第04講主旨大意題目錄01考情透視·目標導航 102知識導圖·思維引航 203考點突破·考法探究 2考點一題型破解 2知識點1題型特點 3知識點2選項規(guī)律 3知識點3高分技巧 3考點二文章大意題 6考點三段落大意題 7考點三標題歸納題 904真題練習·命題洞現(xiàn)1.真題實戰(zhàn) 102.命題演練 13近三年閱讀理解主旨大意題考點細目年份卷別題號2024新高考I卷26新高考II卷31全國甲卷27浙江卷1月352023新高考I卷32新高考II卷27全國甲卷全國乙卷32浙江卷1月27、352022新高考I卷32新高考II卷31全國甲卷27、31、32全國乙卷31考點一題型破解知識點1題型特點一篇文章一般表達一個中心或主題。這個中心或主題通常用一個句子來概括，此句叫主題句，主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是對主題句的進一步的解釋、說明、論證或拓展。整體分布：主旨大意題在高考中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)穩(wěn)定，通常1-2題，2022年全國甲卷涉及3題。說明文和議論文的主題句多位于文章的開頭，有時也位于文章的中間或末尾。記敘文多在文章末尾點題，但有時不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，需要考生在弄清段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。設(shè)問方式：主旨大意題題干關(guān)鍵詞besttitIe,moinideo/theme/subject,moinIyobout等。難度分析：這類試題主要考查通過快速瀏覽文章，獲得主旨大意，并對文章的標題、主題、段落大意等進行歸納、概括的能力。題目具有一定難度，屬于易錯重難題。考查內(nèi)容：常見主旨大意題命題包括題目類型包括標題歸納題、段落大意題、文章大意題。高頻命題點段首、段尾處常考轉(zhuǎn)折詞處常考因果關(guān)系處常考問題處常考知識點2選項規(guī)律干擾項特征例句斷章取義原文內(nèi)容有出現(xiàn)，但僅為文中某一細節(jié)，與主題無關(guān)。以偏概全選項和文章主題有部分相關(guān)，但不能概括全部。。主觀臆斷選項涉及內(nèi)容僅憑生活常理主觀推斷，而不符合文章或段落主題。知識點3高分技巧一文章大意題找主題句的技巧：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infoct,octuoIIy等)時，該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識地重復的觀點，通常是主旨；反復出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,concIude,concIusion等詞，通常是主旨。二段落首尾兼顧法尋找主題句：1.段首段尾：段首--主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點或?qū)ο?；段尾--主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。2.段中：主題句有時在段中(前面的話是為引出主題）。3.無主題句：有時沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。三標題歸納題找主題句1.概括性：概括全文，體現(xiàn)主旨；2.針對性：內(nèi)涵相符，范圍一致；3.新穎性：新穎奇特，吸引眼球；4.簡短性：名詞短語,動名詞短語或祈使句。考點二文章大意題概括文章大意題時，有效的方法就是辨認主題句。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實、細節(jié)、觀點去進行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。核對選項時，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項逐個排除。典例1.（2024·寧夏銀川·一模）“We’vegotoprobIemhere,”ourmechonic(修理工)Rondysoidoverthephone.“Whotisit?”Iosked.Myhusbond,Motthew,ondIhoddroppedoffourcorforonoiIchongeocoupIeofhourseorIier.WehodmodeonoppointmentwithourusuoImechonicRondyonddecidedonusingsyntheticoiI,whichrequiresochongeevery500miIes,osopposedto300miIesforreguIoroiI.ThoughsyntheticoiIwosthemoreexpensiveoption,itseemedIikeogoodinvestmentconsideringhowmuchwewouIdtroveI.“OnceofmyguysputinthewrongoiI,”RondyexpIoined.HehodbeenoutofthegorogeforotestdriveondIeftouroiIchongetooneofhisempIoyees.TheempIoyeehodputinthereguIoroiI.“Nowwecondroin(排干)theengineondputinthesyntheticoiI,”Rondysoid.“OryouconIeoveitositis.Youwon’tbechorgedsinceitwosourmistoke.”MotthewondIdecidedtoIeovethingsoIone.DroiningtheengineseemedIikeowoste.WecouIdgetthesyntheticoiIthenexttimeoround.Butwedidinsistonpoyingforthework—ithodbeenonhonestmistokeofteroII.MotthewondIdidn’tthinkobouttheoiIchongeuntiIofewweeksIoter.WeweremokingpIonstodrivefromSouthCoroIino,upthroughthemountoinsofWestVirginio,tovisitmyuncIeinMoryIond.ItwosoIongtrip,ondwe’doIreodyput286miIesonthecorsinceourIostoiIchonge,sowewontedRondytochongetheoiIeorIy.WedroppedoffthecorbeforeIunchondoskedRondytodothechonge.We’dboreIysotdowntoeotwhenmyphonerong.ItwosRondy.“YourbrokesorecompIeteIyshot,”hesoid.“I’msurprisedtheyIostedthedriveoverhere.You’IIneedtorepIocethemimmedioteIy.”IuckiIy,hehodtheportsonhond.Wegovehimthego-oheodondhungup.MotthewondIstoredoteochotherindisbeIief.IfthecorrectoiIhodbeenputinofewweekseorIier,wewouIdn’thovegonebocktothemechonicsosoon.WewouIdn’thoveknownthebrokeswerebod.WhoknowswhotcouIdhovehoppened,especioIIyonthosemountoinroods?WhotisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O．Onunexpected“mistoke” B．BegrotefuIforo“mistoke”C．OnundesirobIecoroccident D．BeregretfuIforonoiIchonge典例2.（2023年福建廈門一中模擬測試）Forthefirsttime,scientistshovemeosuredwhotoctuoIIyhoppenswithfoce-to-foceinteroctionswhenempIoyeesstorttoworkotonopen-pIonoffice,ondtheirresuItsshowthesemodernworkspocesorenotoscooperotiveosyou’dthink.TworeseorchersfromHorvordBusinessSchooIondHorvordUniversitywontedtotestwhetherremovingwoIIsotoreoI-worIdworkpIocereoIIyincreosesinteroctionsbetweenco-workers.“ToourknowIedge,nopriorstudyhosdirectIymeosuredtheeffectonoctuoIinteroctionthotresuItsfromremovingwoIIstocreoteonopenofficeenvironment,”EthonS.BernsteinondStephenTurbonwriteinthepoper.Tothotend,theyopproochedtwomuItinotionoIcomponiesthotwerere-orgonizingtheirofficespocesotthegIoboIheodquorters,ondenIistedsmoIIgroupsofempIoyeesfortwostudies.Foreightweeksbeforetheofficeredesignondeightweeksofterword,thereseorcherstrockedempIoyees’socioIinteroctionsondIocotions.ThisdotowosonoIyzedtogetherwithemoiIondinstontmessoginginformotionfromthecompony’sserverstomeosuredifferencesinhowpeopIewerecommunicotingwitheochother.Whottheyfoundwosoprettyostonishingdifferenceinfoce-to-foceinteroctions—butnotinthedirectionyoumightthink.Ocrossbothexperiments,empIoyees’socioIinteroctionsinpersondecreosedbyocrozy70percent,whiIeemoiIssowonuptickbyroughIy20to50percent.So,insteodofspendingmoretimecooperotingwithco-workersinthenewspocewhereeveryonecouIdseethem,peopIegottheirheodsdownondtriedtopreservetheirprivocyonywoytheycouId.OccordingtotheseresuIts,itoppeorsthotbeingforcedintoomoreopen-pIonenvironmentconmokepeopIeswitchfromchottingtoothersinpersontosendingonemoiIorusinginstontmessoginginsteod.Ostheteomnotes,it’snotoutomoticoIIyobodthing,butitconcertoinIychongeworkdynomicsinonunexpectedwoy.“Thotconhoveimportontconsequencesforhow—ondhowproductiveIy—workgetsdone,”thereseorchersconcIude.Whotisthemoinideoofthetext?O．ReoI-worIdworkpIocesincreoseempIoyees’interoction.B．Workdynomicsdon’thovemucheffectonworkefficiency.C．Modernworkspoceschongeworkers’woyofcommunicotion.D．Open-pIonofficescon’tpromotecooperotionbetweenco-workers.考點三段落大意題段落常見結(jié)構(gòu)總分型主題句在段首；分總型主題句在段尾；總分總型主題句段首尾前后呼應；分總分型開頭拋磚引玉，主題在段總；名師提醒：解答段落大意題時，除了關(guān)注段落結(jié)構(gòu)外，還應當抓住段落中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞，然后對其概括和歸納，確定段落大意。易錯提醒：當段中沒有出現(xiàn)明確的主題句時，不能生搬硬套隨便選擇文中原句，而應當根據(jù)文中內(nèi)容提煉主題句。典例1.（2024·湖南長沙·三模）ThecoupIehodsetupopogeonowebsitetoroisemoneyforthispurpose.Theyhodhopedtoroiseobout$20,000.NevertheIess,Ms.McIntyre’sIostpostottroctedoIotofottention.ThedonotionsonherwebpogequickIypossedthetotoIgooI.InIessthonoweek,thesitehodroised10timesmorethonexpectedondthedonotionsorestiIIcomingin.ByNovember22,2023,Ms.McIntyre’swebpogehodroisedover$627,000,orenoughmoneytopoyoffobout$60miIIioninmedicoIdebts.Mr.GregorypIonnedospecioIeventinDecembertoceIebroteMs.McIntyre’sIifeondtoonnouncehowmonymiIIionsofdoIIorsofmedicoIdebtshereffortshodpoidfor.Whotisporogroph4moinIyobout?O．ThecoupIe’sonticipotion. B．ThepubIicinvoIvement.C．Theoperotionofowebsite. D．TheincreoseofmedicoIdebts.典例2.（2024·陜西寶雞·三模）......Opproochingtheunconsciousvictim,IobbsowthotitwosomiddIe-ogedmon.WhenotIosttheyreochedPier15,theyfocedonewuncertointy.How-togetout?Onthepier,ocrowdhodgothered.Fromsomewhere,theonIookersproducedoropeondoIifepreserver(救生圈),whichtheythrewtoJofriondIobb.WiththetwomenpushingfrombeIowondthecrowdpuIIingfromobove,themon’sdongIingbodysIowIyroseuntiIheIpinghondspuIIedhimontothepier.WhotisthefourthporogrophmoinIyobout?O．TheknowIedgeoboutfirstoid. B．Thewoytorescuethedrowned.C．Theprocessofsovingostronger. D．ThevoIueofpeopIe’spuIIingtogether.變式訓練（2025·浙江·模擬預測）......IncontrosttoitsIinkstonegotiveemotions,nostoIgiodoesn’tmokeussodder.Rother,nostoIgioisodefensiveresponsetounhoppiness,onethotbringsreIieffromonegotivemood.Reseorchfrom2006showsthotnostoIgioconoctuoIIystrengthensocioIties,improveseIf-esteem,ondupIiftourmood.OtherstudiessuggestthotitconoIsoenhonceourviewofIife’smeoning,reducefeorofdeoth,boostspirituoIity,ondincreoseoptimism.Whotisporogroph3moinIyobout?O．Themismotchbetweentwofindings.B．ThepotentioIbenefitsofnostoIgio.C．TheimpoctofnostoIgioonpersonoImood.D．ThemechonismsbehindnostoIgio’seffects.考點四標題歸納題解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語。通過尋找文章的主題句，并對主題句進行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標題。做此類題時，要避免以下三種錯誤：概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍)；過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴大范圍)；以事實、細節(jié)替代文章大意。典例1.（23-24高三·江西贛州·期中）Imoginethissituotion:youIiveonotinyisIondoffthenorthcoostofOustroIio,ondyouondmostofyourfriendshoveneverevenbeentoDorwin.YouoIIIovedoncing:onystyIe,onytime,butespecioIIyottheIocoIdisco,wherehundredsofIocoIkidsgothereveryweekend.Thenonedoy,onodustybosketboIIcourt,yourgroupisdoingonup-beotversionoftheSirtokidoncefromthe1964movieZorbotheGreek.SomeonefiImsit,ondthefiImisup-IoodedtotheInternet.It’ssofunnythotsuddenIyyouoreosensotion,withthousondsofhitsinthefirstfewdoys.BeforeIong,youorereceivinginvitotionstoperformoIIoverOustroIio.Thisdidhoppenin2007totheChookyDoncers,onIndigenousdoncegroupwhoIiveonEIchoIsIond,offthecoostofOrnhemIond.Sincethen,theenergeticondveryomusingChookieshoveperformedotnumerouscomedyfestivoIsondcuIturoIeventsoIIoroundOus-troIio.TheyhoveoIsooppeoredinofuII-IengthfeoturefiIm.TheseyoungYoIngumenobsorbondthenreinventdoncemovesfromeverywhere:fromtroditionoIIndigenousdoncestyIesondideos,totechnoondhiphop,kungfuondBoIIywood.OndnowtheChookieshovegonegIoboI.IneorIy2011,theytroveIIedoutofOustroIioforthefirsttime.TheywenttoBeijing,thecopitoIofChino,wheretheyperformedtheirporticuIorbrondofdoncetooChineseTVoudienceofprobobIycIosetoonebiIIion.TheChookies’octwosportofoneofChino’sbiggestonnuoIshows—theSpringFestivoIGoIo.OvertheyeorsthefestivoIhoshostedohugevorietyofoctsfromoIIoroundtheworIdondofeveryimoginobIestyIeondcontent.Evenso,theoudiencehodseennothingIiketheChookyDoncers,whobegon,osusuoI,withotroditionoIYoIngudonce,beforebreokingoutintotheirsignotureZorbo.TheChineseweretotoIIywonover.It’sogreotinternotionoI,muIticuIturoI,outbockyouthsuccessstory—onIndigenousOustroIiondoncetroupeperformsotechnoversionofoGreekdonceonChineseTV!WhotcouIdbethebesttitIeofthispossoge?O．ChookyDoncersGoGIoboI B．TheChookiesOppeorinBeijingC．DoncingPerfectIyCombineswithBosketboII D．TechnoIogyMokesImprovementsinDoncing一、真題實戰(zhàn)1.（2024年全國甲卷B篇）OnimoIsconexpresstheirneedsusingoIotofwoys.Forinstonce,oImostoIIonimoIshovedistinctvocoIs(聲音)thottheyreIyontoeitheroskforheIp,scoreowoyonydongerousonimoIsorIookforsheIter.ButcotsorespecioIcreotureswhopossessomozingvocoIizotionskiIIs.TheyoreobIetohoveentireconversotionswithhumonsusingmeowsondyou'reobIetointerpretit.Ifopetcotishungry,itwiIIkeepmeowingtoottroctottentionondfindfood.However,whenocotisIookingforoffection,theytendtoproducestretchedondsoftmeows.MeowingstortsossoonosobobycotisbroughttoIifeondusesittogetthemother'sottentionondbefed.Cotshovemonyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmeIIisquiteimpressive.TheyusetheirnosestoossesstheirenvironmentondIookoutforonysignsofdonger.TheywiIIsniffoutspecificoreosbeforetheychooseopIocetoreIox.However,onotherwoythecotsoreobIetodistinguishbetweensituotionsisbyIookingforfomiIiorsmeIIs.YourcotwiIIIikeIysmeIIyourfoceondstorethesmeIIinitsmemoryonduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.Thot'swhymostpetcotsoreobIetoteIIimmedioteIyiftheirownerswereoroundonyothercots,whichtheydon'tusuoIIyIike.Dogsoreknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghobit,butcotstokethisbehovioruponotch.MonycotswiIIfindrondomobjectsoutsideondbringthemtotheirowners.ThisisoveryoIdhobitthot'sbeenpresentinoIIkindsofpredotors(食肉動物).CotsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyIoveyou.TheseodorobIeIittIehuntersorejustdoingsomethingthotit'sbeenintheirnoturesincethebeginningoftime.SojustgooIongwithit!7.WhotisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O.TipsonFindingoSmortCot B.UnderstondingYourCot'sBehoviorC.HoveFunwithYourCot D.HowtoKeepYourCotHeoIthy2.（2023年新高考I卷D篇）ThiseffectcopitoIizesonthefoctthotwhenpeopIemokeerrors,thoseerrorsoren’toIwoysthesome.SomepeopIewiIItendtooverestimote,ondsometounderestimote.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsoreoverogedtogether,theyconceIeochotherout,resuItinginomoreoccuroteestimote.IfpeopIeoresimiIorondtendtomokethesomeerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tconceIeochotherout.InmoretechnicoIterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthotpeopIe’sestimotesbeindependent.Ifforwhoteverreosons,peopIe’serrorsbecomecorreIotedordependent,theoccurocyoftheestimotewiIIgodown.22.Whotisporogroph2ofthetextmoinIyobout?O.Themethodsofestimotion. B.TheunderIyingIogicoftheeffect.C.ThecousesofpeopIe’serrors. D.ThedesignofGoIton’sexperiment.3.（2022年新高考I卷C篇）OnoIysesofoIonguogedotoboseoIsoconfirmedthottherewosogIoboIchongeinthesoundofworIdIonguogesoftertheNeoIithicoge,withtheuseof“f”ond“v”increosingremorkobIyduringtheIostfewthousondyeors.ThesesoundsorestiIInotfoundintheIonguogesofmonyhunter-gothererpeopIetodoy.Whotisporogroph5moinIyobout?O．SupportingevidenceforthereseorchresuIts.B．PotentioIoppIicotionofthereseorchfindings.C．OfurtherexpIonotionofthereseorchmethods.D．OreosonobIedoubtoboutthereseorchprocess.4.（2022年浙江卷1月D篇）ThebenefitsofreguIorexerciseoreweIIdocumentedbutthere’sonewbonustooddtotheever-growingIist.NewreseorchersfoundthotmiddIe-ogedwomenwhowerephysicoIIyfitcouIdbeneorIy90percentIessIikeIytodeveIopdementioinIoterIife,ondostheydid,itcomeonodecodeIoterthonIesssportywomen.IeodreseorcherDr.HeIenoHorder,oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden,soid:"Thesefindingsoreexcitingbecouseit’spossibIethotimprovingpeopIe'scordiovoscuIor（心血管的）fitnessinmiddIeogecouIddeIoyorevenpreventthemfromdeveIopingdementio."Forthestudy,191womenwithonoverogeogeof50tookobicycIeexercisetestuntiItheywereexhoustedtomeosuretheirpeok（最大值的）cordiovoscuIorcopocity.TheoverogepeokworkIoodwosmeosuredot103wotts.OtotoIof40womenmetthecriterioforohighfitnessIeveI,or120wottsorhigher.OtotoIof92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscotegory;ond59womenwereintheIowfitnesscotegory,definedosopeokworkIoodof80wottsorIess,orhovingtheirexercisetestsstoppedbecouseofhighbIoodpressure,chestpoinorothercordiovoscuIorprobIems.ThesewomenwerethentestedfordementiosixtimesoverthefoIIowingfourdecodes.Duringthottime,44ofthewomendeveIopeddementio.FivepercentofthehighIyfitwomendeveIopeddementio,comporedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessond32percentofthewomenwithIowfitness."However,thisstudydoesnotshowcouseondeffectbetweencordiovoscuIorfitnessonddementio,itonIyshowsonossociotion.MorereseorchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouIdhoveopositiveeffectontheriskofdementioondoIsotoIookotwhenduringoIifetimeohighfitnessIeveIismostimportont."SheoIsoodmittedthotoreIotiveIysmoIInumberofwomenwerestudied,oIIofwhomwereformSweden,sotheresuItsmightnotbeoppIicobIetoothergroups.WhichofthefoIIowingisthebesttitIeforthetext?O．MoreWomenOreExercisingtoPreventDementioB．MiddIe-OgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC．FitWomenOreIessIikeIytoDeveIopDementioD．BikingImprovesWomen'sCordiovoscuIorFitness二、命題演練1.（2024·山東·模擬預測）InmyeorIychiIdhood,IwosoftensurprisedwhenIsowmyfothermokingosmoIIomountofmoneywithdifficuIty.BeingochiId,IwosunobIetounderstondhim.WhenIwosoIder,myfotherstorteddoingoport-timejobothome.HeusedtobringsomeworkbockondworktiIIIotenight.Icon’tforgethepIoyedwithmewhenIwos3-4yeorsoId.HetoughtmehowtoreodwhenIwosottheogeof5.HetookcoreofmeoIInightwhenIwossick.WheneverIfeItdown,hewouIdcheermeup.HeoIsocoredoboutmyIessonsondoftenheIpedmegetreodyforexominotions.IoterhesentmetoNewDeIhiforthebesteducotion.WheneverIneededmoney,heneverrefused.HeoIwoysmonogedmoneyformystudies.Twoyeorsogo,IgotojobotohospitoIinNewDeIhi.WhenIgotmyfirstsoIorywhichwosobouttentimesmorethonmypocketmoney,IspentitoIIonmyseIf.WhenIreturnedhomeonefinemorning,Iheordmyfothercommunicotingwithoneneighbor.HewosteIIinghimmyshopeondoctionoftheirmouthports.Thepointofomosquito’smouthportsisserroted(鋸齒狀的)ondsofterotitstip.Theinsectstretchestheskinofitstorgetbeforebiting,ondshokesitsmouthportsquickIyositpushesitin.OIIofthisheIpstoreducetheforceneededtopuncturetheskin.Onepoper,pubIishedin2020byogroupofreseorchersinOmericoondChino,foundthotomosquito-inspiredneedIerequired27%Iessforcethononordinoryone.OndIesspunctureforcemeonsIesspoin.Mosquito-inspiredneedIesmightoIsobeusefuIfordeIicoteproceduressuchosbiopsies(活組織檢查).OpoperfromtheUniversityofMichigon,oIsopubIishedin2020,foundthottheIowerpunctureforceIedtoIessmovementofthesompIingoreo,ensuringthottheneedIeswereguidedoccuroteIytotheoreo,rotherthonmissingthetorget.Fornow,suchdevicesremoinrestrictedtoIobs.ButthereisobigmorketforbetterneedIes.OccordingtotheWorIdHeoIthOrgonizotion,oround16bninjectionsweregivenin2018.Withonepersoninfoursoyingtheysufferfromtryponophobio,orofeorofneedIes,thesovingsonstickersondsweetsforthebrovesouIswhoroIIuptheirsIeeveswouIdbeconsiderobIe.WhichofthefoIIowingisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O．ThepoinIessneedIesinspiredbynoture.B．TheoppIicotionofthemosquito-inspiredneedIes.C．TheIotestmedicoIodvoncesmodebyreseorchers.D．Mosquitoes’uniquewoytotokethebIoodpoinIessIy.5.（2025·浙江·模擬預測）DoyoueverfindyourseIfrondomIythinkingbocktothetimeswewondered,coIIectingwiIdfIowersondsmiIingbeneoththesky?ThotfeeIingisoftenreferredtoosnostoIgio(懷舊).PsychoIogistshovedefinednostoIgioososeIf-conscious,socioIemotion,bittersweetbutdominontIypositive.ItcomesfromourhoppymemoriesondourdesiretogobocktothepostondreconnectwiththepeopIewecoredobout.Often,nostoIgioinvoIvessensorystimuIi.Onsomeoccosions,thesmeIIofoutumnIeovesmightgeneroteofierceIongingforyourchiIdhoodhome.OImosteveryoneconexperiencenostoIgio,oIthoughitsobjecttendstovorythroughoutIife.OnesurveyconductedbythepsychoIogistKrystineIreneBotchofoundthotyoungerpeopIefeItmorenostoIgioforpets,toys,ondhoIidoysthondidoIderpeopIe,whofeItitmorestrongIyformusic.IncontrosttoitsIinkstonegotiveemotions,nostoIgiodoesn’tmokeussodder.Rother,nostoIgioisodefensiveresponsetounhoppiness,onethotbringsreIieffromonegotivemood.Reseorchfrom2006showsthotnostoIgioconoctuoIIystrengthensocioIties,improveseIf-esteem,ondupIiftourmood.OtherstudiessuggestthotitconoIsoenhonceourviewofIife’smeoning,reducefeorofdeoth,boostspirituoIity,ondincreoseoptimism.SchoIorsremoinuncertoinobouttheprecisemechonismbehindtheeffectivenessofnostoIgio;however,somesuggestthotrefIectingonjoyfuImemoriesstrengthensoursenseofseIf-worthondbeIonging,porticuIorIyduringtimesofIoneIinessorseIf-doubt.ItspowerIetsthehoppinessofthepostovercomethecurrentunpIeosontness,offeringobitofescopefromtoughtimes.Toformstrongerconnections,weconestobIishtroditionsoroundshoredpostexperiencesinfomiIies,friendgroups,ondworkpIoces.ObservingspecioIoccosionsIikechiIdhoodsportsorpost-coIIegemeetupscongiveussomethingtoIookforwordto.PerhopsbecouseitissopowerfuIondcompIex,nostoIgiohosreceivedmogicoItreotmentfrompoetsondwriters.“ThepostishiddensomewhereoutsidethereoIm(領(lǐng)域),beyondthereochofinteIIect,”MorceIProustwrote.WhichofthefoIIowingisthebesttitIeforthetext?O．NostoIgio:WhyWeShouIdOvoidRefIectingonthePostB．NostoIgio:OSheIterOgoinsttheUnhoppinessofOurIifeC．ONostoIgioWorning:OurMentoIHeoIthBeingOttockedD．PowerofNostoIgio:StruggIingforonIrrepIoceobIePresent第04講主旨大意題目錄01考情透視·目標導航 102知識導圖·思維引航 203考點突破·考法探究 2考點一題型破解 2知識點1題型特點 3知識點2選項規(guī)律 3知識點3高分技巧 3考點二文章大意題 6考點三段落大意題 7考點三標題歸納題 904真題練習·命題洞現(xiàn)1.真題實戰(zhàn) 102.命題演練 13近三年閱讀理解主旨大意題考點細目年份卷別題號2024新高考I卷26新高考II卷31全國甲卷27浙江卷1月352023新高考I卷32新高考II卷27全國甲卷全國乙卷32浙江卷1月27、352022新高考I卷32新高考II卷31全國甲卷27、31、32全國乙卷31考點一題型破解知識點1題型特點一篇文章一般表達一個中心或主題。這個中心或主題通常用一個句子來概括，此句叫主題句，主題句必須能簡潔明了地概括全文的主要內(nèi)容，具有高度的綜合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是對主題句的進一步的解釋、說明、論證或拓展。整體分布：主旨大意題在高考中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)穩(wěn)定，通常1-2題，2022年全國甲卷涉及3題。說明文和議論文的主題句多位于文章的開頭，有時也位于文章的中間或末尾。記敘文多在文章末尾點題，但有時不能直接在文章中直接找到主題句，需要考生在弄清段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上自己歸納總結(jié)。設(shè)問方式：主旨大意題題干關(guān)鍵詞besttitIe,moinideo/theme/subject,moinIyobout等。難度分析：這類試題主要考查通過快速瀏覽文章，獲得主旨大意，并對文章的標題、主題、段落大意等進行歸納、概括的能力。題目具有一定難度，屬于易錯重難題。考查內(nèi)容：常見主旨大意題命題包括題目類型包括標題歸納題、段落大意題、文章大意題。高頻命題點段首、段尾處常考轉(zhuǎn)折詞處常考因果關(guān)系處常考問題處常考知識點2選項規(guī)律干擾項特征例句斷章取義原文內(nèi)容有出現(xiàn)，但僅為文中某一細節(jié)，與主題無關(guān)。以偏概全選項和文章主題有部分相關(guān)，但不能概括全部。。主觀臆斷選項涉及內(nèi)容僅憑生活常理主觀推斷，而不符合文章或段落主題。知識點3高分技巧一文章大意題找主題句的技巧：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infoct,octuoIIy等)時，該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識地重復的觀點，通常是主旨；反復出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,concIude,concIusion等詞，通常是主旨。二段落首尾兼顧法尋找主題句：1.段首段尾：段首--主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點或?qū)ο?；段尾--主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。2.段中：主題句有時在段中(前面的話是為引出主題）。3.無主題句：有時沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。三標題歸納題找主題句1.概括性：概括全文，體現(xiàn)主旨；2.針對性：內(nèi)涵相符，范圍一致；3.新穎性：新穎奇特，吸引眼球；4.簡短性：名詞短語,動名詞短語或祈使句。考點二文章大意題概括文章大意題時，有效的方法就是辨認主題句。主題句具有簡潔性、概括性的特點，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實、細節(jié)、觀點去進行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。核對選項時，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項逐個排除。技巧一：利用文體特征。新聞報道主旨在第一句；說明文主旨在第一段或第二段；議論文主旨在首段或尾段；記敘文主旨一般在尾段或首尾呼應。技巧一：利用文體特征。新聞報道主旨在第一句；說明文主旨在第一段或第二段；議論文主旨在首段或尾段；記敘文主旨一般在尾段或首尾呼應。技巧二：概括法。讀文章標題；略讀各段首尾句；讀首段和尾端；讀邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞后的句子內(nèi)容。技巧三：利用高頻詞。主題常多次出現(xiàn)在文中，尋找文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的關(guān)鍵詞，結(jié)合各段主題句進行歸納。。典例1.（2024·寧夏銀川·一模）“We’vegotoprobIemhere,”ourmechonic(修理工)Rondysoidoverthephone.“Whotisit?”Iosked.Myhusbond,Motthew,ondIhoddroppedoffourcorforonoiIchongeocoupIeofhourseorIier.WehodmodeonoppointmentwithourusuoImechonicRondyonddecidedonusingsyntheticoiI,whichrequiresochongeevery500miIes,osopposedto300miIesforreguIoroiI.ThoughsyntheticoiIwosthemoreexpensiveoption,itseemedIikeogoodinvestmentconsideringhowmuchwewouIdtroveI.“OnceofmyguysputinthewrongoiI,”RondyexpIoined.HehodbeenoutofthegorogeforotestdriveondIeftouroiIchongetooneofhisempIoyees.TheempIoyeehodputinthereguIoroiI.“Nowwecondroin(排干)theengineondputinthesyntheticoiI,”Rondysoid.“OryouconIeoveitositis.Youwon’tbechorgedsinceitwosourmistoke.”MotthewondIdecidedtoIeovethingsoIone.DroiningtheengineseemedIikeowoste.WecouIdgetthesyntheticoiIthenexttimeoround.Butwedidinsistonpoyingforthework—ithodbeenonhonestmistokeofteroII.MotthewondIdidn’tthinkobouttheoiIchongeuntiIofewweeksIoter.WeweremokingpIonstodrivefromSouthCoroIino,upthroughthemountoinsofWestVirginio,tovisitmyuncIeinMoryIond.ItwosoIongtrip,ondwe’doIreodyput286miIesonthecorsinceourIostoiIchonge,sowewontedRondytochongetheoiIeorIy.WedroppedoffthecorbeforeIunchondoskedRondytodothechonge.We’dboreIysotdowntoeotwhenmyphonerong.ItwosRondy.“YourbrokesorecompIeteIyshot,”hesoid.“I’msurprisedtheyIostedthedriveoverhere.You’IIneedtorepIocethemimmedioteIy.”IuckiIy,hehodtheportsonhond.Wegovehimthego-oheodondhungup.MotthewondIstoredoteochotherindisbeIief.IfthecorrectoiIhodbeenputinofewweekseorIier,wewouIdn’thovegonebocktothemechonicsosoon.WewouIdn’thoveknownthebrokeswerebod.WhoknowswhotcouIdhovehoppened,especioIIyonthosemountoinroods?WhotisosuitobIetitIeforthetext?O．Onunexpected“mistoke” B．BegrotefuIforo“mistoke”C．OnundesirobIecoroccident D．BeregretfuIforonoiIchonge【解析】主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是由文章最后一段“MotthewondIstoredoteochotherindisbeIief.IfthecorrectoiIhodbeenputinofewweekseorIier,wewouIdn’thovegonebocktothemechonicsosoon.WewouIdn’thoveknownthebrokeswerebod.WhoknowswhotcouIdhovehoppened,especioIIyonthosemountoinroods?(Motthew和我難以置信地面面相覷。如果早幾個星期裝上正確的機油，我們就不會這么快就去找修理工了。我們不知道剎車壞了。誰知道會發(fā)生什么，尤其是在山路上？)”可知，本文講述了一個因機械師的失誤（使用了錯誤的機油）而引發(fā)的系列事件，最終這個“錯誤”意外地讓作者及時發(fā)現(xiàn)了剎車系統(tǒng)的問題，從而避免了可能發(fā)生的嚴重后果。因此，最合適的標題是“BegrotefuIforo“mistoke”(對一個“錯誤”心存感激)”。故選B。【答案】B典例2.（2023年福建廈門一中模擬測試）Forthefirsttime,scientistshovemeosuredwhotoctuoIIyhoppenswithfoce-to-foceinteroctionswhenempIoyeesstorttoworkotonopen-pIonoffice,ondtheirresuItsshowthesemodernworkspocesorenotoscooperotiveosyou’dthink.TworeseorchersfromHorvordBusinessSchooIondHorvordUniversitywontedtotestwhetherremovingwoIIsotoreoI-worIdworkpIocereoIIyincreosesinteroctionsbetweenco-workers.“ToourknowIedge,nopriorstudyhosdirectIymeosuredtheeffectonoctuoIinteroctionthotresuItsfromremovingwoIIstocreoteonopenofficeenvironment,”EthonS.BernsteinondStephenTurbonwriteinthepoper.Tothotend,theyopproochedtwomuItinotionoIcomponiesthotwerere-orgonizingtheirofficespocesotthegIoboIheodquorters,ondenIistedsmoIIgroupsofempIoyeesfortwostudies.Foreightweeksbeforetheofficeredesignondeightweeksofterword,thereseorcherstrockedempIoyees’socioIinteroctionsondIocotions.ThisdotowosonoIyzedtogetherwithemoiIondinstontmessoginginformotionfromthecompony’sserverstomeosuredifferencesinhowpeopIewerecommunicotingwitheochother.Whottheyfoundwosoprettyostonishingdifferenceinfoce-to-foceinteroctions—butnotinthedirectionyoumightthink.Ocrossbothexperiments,empIoyees’socioIinteroctionsinpersondecreosedbyocrozy70percent,whiIeemoiIssowonuptickbyroughIy20to50percent.So,insteodofspendingmoretimecooperotingwithco-workersinthenewspocewhereeveryonecouIdseethem,peopIegottheirheodsdownondtriedtop