadingtocontentmentareworthundertakingD.feelingfulfilledmeansweshouldavoidtoughsituations36.Thepassageencouragesthereadersto.A.findfulfillmentwithallefforts B.seekforapain-freeexistenceC.keepoptimisticwhateverhappens D.balancehappinessandsuffering【答案】33.D34.B35.A36.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。介紹了古希臘人的生活目標，Eudaimonia與happiness的區別，鼓勵人們盡一切努力尋找滿足感。【33題詳解】推理判斷題。由第二段“TheAncientGreeksdidnotbelievethatthepurposeoflifewastobehappy;theyproposedthatitwastoachieveEudaimonia,awordwhichhasbeenbesttranslatedas“fulfilment”.古希臘人不相信生活的目的是快樂；他們提出，生活的目的是為了實現Eudaimonia，這個詞最好翻譯理解為“滿足”可知，在古希臘，Eudaimonia被認為是生活的目的。故D選項正確。【34題詳解】推理判斷題。由第三段“Whatdistinguisheshappinessfromfulfilmentispain.Itisverypossibletobefulfilledand—atthesametime—underpressure,sufferingphysicallyormentally,overburdenedand,quitefrequently,inanirritablemood.Thisisaslightpsychologicaldifferencethatishardfortheword“happiness”tocapture”快樂與滿足的區別在于痛苦。在壓力下、在身體上或精神上遭受痛苦、負擔過重以及經常處于易怒的情緒下，是很有可能得到滿足的。這是一個微小的心理差異，這很難讓“幸福”這個詞捕捉到。可知,幸福沒有身體或精神上的痛苦。故B選項正確。【35題詳解】推理判斷題。由末段“WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.”想到了eudaimonia這個詞，我們就可以不用想象我們的目標是一個沒有痛苦的生活，不用不公平地責怪自己心情不好。可知，追求幸福可能導致錯誤的自責。故A選項正確。【36題詳解】推理判斷題。由第四段“Thewordencouragesustotrustthatmanyoflife’smostworthwhileprojectswillsometimesbeinconflictwithcontentment...Throughthem,we’llhaveachievedsomethingdeeperandmoreinterestingthanhappiness.”可知，這篇文章鼓勵讀者盡一切努力找到滿足感。故A選項正確。【點睛】通過對關鍵詞的把握是解決推理判斷題的重要的方法之一。通讀短文我們可知，短文主要介紹了Eudaimonia與happiness的區別，鼓勵人們盡一切努力尋找滿足感，一味兒的最求幸福感，會給自己帶來很多煩惱。由末段“WiththewordEudaimoniainmind,wecanstopimaginingthatweareaimingforapain-freeexistence—andthenblamingourselvesunfairlyforbeinginabadmood.”中的關鍵詞“stopimagining”“blaming”可知，不追求“Eudaimonia”而是最求“happiness”可能導致錯誤的自責。故A選項為第3小題的正確選項。ETheOccupyWallStreetprotestmovementhasraisedseriousquestionsabouttheroleofcapitalistinstitutions,particularlycorporationsinAmericansociety.WellbeforethefirstprotestersetfootinZucottiPark,aheckler(擾亂分子)urgedMittRomneytotaxcorporationsratherthanpeople.Romney’sresponse--“Corporationsarepeople”stirredabriefbutintensecontroversy.Nowthousandsofdemonstratorshaveineffectjoinedtheheckler,denouncing(抨擊)corporationsas“enemiesofthepeople.”Farmoreimportantthanquestionsaboutwhatcorporationsareisthequestionofwhatattitudeweshouldhavetowardthem.Shouldwe,ascorporatepublicrelationsstatementsoftensuggest,thinkofthemasfriends(ifwebuyandaresatisfiedwiththeirproducts)orasfamily(ifweworkforthem)?Doesitmakesensetobeloyaltoacorporationaseitheracustomerorasanemployee？Moregenerally,evengrantedthatcorporationsarenotfullypersonsinthewaythatindividualsare,dotheyhavesomeimportantmoralstandinginoursociety？Myanswertoallthesequestionsisno,becausecorporationshavenocorededicationtofundamentalhumanvalues.Suchcorporationsexistasinstrumentsofprofitfortheirshareholders.Infact,lefttothemselves,theycanbeseriousthreatstohumanvaluesthatconflictwiththegoalofcorporateprofit.Corporationsareaparticularthreattotruth,avalueessentialinademocracy,whichplacesapremiumontheinformeddecisionsofindividualcitizens.Thecorporatethreatismostapparentinadvertising,whichexplicitlyaimsatconvincingustopreferaproductregardlessofitsactualmerit.Theirdefininggoalistogenerateprofit.Therearecaseswhentellingthetruthisthebestmeanstoadvancecorporateprofits.In1982,whensevenpeopleinChicagodiedfrompoisonedTylenol,Johnson&Johnsonappealedtoitscredo,whichmakesconcernforitscustomersprimarycorporategoal，andtoldtheentiretruthaboutwhathadhappened.Thishonestyturnedapotentialpublic-relationsdisasterintoatriumph.ButJohnson&Johnson’simpressivecorporatecredoendsbysaying,“Ourfinalresponsibilityistoourstockholdersandmustmakesolidprofit.Thecredoisunclearaboutwhathappenswhenthereisaconflictbetweenresponsibleactionandlong-termprofit.Noneofthismeansthatcorporationsareevilorthatsocialismshouldreplace