學年第一學期徐匯區學習能力診斷卷2024.12高三英語試卷2024.12（考試時間105分鐘滿分115分）GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.PioneersinartificialintelligencewintheNobelPrizeinphysicsThe2024NobelPrizeinphysicshasbeenawardedtoJohnHopfieldandGeoffreyHinton.Theyareknownfortheirfundamentaldiscoveriesinmachinelearning,(1)__________pavedthewayforhowartificialintelligenceisusedtoday.Machinelearningdiffersfromtraditionalsoftware.Thesoftwarereceivesdata,whichisprocessedaccordingtoacleardescription,and(2)__________(produce)theresults.Inmachinelearning,thecomputerlearnsbyexample,enablingittotackleproblemsthataretoocomplicated(3)__________(manage)bystep-by-stepinstructions.HintonandHopfield(4)__________(credit)withusingtoolsfromphysicstoadvancebasicresearchinthefield.In1982,Hopfielddevelopedamodelofneural(神經的)networks,todayknownastheHopfieldnetwork,todescribehowthebrainrecallsmemorieswhen(5)__________(feed)partialinformation,similartothemethodyourbrainusestorememberawordonthetipofyourtongue.GeoffHintonandcolleaguesfurtherdevelopedtheHopfieldnetwork.Todothat,Hintonusedstatisticalphysics,basedonanequationinventedbythenineteenth-centuryphysicistLudwigBoltzmann,creatinga“Boltzmannmachine.”Itcanlearn—notfrominstructions,butfrom(6)__________(give)examples.AtrainedBoltzmannmachinecanrecognizefamiliartraits(特質)ininformationithasnotpreviouslyseen.Imaginemeetingafriend’sbrotherorsister,andyoucanimmediatelyseethatthey(7)__________berelated.Inasimilarway,theBoltzmannmachinecanrecognizeanentirelynewexample(8)__________itbelongstoacategoryfoundinthetrainingmaterial.Hintonhasalsourgedcautionaroundthetechnology.Hintonquithisjobasavicepresidentlastyearatatechgiant.Hesaidheleftbecausehewantedtobeabletosharehisconcernsabouttherisksofartificialintelligencewithoutworrying(9)__________itwouldmeanforhisemployer.“Oneofthewaysinwhichthesesystemsmightescapecontrolisbywritingtheirowncomputercodetomodify(10)__________,”Hintonsaidina2023interview.“That’ssomethingweneedtoseriouslyworryabout.”SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.present B.accomplishment C.plug D.household E.defeatedF.significant G.diagnose H.addicts I.amateur J.alerted K.pictureAhacker’slifeHaveyoueverlockedyourselfoutofyourhomeandhadtotrytobreakin?First,yougetasenseof(11)__________insucceeding.Butthencomestheworryingrealizationthatifyoucanbreakintoyourownplaceasa(n)(12)__________,aprofessionalcoulddosofivetimesfaster.Soyoulookattheweakpointinyoursecurityandfixit.Well,that’smoreorlesshowtheDefConhackersconferenceworks.EveryyearpassionatehackersmeetatDefConinLasVegasto(13)__________theirknowledgeandcapabilities.Mentiontheword“hacker”andmanyofus(14)__________aseventeen-year-oldgeek(怪人)sittingintheirbedroom,illegallyhackingintotheUS’sdefensesecretsinthePentagon(五角大樓).Orwejustthink“criminals”.Butthatisactuallyamisrepresentationofwhatmosthackersdo.TheactivitiesandexperimentsthattakeplaceatDefConhaveanenormousimpactonourdailylives.Thesearepeoplewholovethechallengeoffindingsecuritygaps:computer(15)__________whocan’tbreakthehabit.Theylookwithgreatcareatallkindsofsystems,fromtheInternettomobilecommunicationsto(16)__________doorlocks.Andthentheytrytohackthem.Indoingso,theyaredoingallofusagreatservice,becausetheypassontheirfindingstotheindustriesthatdesignthesesystems,whicharethenableto(17)__________thesecurityholes.AtypicalexampleofthisiswhenIattendedapresentationonelectronicdoorlocks.Ironically,oneofthemostsecurelockstheydemonstratedwasa4,000-year-oldEgyptianlock.Butwhenitcametomoremoderndevices,thepresentersrevealed(18)__________weaknessesinseveralbrandsofelectro-mechanicallocks.Abio-lockthatusesafingerprintscanforentrywas(19)__________,easily,byapaperclip.(Unfortunately,althoughallthemanufacturersoftheinsecurelockswere(20)__________,notallofthemresponded.)ReadingComprehensionSectionA

Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Whenisangerjustified?Angerisacomplicatedemotion.Butisitevermorallyrighttobeangry?Andifso,when?Oneofthemostfoundationalunderstandingsof__21__comesfromtheGreekphilosopherAristotle.Inhismodel,there’sasweetspotforouractionsandemotionalreactions,andit’suptoyoutodeveloppracticalwisdomaboutwhenyoushouldfeelwhatandhowstronglytofeelit.__22__,let’ssayyou’regoingtosleepearlybecauseyouhaveanimportantmeetingtomorrowandyourneighborjuststartedplayingloudmusic.Ifyoucan’tsleep,youmightruinyourmeeting,sofeelingangryisdefinitely__23__.Buthowmuchangershouldyoufeel?Andwhatactions,ifany,shouldyoutake?Toanswerthesequestions,Aristotlewouldneedtoknowmoredetails.Haveyou__24__talkedtoyourneighboraboutthisissue?Isitareasonabletimetobeplayingmusic?Isyourneighbortryingto__25__you,oraretheyjustenjoyingtheirevening?RelyingonpracticalwisdominAristotle’scase-by-caseapproachmakesalotofsenseforhandling__26__conflicts.Butwhataboutwhenthere’snooneto__27__foryouranger?Imagineatornadocompletelydestroysyourhousewhileyourneighbor’shomeis__28__.Noamountofangercanundothedisaster,andthereisn’treallyasuitable__29__foryourfrustration.Althoughit’shardforustocontrolouranger,theremightbesomethingwecanlearnfromit.PhilosopherPFStrawson’stheorysuggeststhatexperiencingangerisanaturalpartofhumanpsychologythathelpsuscommunicateblameandholdeachother__30__.Inthismodel,angercanbeanimportantpartoflettingusknowwhensomethingimmoralishappening,so__31__itwouldharmoursociallivesandmoralcommunities.Butfindingtherightresponsetothosepsychologicalalarmbellscanbe__32__.Forinstance,ifyouweresupervisingcruel,disrespectfulyoungchildren,itmightbenaturaltofeelanger,butitwouldbe__33__totreattheirmoralmistakeslikethoseofadults.Sowhenshouldyou__34__anger?Andcaniteverhelpchangethingsforthebetter?Let’simagineyourcommunityisexperiencingserioushealthissuesbecauseanearbyfactoryis__35__pollutingthewatersupply.Inunjustsituationslikethis,itcouldbeamoralmistaketosuppress(抑制)youranger,insteadofchannelingitintopositiveaction.A.motion B.passion C.urge D.angerA.Inconclusion B.However C.What’smore D.ForexampleA.exceptional B.understandable C.useless D.tragicA.remotely B.reluctantly C.previously D.ultimatelyA.upset B.conquer C.imitate D.motivateA.commercial B.domestic C.cultural D.interpersonalA.consult B.blame C.reject D.hideA.discovered B.locked C.untouched D.explodedA.target B.boundary C.position D.reasonA.accountable B.adorable C.memorable D.sustainableA.expressing B.removing C.releasing D.followingA.simple B.dangerous C.tricky D.sufficientA.mature B.wise C.easy D.wrongA.bringdown B.acton C.bottleup D.holdbackA.illegally B.remotely C.steadily D.inevitablySectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)CarolineRobbinsknewthatthefirstdayofschoolwasvery,veryimportant.Why?Becausethatwasthedaywhenyouchosewhereyouwouldsitfortheentireyear.Carolinerealizedthatinsomeclassesthischoicewouldbemadeforher.Theteacherwouldplacestudentsinalphabetical(按字母順序的)order,meaningshewouldhavetositinfrontofZachRodgersyetagain.ZachwasattractedbyCaroline,andwoulddistractherfromherworkbypassingnotesandtellingjokestoimpressher.Ingeneral,beingaRobbinswasprettygood,buthavingtositinfrontofZachwasdefinitelyadrawback.Inherotherclasses,though,Carolinewouldbesuretochoosejusttherightseat.Carolinelikedtothinkofherselfasoneofthecoolkids,butshealsodidwellinschoolandlikedlearning.So,Carolinewantedtositclosetothecoolkids,butnottooclose,orshewouldbemoreinterestedintalkingthanpayingattention.Shealsoknewthatitwasgoodtobefriendswiththesmartkids,becausetheycouldhelpCarolinewithherschoolwork.However,shedidn'twanttosittooclosetothesmartkids.Unfortunately,atCaroline'sschool,thesmartkidsandthecoolkidswerenotthesamekids.Carolinehadallofthisinmindasshewalkedthroughtheschool’sfrontdooronthefirstday.Sheknewwhereherfirstclasswas,butshedidn’twanttobethefirstonethere.Ifyouwerethefirstonethere,youdidn’thaveanycontrolatall!Otherpeoplegottochoosehowclosetheysattoyou,nottheotherwayaround.Thissimplywouldnotdo.So,shetookhertimewalkingdownthehall,takingaminutetotalktoherfriendAlma,whomshehadn’tseenfortheentiresummer.Atlast,shewalkedthroughthedoorofherfirstclass,andthereitwas,theperfectseat!TwoseatsawayfromJasmine,thesmartestgirlinherentiregrade,andjustinfrontofMarc,whowasverycoolandtotallycute.Therewasanewguytotheleft,whichcouldbearisk,buthowbadcouldanewguybe?SoCarolinestartedtowardtheseat,beingcarefulnottorush,whenMarc’sbestfriendJasonsatdowninherchair!Sure,therewereotherseats,butnootherperfectones.Saddenedbutnotdiscouraged,Carolinesatdowninthesecond-bestseatandimmediatelystartedplanningforlunchtime,whenshewasdeterminedtogetthebestseatinthecafeteria.Asusedinparagraph1,theword“drawback”mostnearlymeans“__________”.A.disadvantage B.benefit C.virtue D.withdrawalWhatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?A.Carolinewasoftenseenasacoolkid,notasmartkid.B.Carolinewantedtobetheonlysmartkidinherschool.C.IfCarolinewasseenasasmartkid,noonewouldthinkshewascool.D.Caroline’sschoolwasunusualinthatsmartkidswerealsocool.Accordingtothepassage,Carolinemakessurenottogettoclasstooearlyby__________.A.takingtimetofixherhair B.goingtothewrongclassC.waitingoutsidetheschoolgate D.stoppingtotalktoherfriendHowdidCarolinefeelaboutthenewguysittingnexttoherdesiredseat?A.Shewasthrilledtohaveanewfriendtositnextto.B.Shewasconcernedhemightbeadisturbance.C.Shewasrelievedthathedidn’ttaketheperfectseat.D.Shewasdisappointedbecausehedidn’tlookcool.(B)Fromthetimehumanbeingsbegantodrawthem,mapshavehelpedpeoplefindtheirwayaroundtheirenvironments.Butmapscanshowusmanythings,notjustwhichdirectiontogo.Theyshowthepathofhistory,theearth’sshape,developmentofmathematics,andtheprogressoftechnology.Oneoftheoldest-knownlandmapsisanalmost1,600-year-oldtabletfromSouthwestAsia.Themapshowsacircleoflandthatisdividedbyariverandsurroundedbyocean.Trianglesonthemapindicateeightdifferentregions.Andthemap’stextdescribeslegendarybeastsandheroesthatwereimportanttotheancientpeopleofthearea.AroundAD150,aGreekscientistdrewnorth-southandeast-westlinesonamap.Thisadditionappliesmathematicstomappingandwasanearlyattempttoshowtheearth’sshapeonaflatpieceofpaper.Mapsgraduallybecamemuchmoredetailedasnewregionswereexploredandputdownonpaper.Also,mathematicalandastronomicaladvanceshelpedtoperfecttheworldmaptowhatweknowandlovetoday!Nowthatyouknowalittleabouttheearlyhistoryofmaps,let’slearnsomefunfacts.EastattheTopThesedays,mostmapsfeaturenorthatthetop.However,duringtheMiddleAges,mostmapshadeastatthetop.Thiswasdonetopointinthedirectionofthemorningsun.PuzzleMapsWhenprintedmapsbecameavailabletothegeneralpopulationintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,noteveryonecouldunderstandthem.Infact,thefirstjigsawpuzzles(拼圖游戲)weredesignedaspracticemapsforeighteenth-centurygeographyclasses!FakePlacesMapmakersneedtomakesurethattheirworkisnotcopiedbyothers.Toprotecttheirwork,manymapmakersaddmade-uptownsorstreetstotheirmaps.Onlytheoriginalmapmakerwouldknowaboutthefakeentry.ModernTechnologyToday,digitalmapsandGPStechnologyhaverevolutionizedthewayweexploreourworld.Withthetouchofascreen,wecanseeourexactlocation,planroutes,andevenviewreal-timetrafficupdates.WhichofthefollowingpicturesbestshowsthemodernformoftheGreekscientist’sadditiontothemap?A. B. C. D.Faketownsorstreetswereoftenaddedtomaps__________.A.sothatitwouldbeclearifsomeonecopiedthemapB.tomakethemapslessboringandmoreaccurateC.asatrickychallengeforpeopletotakeonD.tohelppeoplepracticehowtoreadcomplicatedmapsWhatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Toshowthedevelopmentofmappingtechnology.B.Toexplaintheimportanceofmapsthroughouthistory.C.Tointroducethehistoryofmapsandsomeinterestingfacts.D.Toteachsomemap-makingtricksandtechniques.(C)Mosttaxidriversneedasmartphonetogettotheirdestinations.Butsharks,itseems,neednothingmorethantheirownbodies—andEarth’smagnetic(磁的)field.AnewstudysuggestssomesharkscanreadEarth’sfieldlikeamapanduseittotravellongdistanceswithaccuracy.Sincethe1970s,researchershavesuspectedthatsomefishcandetectmagneticfields.Butnoonehadshownthatsharksusethefieldstofindtheirlocationornavigate(導航),partlybecausetheanimalsaren’tsoeasytoworkwith.It’sonethingifyouhaveasmallfish,orababyseaturtle,butwhenyouworkwithsharks,youhavetoupscaleeverything.BryanKeller,anecologistatFloridaStateUniversity,andhiscolleaguesdecidedtodojustthat.Theylinedabedroom-sizecagewithwireandplacedasmallswimmingpoolinthecenterofthecage.Byrunninganelectricalcurrentthroughthewiring,theycouldgenerateacustommagneticfieldinthecenterofthepool.Theteamthencollected20youngbonnetheadsharks—aspeciesknowntomigratehundredsofkilometers—offtheFloridacoast.Theyplacedthesharksintothepool,oneatatime,andletthemswimfreelyunderthreedifferentmagneticfields,appliedinrandomsuccession.Onefieldmimicked(模仿)Earth’snaturalfieldatthespotwherethesharkswerecollected,whiletheothersmimickedthefieldsatlocations600kilometersnorthand600kilometerssouthoftheirhomes.Theyusedsoftwaretotrackthesharks’responses,observingwhichdirectioninthetanktheyweretryingtoswimtowards.Whentheyoungsharkswereexposedtothemagneticfieldoftheplacetheywerecaptured,or‘home’,theystayedput.Butwhensubjectedtothesouthernmagneticfield,thesharkspersistentlychangedtheirheadingstoswimnorth,asiftryingtogetbackhome.Thissuggeststhatthesharkswereusingthemagneticfieldtoguidethem,similartohowhumansuseGPS.Surprisingly,theresearchersfoundthatthesharksdidn’tfavoranydirectionwhenswimmingunderthenorthernfield.Kellersaysthismightbebecausetheydon’tgonorthoftheirhomelocationsincethereisonlylandthere,andsotheyrarelyhavetofindtheirwaybacksouthagain.“Thiscouldsupportthetheorythattheirabilitytogobackhomeisalearnedbehavior,”hesays.Theymightnotknowwhattodointhenorthernfieldbecause“they’veneverbeenupthere.”saysKeller.Keller’sresearchaddsasignificantpiecetothestill-incompletepuzzleofsharkbiology.Sharkshavebeendecliningatanalarmingrateduetomostlyoverfishingandhabitatchange.Studyingthelifecyclesandmigrationpatternsofsharkscanhelpusunderstandwhatareastoprotectwhenmanagingmarinespaces.WhyisitdifficultforresearcherstoprovethatsharkscanreadEarth’sfield?A.Sharksaretoohardtofollowandobserve.B.Sharksarenotsensitivetomagneticfields.C.Sharksaredifficulttostudyinalaboratorysetting.D.Sharksareonthelistofendangeredspecies.AccordingtoKeller,whatmightbethereasonwhysharksdon’tfavoranydirectionwhenswimmingunderthenorthernmagneticfield?A.Theydon’tliketheclimateinthenorth.B.They’veneverbeentothenorthoftheirhomebefore.C.Theylearnedtodosowhentheywereyoung.D.Thenorthernmagneticfieldwasnotstrongenough.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthatKeller’sresearchissignificantbecauseit__________.A.providesanewmethodforcapturingsharksB.supportstheideathatsharks’migrationpatternsarerandomC.addscrucialinformationtoourunderstandingofsharkbiologyD.suggeststhatsharksshouldbeprotectedfromoverfishingWhatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.SharksuseEarth’smagneticfieldtofindtheirwayonseas.B.Researchersdiscoveredanewwaytostudysharksinlabs.C.Sharkpopulationsaredecliningduetohabitatchange.D.Sharkshavealearnedbehaviorofreturningtotheirhome.SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Unfortunately,ourexpectationscanalsoworkagainstus.Believeitornot,therearelimitstoeventhestrongestplaceboeffect.Thiseffectoccurswhenapatientisgivenatreatmentthatisabletoimprovetheirsymptomseventhoughitlacksanactiveingredient.Additionally,youprobablyassociatepillsingeneralwithrecoveringfromillness.Ifwecanlearntomakeuseofthepowerofpositivethinking,perhapsonedaywecanevenmovebeyondusingtraditionaldrugstotreatminorsymptoms!Andinroutinemedicalpractice,placebosarerarelyusedonpurpose.Thepowerofplacebo(安慰劑)Haveyouevertakenapillforaheadacheandfeltinstantreliefeventhoughthere’snowaythemedicinecouldhavetakeneffectsoquickly?Ifso,you’vepersonallyexperiencedamedicalphenomenonknownastheplaceboeffect.47Intheabovesituationregardingyourheadache,theactiveingredient(成分)couldn’thavebeenresponsibleforyourreducedpain.Sowhydidthesymptomsimprove?Scientistsdon’tcompletelyunderstandthemechanismsbehindtheeffect,buttheyhavedeterminedthatanindividual’sconditioningandexpectationslikelyplayamajorrole.Withyourheadache,forexample,youexpectedthepainkillertoworkbecausepillshaverelievedyourheadachesinthepast.48Infact,thelattermeansaplacebocanstillworkevenwhensomeoneknowsit’snotrealmedicine!Otherfactorsthatcaninfluencehowwellatreatmentworksincludebeingtoldit’seffectivebyadoctor,yourdoctor’sbodylanguageortoneofvoice,andtheknowledgethatyou’retakingactiontosolvetheproblem.49Ifyoubelieveadrugwillbeineffectiveatrelievingyoursymptoms,forinstance,itislesslikelytowork.Evenworse,ifyouexpecttosuffersideeffectsfromyourmedication,youprobablywill.Thisputsdoctorsinatrickyposition—they’rerequiredbylawtoinformpatientsofrisks,yetdoingsocouldnegativelyaffectrecovery.Thebestwaytoavoidthisundesirableeffect,accordingtosomeexperts,isfordoctorstophrasedangersinthemostencouragingwaypossibleoraskpeopleifthey’rewillingtoremainunawareofminorsideeffects.Thepoweroftheplaceboeffectopensupanexcitingopportunitytoexplorenewavenues.Thoughwemaynotfullygrasphowtheplaceboeffectswork,onethingisclear:ourmindshaveanamazingabilitytoshapenotonlyourthoughtsbutalsoourphysicalhealth.50SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.51.WhywehatephonecallsSuddenlyasoundringsout,stoppingyouinyourtracks.Panicking,yousearchforwhereitcouldbecomingfrom.It'syourphone,andifyou'relikeaquarterof18to30-year-oldsinarecentBritishstudy,youprobablywon'tanswerit.Thesamestudyfoundthat70%ofthepeopleinthisagegroupprefertextmessagestophonecalls.Whydosomanyyoungpeoplehatephonecalls?Whilepreviousgenerationsgrewupusinglandlinestotalktotheirfriends,smartphone-equippedyoungerpeoplehavegrownupusedtousingtextmessagesforsocialconversations.There'slesspressurewithtexting.Youcanreadandrespondtomessagesonyourownschedule,andyoucantaketimetothinkaboutwhatyouwanttosayratherthanbeingputonthespotduringaphonecall.Besides,whenyoucancraftareplyfreeofinterruption,youhavegreatercontroloveryourcontributionstoaconversation.Communicationlikephonecallscanleadpeopletofeelalossofcontrolandthecorrespondinganxiety.Manyyoungpeoplereportassociatingphonecalls,particularlythosewithoutpriorwarning,withbadnews.Thismeansthatnewsocialcodesarebeingestablished.Manypeoplewillnowtextsomeonetoseeifthey'reavailabletotakeaphonecall.Ifsomeonedoesn'tfeelabletosumsomethingupinafewshortmessages,theymightleavealongvoicenote.Butthisdoesn'tmeanthatanxietyaroundcommunicationhasbeenstopped.Evidencesuggeststhattextingcanalsocauseanxiety.Manytimes,textinganxietycomesfromfrustration,fear,andworryoverthereactionsofotherpeople.Forinstance,ashortresponsetoyourlongmessagemightbeinterpretedasacoldshrugandmanypeoplereporttensionsfrombeing“leftonread”—whenyouknowsomeonehasreadyourmessage,buttheydon't,orwon't,reply.TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingthewordsgiveninthebrackets.房間里堆滿了主人從世界各地收來的古董。(fill)與人相處時，我們要學會換位思考并體諒他人的難處。(considerate)盡管加速通過黃燈能省點時間，但這種行為很可能引發嚴重的交通事故。(While)這場演唱會的舞臺設計以創新和高科技元素而聞名，給觀眾帶來無與倫比的視聽感受。(experience)