文體分類練(四)說明文之研究報告/書評類Passage1(2024安徽安慶二模)主題:利用藻類除碳詞數:335難度:★★★☆☆Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機)fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgae(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密碼)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了關于利用藻類除碳的研究。1.Whatisdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A.Anapproachtocarbonremoval.B.Awaytoimprovebigextractorfans.C.Ameansofjoiningacompany.D.Amethodofdoingscientificresearch.答案A解析主旨大意題。根據文章第一段內容可知,第一段討論了一種去除碳的方法。故選A項。2.WhydoesProfessorLukeMackinderfocusonoceanalgae?A.Itissecure. B.Itiseffective.C.Itissufficient. D.Itisaccessible.答案B解析細節理解題。根據文章第三段中“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”可知,盧克·麥金德教授關注海洋藻類是因為它是有效的。故選B項。3.Whatcanweknowaboutthegenesofalgaefromthefourthparagraph?A.Theybringaboutgreatsideeffects.B.Theyareuselessforcarbonabsorption.C.Theyhelpincreasefoodproduction.D.Theyhavebeenputintootherplants.答案D解析細節理解題。根據文章第四段中“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”可知,藻類的基因被植入到其他植物中。故選D項。4.WhatisrequiredaccordingtoDaveHillyard?A.Thegovernment’spermission.B.Morescientists’participation.C.Increasingexperimentalchances.D.Theinputintotheresearch.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據文章最后一段中“Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”可知,根據DaveHillyard的說法,對研究的投入是需要的。故選D項。Passage2(2024福建福州三模)主題:機器學習研究詞數:367難度:★★★☆☆Ourspecies’incrediblecapacitytoquicklyacquirewordsfrom300byage2toover1,000byage4isn’tfullyunderstood.Somecognitivescientistsandlinguistshavetheorizedthatpeoplearebornwithbuilt-inexpectationsandlogicalconstraints(約束)thatmakethispossible.Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootage(鏡頭)andsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.Althoughit’sasmallsliceofachild’slife,itwasapparentlyenoughtoprompttheAItofigureoutwhatcertainwordsmean.Thefindingssuggestthatlanguageacquisitioncouldbesimplerthanpreviouslythought.Maybechildren“don’tneedacustom-built,high-classlanguage-specificmechanism”toefficientlygraspwordmeanings,saysJessicaSullivan,anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatSkidmoreCollege.“Thisisareallybeautifulstudy,”shesays,“becauseitoffersevidencethatsimpleinformationfromachild’sworldviewisrichenoughtokick-startpatternrecognitionandwordcomprehension.”Thenewstudyalsodemonstratesthatit’spossibleformachinestolearnsimilarlytothewaythathumansdo.Largelanguagemodelsaretrainedonenormousamountsofdatathatcanincludebillionsandsometimestrillionsofwordcombinations.Humansgetbyonordersofmagnitudelessinformation,saysthepaper’sleadauthorWaiKeenVong.Withtherighttypeofdata,thatgapbetweenmachineandhumanlearningcouldnarrowdramatically.Yetadditionalstudyisnecessaryincertainaspectsofthenewresearch.Forone,thescientistsacknowledgethattheirfindingsdon’tprovehowchildrenacquirewords.Moreover,thestudyonlyfocusedonrecognizingthewordsforphysicalobjects.Still,it’sasteptowardadeeperunderstandingofourownmind,whichcanultimatelyhelpusimprovehumaneducation,saysEvaPortelance,acomputationallinguisticsresearcher.ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.“Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,”Portelanceadds.【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了現在機器學習研究表明,要從最少的數據中快速獲取單詞的含義并不需要預先編程的假設。5.Whatisasignificantfindingofmachine-learningresearch?A.Vocabularyincreasesgraduallywithage.B.Vocabularycanbeacquiredfromminimaldata.C.Languageacquisitionistiedtobuilt-inexpectations.D.Languageacquisitionisascomplexasformerlyassumed.答案B解析細節理解題。根據文章第一段中“Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.”可知,機器學習研究的一個重要發現是詞匯可以從最小的數據中獲得。6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prompt”inparagraph2mean?A.Facilitate. B.Persuade.C.Advise. D.Expect.答案A解析詞句猜測題。根據上文“Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootageandsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.”可知,雖然只是孩子生活中的一小部分,但顯然足以促使人工智能弄清楚某些單詞的意思。prompt意為“促使”。7.Whatisdiscussedaboutthenewresearchinparagraph5?A.Itslimitations. B.Itsstrengths.C.Itsuniqueness. D.Itsprocess.答案A解析主旨大意題。根據文章第五段內容可知,第五段主要講述了這項新研究的局限性。8.WhatisEvaPortelance’sattitudetotheAIresearch?A.Doubtful. B.Cautious.C.Dismissive. D.Positive.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據文章最后一段中“ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.‘Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,’Portelanceadds.”可推知,EvaPortelance對人工智能研究的態度是積極的。Passage3(2024河北保定一模)主題:手勢對聽眾的影響詞數:330難度:★★★☆☆Politicians,businessbosses,andothertypesofleadersindeedtendtolikespeakingwiththeirhands,butdoesthehabitinfluencehowothersinterpretthosewords?Togettothebottomofit,ateamofresearchersfromtheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsconductedaseriesofexperimentsonvolunteerswhoviewedvideosofpeoplespeakingwithandwithouthandmovements.Aftershowingthevolunteersvideosofpeoplespeakingunderdifferentconditions,theresearchersaskedthemquestionsaboutwhattheyhadheard.Someconditionsinvolvedthespeakerstressingdifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.Otherconditionsinvolvedthespeakermakingvarioustypesofhandgestures,suchaspointingandsweepingmovements.Theteamrecordedthevolunteersastheyviewedthevideorecordings,questioningthevolunteersafterwardaboutwhattheyhadseenandheard.Researchersfoundthatthevolunteersweremoreaffectedbysyllables(音節)spokenwiththeconjunctionofhandgestures:In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.Interestingly,however,volunteerswere40percentmorelikelytohearthewrongsoundwhenamismatchbetweenthewordspokenandthehandgestureoccurred.BodylanguageexpertCarolGomansaid,“Studieshavefoundthatspeakingwithyourhandsreallycanchangetheviewofyourcharacter.Peoplewhocommunicatethroughactivegesturingtendtobeconsideredwarm,agreeable,andenergetic,whilethosewhoremainstillareseenaslogical,cold,andanalytic.Infact,a2015studythatstudiedTEDTalks,whichpostsinternationaltalksonline,foundthatthemostpopularspeakersusednearlytwiceasmanygesturesastheleastpopularspeakersused.”Theresearchteamsaidthattheirfindingssuggestthathandgesturesareanimportantpartofin-personcommunicationthathaveadirectimpactonwhatthelistenerhears.Furthermore,theysuggestthatourresponsestohandgesturesmaybesomethingwelearnaswegrowup.【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員通過實驗發現,在談話中使用或不使用手勢會對聽眾產生很大影響。9.What’stheresearchers’purposeofdoingtheexperiments?A.Toexaminethevolunteers’interpretingskills.B.Totesttheeffecthandgestureshaveonspeaking.C.Torecordthevolunteers’questionsforthespeaker.D.Toconfirmtheinfluencehandmovementshaveonleaders.答案B解析細節理解題。根據第一段內容可知,研究人員做實驗的目的是測試手勢對說話的影響。10.Whatdidtheresearchersfindintheexperiments?A.Handmovementsaffectedwhatthelistenerheard.B.Thespeakerstresseddifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.C.Peoplespeakingwithdifferenthandgestureshaddifferenteffects.D.Themostpopularspeakersusedmoregesturesthantheleastpop