1.并列結構：兩個或兩個以上意義相關、層次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列連詞或其他并列手段連接起來的結構序列。e.g.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy

andwise.

Knowledgeisatreasure,butpracticeiskeytoit.

2.并列結構的形式（1）詞和詞的并列e.g.

boysandgirlsbuyorsellgoodbutexpensive并列結構及其形式1e.g.ateacherandastudentwalkingdownthestreetorrunningthroughanalleywithstrengthbutwithoutconfidencepromptlyandwithoutmistakes（3）分句和分句的并列（并列句）e.g.Thechildrencangowithusortheycanstayathome.Thissentencemaybecorrectgrammatically,butanativespeakerneversaysitthatway.

Maryisanurse,herbrotherisadoctor,andherparentsare

bothfamouswriters.不同類型詞組只要屬于同一層次并具有相同句法功能，也可成為并列成分，如最后一例。提示（2）詞組和詞組的并列1.常見情形：兩個以上項目構成的并列結構只在最后一個項目之前用并列連詞，其他項目之間僅用逗號連接。e.g.Nature,time,

andpatiencearethethreegreatphysicians.

Heopenedtheletter,readit,andmadeanoteofitscontents.

2.特殊情形（1）全用連詞e.g.

Sheturnedandsmiledandsaidgoodnighttoherfather.

Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweeding

andthinningandhoeingandwatering.并列結構和標點符號2在語義上往往給人以悠閑舒緩、延續持久的修辭效果。提示e.g.Individualsarelesstroubledbyfeelingsofguiltwhenthey

shareresponsibilityforkillingswithagroup—astreetgang,lynchmob,terroristorganization.3.分號（1）連接兩個并列分句，通常表示一種對比關系。e.g.Byreadingweenrichthemind;byconversationwepolishit.Sunshinewaseverywhere;orchardswereinbloom.（2）在某些連接性狀語（如accordingly，besides，furthermore，hence，however，nevertheless，therefore...）之前，通常用分號，不用逗號。e.g.Ihaveneverbeenintheplacebefore;

besides,itwasasdark

asatomb.

往往給人以緊張、急促、明快、利落的修辭效果。提示（2）全用逗號Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithout

leave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondendurance.4.冒號連接兩個并列分句，通常表示下文是對上文的解釋和發揮。e.g.Humanityhasthreegreatenemies:disease,famine,andwar,

ofwhichwarisbyfarthemostterrible.

Everythingforthetripisready:thecarchecked,thebaggage

loaded,andthemoneyinhand.這些連接性狀語通常都是些連接副詞。提示1.帶并列連詞的并列句e.g.Twodogsstriveforabone,andathirdrunsawaywithit.Respectyourself,ornooneelsewillrespectyou.

Foolslearnnothingfromwisemen,butwisemenlearnmuch

fromfools.Wemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.2.帶連接副詞的并列句e.g.WhenIgottothepub,Ihadadrink;thenIwenthome.Thenewsmaybeunexpected;nevertheless,itistrue.Ican’tgonow.I’mtoobusy;besides/moreover,mypassportisoutofdate.并列句的類型3避免造出沒有并列連詞的run-onsentence（粘連句/連寫句/流水句）。for是介于并列和從屬之間的連詞。提示1提示2

Wehadbeenwaitingforhimforalongtime,yethedidn’t

turnup.3.帶分號的并列句e.g.Workwhenyouwork;playwhenyouplay.Toeducateamanistoeducateanindividual;toeducateawomanistoeducateafamily.

4.帶冒號的并列句e.g.Wedecidednottogoonholiday:wehadtoolittlemoney.Youcan’tcountonhimtohelp:heissuchaselfishman.在連接性副詞之前，通常用分號。提示用分號通常表示一種對比關系。提示用冒號通常是對上文的解釋和發揮。提示①*Wewenttothemall,weboughtclothes.②*Ioftenwalkinthepark,Ilovethefeelingofnature.

①√Wewenttothemalland(we)boughtclothes.②√Ioftenwalkinthepark,forIlovethefeelingofnature.典型錯誤4備注1.三類并列連詞（1）中心并列連詞：and，or，but（2）關聯并列連詞：both...and，either...or，not...but，not...nor，neither...nor，notonly...butalso（3）邊際并列連詞：aswellas，asmuchas，ratherthan，morethan等

2.并列連詞的句法特征（1）限用于分句句首位置。e.g.Johnplaystheguitar,andhissisterplaysthepiano.比較：Johnplaystheguitar;hissister,moreover,playsthepiano.并列連詞1連接副詞位置較靈活，有些既可用于分句句首，也可位于句中或句尾。提示（2）兩個并列連詞不可連用。不能說：Hedidnotlikeyoursuggestion,and

butraisednoobjection.*比較：Hedidnotlikeyoursuggestion,and

yetheraisednoobjection.

√

（3）有些連接副詞可以和某些從屬連詞對應使用，而并列連詞卻不可以這樣用。e.g.Ifwemissthebus,thenwe’llhavetotakeataxi.

Althoughhewasill,yet/still/neverthelesshemanaged

tolookcheerful.不能說：Althoughhewasill,buthemanagedtolookcheerful.*連接副詞卻可以和并列連詞連用。提示如并列連詞和從屬連詞對應使用，就造成了既非并列也非從屬的錯句。提示1.and引導的并列結構（1）表示語義的增補與引申，意為“并且”。e.g.MrJonesisprincipaloftheschool,andanexpertintranslation.Shehasn’tphonedandshehasn’twritteneither.

Sheoftenworkedlate.Andsheevenworkedonweekends.Wewaitedandwaited,butnothinghappened.It’sgettingcolderandcolder.并列結構的意義和用法2and有時也可置于句首。and連接兩個或兩個以上相同的動態動詞，表示該動作的不斷重復和持續。提示1提示2and連接兩個或兩個以上形容詞或副詞的比較級，有逐步增強的含義。提示3（2）表示動作的先后，意為“然后”。e.g.Sheslowedthecarandbegandrivingupanarrowroad.

Heclosedthewindow,turnedoffthelightandlefttheroom.Thecarbrokehalfway,andtheyhadtostayinasmallinnfornight.

（3）表示條件和結果，意為“如果/只要…就…”。e.g.Thinkitoveragainandyou’llfindawayout.

Sparetherodandspoilthechild.（省了棍子，慣壞了孩

子。/孩子不打不成器。）Fiveminutesearlierandwecouldhavecaughtthetrain.比較：Bequietoryou’llwakethewholehouse!（否定條件）有時先后發生的動作還帶有因果含義，如以上最后一例。提示第一個分句是第二個分句的條件，第二個分句是結果。第一個分句通常是祈使句。提示（4）表示轉折或讓步，意為“（雖然）…但是/卻”。e.g.Acandlelightsothersandconsumesitself.HeisJackofalltradesandmasterofnone.（5）表示對比，即兩個分句的內容形成對照，意為“而…”。e.g.MarylikesmusicandJimisfondofsports.Manyofthepapersaregood,andthesearethebest.（6）表示評注，即第二個分句是對第一個分句所作的追加評述或解釋。這里的and常不譯出。e.g.Hehasasomewhatswelledhead,andIdon’tlikethis.TheydislikedJohn—andthat’snotsurprisinginviewofhisbehaviour.這種用法中，and連接的第二個分句可用非限制性關系分句替代。如“TheydislikedJohn,whichisnotsurprisinginviewofhisbehaviour.”。提示2.由or引導的并列結構（1）表示選擇，意為“或者”。e.g.Shecandoitherselforasksomeoneelsetodoit.Thechildrencangowithus,ortheycanstayathome.（2）表示否定條件，意為“否則；要不然”e.g.Makeupyourmind,oryou’llmissthechance.（=ifnot）Imustworkhard,orI’llfailtheexam.

3.由but引導的并列結構（1）表示語義的轉折，意為“但是”。e.g.Theyoungmanhasoftenbeenpraised,butheisnever

conceited.

Youcantakeahorsetothewaterbutyoucannotmakehim

drink.or用于這一意義時，可與else連用，如“Hurryup,orelseyou’llbelate.”。提示（2）表示對比或對照，意為“而；相反”。e.g.Itneverrainsbut(it)pours.Thiscoatisnotminebutyours.

4.both…and，notonly…but(also)，neither…nor，either...or用法比較共性：所連接的兩個部分通常都具有對等關系。e.g.Heboth/notonly/either/neitherhaslonghairand/butalso/or/norwearsjeans.Hesmokedboth/notonly/either/neithercigarsand/butalso/or/norcigarettes.區別：（1）notonly…but(also)，neither…nor，either...or都可連接分句，而both…and不能連接分句。表示對比意義的并列連詞還有while，whereas等，如“Janeisslender,whileMaryisstout.”。提示e.g.NotonlywillJohnsleeponthecouch,buthewillalsotake

ahotelroom.

NeitherwillJohnsleeponthecouch,norwillhetakeahotel

room.

EitherJohnsleepsonthecouch,oryoumustbookahotel

roomforhim.不能說：BothJohnwillsleeponthecouch,andhewilltakeahotelroom.*notonly不能分開，butalso則可以被其他詞分開，構成notonly...but...also。除了notonly…but(also)外，實際使用中還可用notonly...but...aswell/too，notonly...but...，notonly...also...等形式。提示1提示2notonly/neither位于句首連接分句時，該分句要用倒裝語序。nor引導分句時，該分句也要用倒裝語序。提示3（2）either/neither可置于主動詞之前，隨后的or/nor可不帶主動詞；both…and，notonly…but(also)通常不能這樣用。e.g.Heeither/neithersmokedcigarsor/norcigarettes.（=Hesmokedeither/neithercigarsor/norcigarettes.）

不能說：Heboth/notonlysmokedcigarsand/butalso

cigarettes.*

（3）當either/neither置于主動詞之前時，其后的or/nor還可引導一個分句；而both...and，notonly…but(also)不可這樣用。e.g.Heeithersmokedcigarsorhesmokedcigarettes.

Heneithersmokedcigarsnordidhesmokecigarettes.

不能說：Heboth/notonlysmokedcigarsand/butalsohesmokedcigarettes.*both…and，notonly…but(also)需要連接對等成分。提示5.形似并列，實為從屬的結構（1）niceand...等意義：“因為…所以好”，即“很…”e.g.Thisroomisniceand

warm.（這房間因為暖和所以好

[很暖和]。）Thebreezeisniceandcool.（這陣微風很涼爽。）Itwaslovelyandcoolinthere.（那兒非常涼爽。）（2）come/go/tryand...come/go/tryand...=come/go/tryto...（and表目的）e.g.Whydon’tyoucomeandhavedinnerwithus?(=Whydon’tyoucometohavedinnerwithus?)這是非正式口語中的一種特殊用法，這些并列結構中第一個形容詞的語義作用不像一個形容詞，而像一個強化語。提示Pleasegoandfetchmesomewater.(=Pleasegotofetchmesomewater.)Youshouldtryandbereasonable.(Youshouldtrytobereasonable.)come/goand...可用于一切時式，而tryand卻不能用于過去時。提示①*Notonlyhespokecorrectly,buthespokeeasily.②*Shehadunderstoodnothing,norshehadsoughttounderstand.③*Eitherwemustmakenuclearpowersafeorstopusingitaltogether.

①Notonlydidhespeakcorrectly,buthespokeeasily.√②

Shehadunderstoodnothing,norhadshesoughttounderstand.√③Wemusteithermakenuclearpowersafeorstopusingitaltogether.√

/Eitherwemustmakenuclearpowersafe,orwemuststopusingitaltogether.√典型錯誤3備注兩者關系：排比是一種作為修辭手法的并列結構。結構形式：由兩個、三個、或三個以上的同類語法結構成串并列。修辭效果：達到結構勻稱、說理有力、敘事生動、抒情深刻的修辭效果。e.g.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.

（讀書足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長才。）

Thereisnodebt,nobenefit,noburden,noobligationin

hiscase.

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,and

somefewtobechewedanddigested.并列與排比1兩項排比往往與一般的并列結構無大區別，不如三項以上的排比有力，后者也更常見。

排比結構中可省略并列連詞。提示1提示21.按邏輯順序排列e.g.Shetalksabouthimmorning,noonandnight.（時間順

序）

Wecouldfindpigeonshere,there,everywhere.（空間順

序）

Hepulledhisheadbackintothebedroom,lookedaround,

sawhisjacket,pickeditup,andputiton.（動作先后）

2.按意義輕重排列e.g.Theletter,short,cold,sharp-tongued,wasunexpected.Ican’tspareyouanytime.No,can’t.Notamonth,notaweek,notevenasingleday.

Thislawshouldmeetwithyourapprovalbecauseitissimple,

becauseitisenforceable,andbecauseitisjust.排比的語義特征23.按由短到長排列e.g.Isawfinsparrying,abulldogjawchamping,andtwo

bulgingeyesglaringupward.也可使用漸降法（anti-climax），即故意將按常理不太重要的意思放在最后的重要位置，以達到諷刺、幽默的修辭效果，如“Heoweshissuccesstohardwork,perseverance,andhisfather-in-law.”。提示遵循“句尾重心”原則，根據音節、單詞的多寡，按從少到多的順序排列。提示

WhichoftheitalicizedpartsindicatesCONTRAST?

A.B.C.D.Sheopenedthedoorandquietlywentin.Thinkitoveragainandyou’llgetananswer.VictorialikesmusicandSamisfondofsports.Heissomewhatarrogant,andIdon’tlikethis.該題考查并列連詞and的意義和用法。并列連詞and最一般的意義為表語義增補，此外還可以表示順序、轉折、因果、結果、對比、評注等含義。A項意為“她打開門，悄悄走了進去”，and連接兩個連續的動作，表順序；B項意為“再想想，你就會得到答案了”，and表結果；C項意為“維多利亞喜歡聽音樂，而山姆則愛好運動”，and連接兩個相互對照的分句，即維多利亞和山姆各不相同的愛好，表對比，因此C為正確答案；D項意為“他有些傲慢，我不喜歡這一點”，and表評注。下列哪個句子中的斜體部分表示對比意義？Dr.Johnsonisheadofthedepartment,______anexpertintranslation.A.B.C.D.oreitherbutand該題考查并列連詞and的用法。名詞詞組anexpertintranslation是對headofthedepartment的補充和引申，需要用表語義引申的并列連詞，and即表語義引申，因此D為正確答案。A、B項表語義選擇，C項表語義轉折，均不正確。約翰遜博士是系主任，同時也是一位翻譯方面的專家。Evenasagirl,______tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteachers.A.B.C.D.performingbyMelissawereitwasknownthatMelissa’sperformanceswereknowingthatMelissa’sperformanceswereMelissaknewthatperformingwas該題考查句子結構及并列連詞and的用法。根據句首狀語asagirl可知，空白處分句需要有專有名詞或人稱代詞作主語的選項，只有D項有主語Melissa，that引導的從句作knew的賓語，該賓語從句是由并列連詞and連接的并列結構，表語義引申，因此D為正確答案。即使還是個小姑娘，梅麗莎也知道表演將成為她的生活，劇院的觀眾將成為她最好的老師。Thecentralprovinceshavefloodsinsomeyears,and_____.

A.B.C.D.droughtinothersdroughtsareotherswhileotherdroughtsothersindrought該題考查并列結構及省略的用法。根據句意，and前后構成并列結構，and后的完整結構是andtheyhavedroughtinothers，others指otheryears，相同部分可以省略，因此A為正確答案。中部省份在有些年份會遭水災，在另一些年份會遭旱災。Heisnotunderarrest,______anyrestrictiononhim.

A.B.C.D.orthepolicehaveplacedorhavethepoliceplacednorthepolicehaveplacednorhavethepoliceplaced該題考查表否定意義的關聯并列結構not…nor，nor前置引起倒裝的用法。根據句意，not…nor構成并列結構，意為“既沒…也沒…”。句首狀語nor為否定副詞，需使用局部倒裝，因此D為正確答案。他既沒有被捕，警察也沒對他采取限制措施。Shesaidshewouldworkitoutherself,______askmeforhelp.A.B.C.D.andnottobutnotandprefernotratherthan該題考查邊際并列連詞ratherthan的用法。邊際并列連詞ratherthan所連接的兩端通常是對等成分，與前面的助動詞構成woulddosth.ratherthandosth.結構，意為“寧愿…而不…”，A項and之后的帶to不定式不能和workout構成并列結構，B項but表轉折，與句意不符，C項prefernotask的搭配不對，因此D為正確答案。她說她寧愿自己做出來，也不愿向我求助。本講主要介紹了并列結構的形式，并列句的類型，三類并列連詞的意義及用法，排比結構的句法功能及語義特征。學習中首先要理解并列結構的概念，語法結構“意義相關”是構成并列結構的前提。并列結構分為不同的層次，其中分句和分句的并列構成并列句。并列連接手段是學習和辨識并列結構的關鍵，并列連接手段包括并列連詞、連接性狀語、標點符號（逗號、分號、冒號），熟悉并列結構中并列連接手段的常見用法。重點掌握并列句的四種類型，注意中英兩種語言使用并列句的差異，表達中避免run-onsentence的典型錯誤。熟悉并列連詞的分類以及并列連詞的幾個句法特征，重點掌握以and、or、but引導的并列結構的意義和用法，以及關聯并列連詞both…and，notonly…but(also)，neither…nor，either...or在用法上的異同。排比是一種作為修辭手法的并列結構，排比結構能在句中作主語、賓語、補語、狀語等多種句子成分，排比結構中排比項的排列在語義上通常是由輕到重，將說話人認為最重要的信息放在末端，以達到加強語氣的修辭效果。閱讀中可以利用并列結構幫助猜測詞義，提高閱讀理解能力，寫作中可以學習使用排比結構增強表達效果。1.02.03.0ThestudentsstudycurrenteventsonFridayafternoon.If

thereisnothingspecialtostudy,theyhaveLeaguemeetings.Ruelwentintotheforest.Cameronwentintotheforesttoo.Theycollectedalotofinsectspecimens(昆蟲標本).OnhiswayupthehillJackfelldown.Hehurthishandsandknees.Jimmygottothetopallright.OnFridayafternoonthestudentsstudycurrentevents,orhaveLeaguemeetingsifthereisnothingspecialtostudy.RuelandCameronwentintotheforestandcollecteda

lotofinsectspecimens.OnhiswayupthehillJackfelldownandhurthishandsandknees,butJimmygottothetopallright.4.5.6.0Thegirlsdecidedtoremainathome.Itwasraininghard.ForthefirsttimeIsawmyfathernotasthegiantofmychildhood.Isawmyfathersimplyasalonelyman.Nomatterhowyoumeasureit,educationisthelargest“industry”inthenation.Youcanmeasureitintermsofdollarsspent.Youcanmeasureitintermsofpeopleinvolved.Thegirlsdecidedtoremainathome,foritwasraininghard./Itwasraininghardandthegirlsdecidedtoremainathome.ForthefirsttimeIsawmyfathernotasthegiantofmychildhoodbutsimplyasalonelyman.Educationisthelargest“industry”inthenationwhetherintermsofdollarsspentorintermsofpeopleinvolved.MrFisherdoesnotlovetheenvironment.Heisnotaccustomedtotheweathereither.MrFisherneitherlovestheenvironment,norisheaccustomedtotheweather.7.1.02.3.4.5.Hishairwaswhiteandstoodupwildlyonhishead()neverthelessIwasstruckbyasingularneatnessinhisappearance.Itwasdue,Isuppose()tohisloftystatureandimmaculatedress()nodoubthehasacarefulwifelookingafterhim.Iwalkeduptohimthen()andstretchedoutmyhand()butheevidentlyfailedtorecognizeme.Whenamanhastheweightofnationsonhisshoulders()hemaybeforgivenforoverlookingindividuals()butIconfessIwasangry.WhenIgotoaplacelikethat()Igogladly()whenIreturn()Icomehomeevenmoregladly.;,:/,,,;,,6.7.Johndemandsthemostfromhimself()Petefromothers.Sportsatanyagearebeneficial()theykeepyourpulseshopping.;:1.02.03.04.Mysummer’sworkprovednotonlyinterestingbutalsoIlearnedmuchfromit.Macyisamiddle-agedwoman,short,stocky,blueeyes,andpartlywithgrayhairs.

Hecanneithersingnorhecancompose(作曲).Eitherheneedssomerestorsomecolddrink.Hecanneithersingnorcanhecompose./Hecanneithersingnorcompose.Heeitherneedssomerestorsomecolddrink./Heneedseithersomerestorsomecolddrink.Mysummer’sworkprovednotonlyinterestingbutalsoinstructive.Macyisamiddle-agedwoman,short,stocky,blue-eyed,andpartlygray-haired.5.06.07.BothPaulineandherhusbanddidnotwanttoattendthemeeting.Donnawassatisfiednotwithherownachievementorwiththeteam’sperformance.

Theboydoesnotsmoke,notdrinkalcohol,andnotidleawayhistime.Donnawassatisfiedneitherwithherownachievementnorwiththeteam’sperformance.NeitherPaulinenorherhusbandwantedtoattendthemeeting.Theboydoesnotsmoke,nordrinkalcohol,noridleawayhistime.8.09.0Weweretoldtowriteinink,thatweshouldusebutonesideofthepaper,andweshouldendorse(在…上簽名)ourpapersinthepropermanner.NewHampshireistheonlystatewithoutasalestax(銷售稅)oranincometax,amajorattractionfortax-wearyresidentsofotherstates.

NewHampshireistheonlystatewithneitherasalestaxnoranincometax,amajorattractionfortax-wearyresidentsofotherstates.Weweretoldtowriteinink,tousebutonesideofthepaper,andtoendorseourpapersinthepropermanner.10.011.12.Theadmen(廣告員)notonlyconvincethereaderthattheContinentalisaluxurycarbutalsothatthecarconfersstatusonitsowner.Givehimaninch,orhe’lltakeamile.MrJonesisprincipa