RTCA,Inc.

115018thStreetNW,Suite910

Washington,DC20036

USA

MinimumOperationalPerformanceStandards

for

RechargeableLithiumBatteriesand

BatterySystems

RTCADO-31IA

December19,2017

Preparedby:SC-225

?2017RTCA,Inc.

Copiesofthisdocumentmaybeobtainedfrom

RTCA,Inc.

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Facsimile:202-833-9434

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FOREWORD

ThisdocumentwaspreparedbySpecialCommittee225(SC-225)andapprovedbytheRTCAProgramManagementCommittee(PMC)onDecember19,2017.ItsupersedesRTCADO-31?datedMarch13,2008.ItalsosupersedesDO-347CertificationTestGuidanceforSmallandMediumSizedRechargeableLithiumBatteriesandBatterySystems,datedDecember18,2013.

RTCA,Incorporatedisanot-for-profitcorporationformedtoadvancetheartandscienceofaviationandaviationelectronicsystemsforthebenefitofthepublic.TheorganizationfunctionsasaFederaladvisorycommitteeanddevelopsconsensus-basedrecommendationsoncontemporaryaviationissues.RTCA,sobjectivesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

coalescingaviationsystemuserandprovidertechnicalrequirementsinamannerthathelpsgovernmentandindustrymeettheirmutualobjectivesandresponsibilities;

analyzingandrecommendingsolutionstothesystemtechnicalissuesthataviationfacesasitcontinuestopursueincreasedsafety,systemcapacityandefficiency;

developingconsensusontheapplicationofpertinenttechnologytofulfilluserandproviderrequirements,includingdevelopmentofminimumoperationalpcrfoπnancestandardsforelectronicsystemsandequipmentthatsupportaviation;and

assistingindevelopingtheappropriatetechnicalmaterialuponwhichpositionsfortheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationandtheInternationalTelecommunicationUnionandotherappropriateinternationalorganizationscanbebased.

TherecommendationsofRTCAareoftenusedasthebasisforgovernmentandprivatesectordecisionsaswellasthefoundationformanyFederalAviationAdministrationTechnicalStandardOrdersandseveraladvisorycirculars.

SinceRTCAisnotanofficialagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernment,itsrecommendationsmaynotberegardedasstatementsofofficialgovernmentpolicyunlesssoenunciatedbytheUnitedStatesGovernmentorganizationoragencyhavingStatutoiyjUrisdictionoveranymatterstowhichtherecommendationsrelate.

DISCLAIMER

ThispublicationisbasedonmaterialsubmittedbyvariousparticipantsduringtheSCapprovalprocess.NeithertheSCnorRTCAhasmadeanydeterminationwhetherthesematerialscouldbesubjecttovalidclaimsofpatent,copyrightorotherproprietaryrightsbythirdparties,andnorepresentationorwarranty,expressedorimpliedismadeinthisregard.Anyuseoforrelianceonthisdocumentshallconstituteanacceptancethereof?tasis”andbesubjecttothisdisclaimer.

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EXECUTIVESUMMARY

ThisdocumentwaspreparedbyRTCASpecialCommitteeSC-225.Membersofthiscommitteeincludedrepresentativesfrombatteryandcellmanufacturers,avionicsmanufacturers,aircraftmanufacturers,aircraftoperators,pilotandflightattendantassociations,regulatoryandothergovernmentagencies,andrelatedindustryassociations.

TheSC-225committeereviewedandconsideredregulatoryrequirements,multiplestandards,andresourcesassociatedwithrechargeablelithiumbatteriesindevelopingthisstandard.TheseincludeFAASpecialConditionsrelatedtorechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems,RTCA∕D0-311,RTCA/DO-347,UL1642,UL2054,UNSection38.3,andIEC62133.

Thisstandardprovidesdesign,testing,andinstallationguidanceforrechargeablelithiumbatterysystemsthatarepermanentlyinstalledonaircraftincludingstandaloneandembeddedbatteries.Itaddressesallsizesofrechargeablelithiumbatterysystemsregardlessofenergycontent(watt-hours).Batteriesorbatterysystemsthatarelessthantwowatt-hoursareexemptfromthisstandardiftheyhavemettherequirementsofapplicableULorIECstandards.Otherwise,therequirementsofthisstandardapply.

Section?(Introduction)identifiesbatterycategoriesbyenergycontent,ventingprovisions,andarchitecture.

Section2(QualificationRequirementsandTestProcedures)containstherequirementsandtestproceduresthatareperformedonrechargeablelithiumbatterysystems.Theyincludegeneral,performance,safety,andenvironmentalrequirementsandtests.

Section3(InstallationConsiderations)providesinstallationconsiderationsthatmayimpactthedesignofthebatterysystem.Italsoprovidesinstallationconsiderationsfortheinstaller.Section3doesnotcontainrequirements.

Threeappendicesarcincluded.AppendixAprovidesadditionalsafetyconsiderationspertinenttostorage,shipping,handlinganddisposalofrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems.AppendixBprovidesoptionalmethodsoftestingshelflifeandfloatlife.AppendixCprovidesanalternatetestmethodforthebatterythermalrunawaycontainmenttest.FAAhasnotacknowledgedAppendixCasanacceptablemeansofcompliance,oranalternateequivalenttestforsection.

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

TOC\o"1-5"\h\z

INTRODUCTION 1

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Purpose 1

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Scope 1

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SystemOverview 1

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BatteryCategories 2

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EnergyCategories 2

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VentingCategories 2

\o"CurrentDocument"

ArchitectureCategories 2

RegulatoryResponsibilitiesforInstalledEquipment 3

TestProcedures 3

References 3

\o"CurrentDocument"

DefinitionofTerms 4

AcronymsandAbbreviations 7

REQUIREMENTS,GUIDELINES,ANDTESTPROCEDURES 9

\o"CurrentDocument"

GeneralRequirements 9

FireProtection 9

DesignAssurance 9

Marking 9

StandaloneBatteryMarking 9

\o"CurrentDocument"

EmbeddedBatteryMarking 10

GeneralSafetyRequirements 10

\o"CurrentDocument"

BatteryProtectiveFeatures 11

\o"CurrentDocument"

BatteryWarningFeatures 11

\o"CurrentDocument"

ChargingandDischargingProtection 11

\o"CurrentDocument"

OverdischargeProtection 11

\o"CurrentDocument"

MitigationofCellFailures 12

\o"CurrentDocument"

VentingProvisions 12

\o"CurrentDocument"

ShelfLifeandFloatLife 13

\o"CurrentDocument"

DesignGuidelines 13

\o"CurrentDocument"

GeneralGuidelines 13

CellBalancing 14

SlateofHealthFunction 15

StateofChargeFunction 15

Built-in-Test 15

ParasiticDrain 15

PreventionfromBusBackCharging 15

ElectricalBonding 15

DissimilarMetals 15

Quality 15

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ConfigurationControl 16

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Workmanship 16

iii

iv

TOC\o"1-5"\h\z

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MaintenanceDocumentationGuidance 16

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EquipmentRequirements-StandardConditions 17

PerformanceRequirements 17

PhysicalExamination 17

\o"CurrentDocument"

AcceptanceTestPrOCedUre 17

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InsulationResistance 17

HandleStrength 18

RatedCapacity 18

CapacityatLowandHighTemperatures 18

ConstantVoltageDischargeforHighRaleBatteries 18

ChargeAcceptance 18

\o"CurrentDocument"

ChargeRetention 18

CyclingofHighRateBatteries 18

\o"CurrentDocument"

RapidDischargeatShort-Time OperatingHighTemperature 19

\o"CurrentDocument"

ShortCircuitProtection 19

\o"CurrentDocument"

OverdischargeProtection 19

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OverchargeProtection 19

SafetyRequirements 19

ShortCircuitwithoutProtection 19

OverdischargewithoutProtection 20

\o"CurrentDocument"

SingleCellThermalRunawayContainment 20

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BatteryThermalRunawayContainment 20

\o"CurrentDocument"

ExplosionContainment 20

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DropImpactResistance 20

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EquipmentRequirements-EnvironmentalConditions 21

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EnvironmentalPerformanceRequirements 21

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EnvironmentalTestProcedures 22

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EquipmentTestProcedures 22

\o"CurrentDocument"

DefinitionsofTermsandConditionsofTest 22

TestMatrix 23

TestSetup 25

SpecialElectricalGroundingProvision 25

PerformanceTests 25

PhysicalExamination(Paragraph) 25

\o"CurrentDocument"

AcceptanceTestPrOCedUre(Paragraph) 25

InsulationResistanceTest(Paragraph) 26

\o"CurrentDocument"

HandleStrengthTest(Paragraph) 26

\o"CurrentDocument"

CapacityTest(Paragraph) 26

\o"CurrentDocument"

CapacityTestatLowandHighTemperatures(Paragraph) 27

\o"CurrentDocument"

ConstantVoltageDischargeTestforHighRateBatteries(Paragraph) 27

ChargeAcceptanceTest(Paragraph2.2.?.8) 28

ChargeRetentionTest(Paragraph) 29

\o"CurrentDocument"

CycleTestforHighRateBatteries(Paragraph 0) 29

\o"CurrentDocument"

RapidDischargeTestatShort-TimeOperatingHighTemperature(Paragraph1) 30

\o"CurrentDocument"

ShortCircuitTestwithProtectionEnabled(Paragraph2) 31

\o"CurrentDocument"

OverdischargeTest(Paragraph3) 31

\o"CurrentDocument"

TestMeth<κlforStandaloneBatteries 32

\o"CurrentDocument"

TestMethodforEmbeddedBatteries 32

OverchargeTest(Paragraph4) 33

SafetyTests 34

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ShortCircuitTestofaCell(Paragraph) 34

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ShortCircuitTestofaBatterywithoutProtection(Paragraph) 35

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OverdischargeTestwithoutProtection(Paragraph) 36

\o"CurrentDocument"

TestMethodforStandaloneBatteries 36

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TestMethodforEmbeddedBatteries 37

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SingleCellThermalRunawayContainmentTest(Paragraph) 38

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TestMethodforSingleCellThermalRunawayviaOvercharging 38

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TestMethodforSingleCellThermalRunawayviaOverheating 39

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BatteryThermalRunawayContainmentTest(Paragraph) 40

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TestMethodforBatteryThermalRunawayviaOvercharging 41

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TestMethodforBatteryThermalRunawayviaOverheating 42

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ExplosionContainmentTest(Paragraph) 42

\o"CurrentDocument"

DroPImPaClTest(Paragraph) 43

INSTALLATIONCONSIDERATIONS 45

ManufacturerConsiderations 45

AircraftWarningSystem 45

AircraftEnvironment 45

FailureProtection 45

InstallerConsiderations 45

HazardousBatteryEmissions 45

\o"CurrentDocument"

InstallationDesign 46

\o"CurrentDocument"

AdditionalConsiderationsforInstalledEquipment 46

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TestProceduresforInstalledEquipment 46

MEMBERSHIP 47

SAFETYGUIDELINESFORUSERSOFRECHARGEABLELITHIUM

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BATTERIES A-I

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A.l ElectricBurnHazard A-I

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A.2 ElectricShockHazard A-I

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A.3 ThermalRunaway A-I

A.4 DamagetoConnectors A-2

A.5 Storage A-2

A.6 Shipping A-2

A.7 Disposal A-2

A.8 MixingofCells A-2

A.9 CellPolarity A-2

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OPTIONALTESTMETHODS B-I

\o"CurrentDocument"

ShelfLifeTest B-I

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FloatLifeTest B-I

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APPENDIXC:ALTERNATETESTMETHODFORBATTERYTHERMALRUNAWAYCONTAINMENTTEST C-I

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C.l Prerequisites C-2

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C.2 TestMethod C-2

RTCADO-311ADISSENTINGOPINIONLETTER D-I

RESPONSETOTRUEBLUEDISSENT E-I

TABLEOFTABLES

Table1-1:EnergyCategories 2

Table2-1:EnvironmentalTests 21

Table2-2:TestMatrix 23

TABLEOFFIGURES

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Figure2-1:InternalTestPointsforOverchargeTesting 34

\o"CurrentDocument"

Figure2-2:InternalTestPointsforSingleCellSafetyTests 39

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DO-31IA ?2017RTCA,Inc.

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INTRODUCTION

Purpose

ThisMinimumOperationalPerformanceStandard(MOPS)isforrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemspermanentlyinstalledonaircraft.Itprovidesdesign,analysis,testing,andinstallationguidanceforrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems.Thetestsdefinedinthisdocumentprovideastandardizedmethodforverification(i.e.pass/fa??)andcharacterization(i.e.reportresults)ofthesafetyandperformanceOfbatteriesandbatterysystems.

Thisstandardisintendedfordesignersandmanufacturersofrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems,aircraftmanufacturers,aircraftequipmentinstallers,anduserswithintheaviationcommunity.Meetingtherequirementsofthisstandardprovidesameansofassuringthatthebatteriesandbatterysystemswillperformtheirintendedfunction(s)safelyunderconditionsencounteredinaeronauticaloperations.Toensuresafeoperationontheaircraft,itisimperativethatusersofthisstandardthoroughlyunderstandtheaircraftperformancerequirementsandthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofthebatteriesandbatterysystems.Itistheequipmentinstallers'responsibilitytoensurethatthebatteriesandbatterysystemsmeetthecertificationandinstallationrequirementsoftheaircraft.Anyregulatoryapplicationofthisstandardistheresponsibilityoftheapplicablegovernmentagency.

Scope

Thisstandardappliestorechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemsthatarepermanentlyinstalledonaircraft.Forthepurposeofthisstandard,abatteryorbatterysystemisconsideredpermanentlyinstalledequipmentwhenitisincludedaspartofthetypedesignoftheaircraft(orsupplemental/amendedtypedesign).ThisstandardalsoappliestorechargeablelithiumbatteriescontainedwithinPortableElectronicDevices(PEDs)thatarepartofthetypedesign.Thisstandarddoesnotapplytoprimary(non-rechargeable)lithiumbatteries.

Note:RechargeablelithiumbatterieswithinPEDsthatarenotpartofthetypedesignareoutsidethescopeofthisstandard;thesePEDsfallunderthepurviewofFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)FlightStandardsDivisionandareregulatedbyoperationalrulesunderTitle14oftheCodeOfFederalRegulations(CFR).PEDsthatarenotpartofthetypedesign,especiallythosebeingrechargedontheflightdeck,presentsimilarhazardsaspermanentlyinstalledequipment.

Thisstandarddoesnotrequireindividualcellleveltestingorcharacterizationofcell/batteryaging.OtherstandardssuchasUL,IEC,andUNmaybeusedtoperformcellleveltestingortocharacterizeagingeffectsofthecell/battery.

SystemOverview

Rechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemsofvariouschemicalcompositions,sizes,andconstructiondetailsarebeingwidelypromotedforaircraftapplications.Amongtheirdesirablecharacteristicsarehighenergycontentperunitweight,relativelyconstantvoltageduringdischarge,andlongcyclelife.Rechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemscanprovidepowerthroughouttheaircraft,includingengineorAuxiliaryPowerUnit(APU)starting,avionics,emergency,andothersystems.Becauseoftheirhighspecificenergy/powerandpotentialthermalinstability,theycanpresenthazardsifimproperlydesigned,assembled,tested,installed,used,handled,orstored.

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1.4

1.4.2

1.4.3

BatteryCategories

Thecategorieslistedbelowspecifybatteriesandbatterysystemsbytheirenergycontent,ventingprovisions,andarchitecturaldesign.Identifyingthebatteryorbatterysystembyeachcategorydeterminestheapplicabletestingproceduresandevaluationcriteriathroughoutthestandard.

EnergyCategories

ThisstandardidentifiesfourenergycategoriesofrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemsasdefinedinTable1-1Thiscategoryisbasedonthebatteryenergy,measuredinwatt-hours,usingtheaverageofalltestarticlesdefinedinTable2-2thataretestedinaccordancewith.1.

Table1-1:EnergyCategories

EnergyCategory

BatteryEnergy(Wh)

Whv2

2

2≤Whv20

3

20≤Whv200

4

WhN200

BatteriesinEnergyCategory1(lessthantwowatt-hours)areexemptfromthisstandardiftheyarecertifiedtoUL1642,UL2054,orIEC62133.Otherwise,therequirementsofEnergyCategory2apply.

VentingCategories

Ventingcategoriesaredefinedbelowandarebasedonthedesignedprovisionsforventingemissionswhentestedinaccordancewiththisstandard.

Themanufacturershalldeclaretheventingcategorybasedonthebatterysystemdesign.

VentingCategoryA-Noemissionsareallowedtoescapefromthebatterysystem.

VentingCategoryB-Emissionsareallowedtoescapefromthebatterysystemonlythroughoneormoredesignedventingprovisionsthatareintendedtoprovideasealedconnectiontoanaircraftexhaustsystem.

VentingCategoryC-Emissionsareallowedtoescapefromthebattcrysystemandtherearenodesignedventingprovisionsthatprovideasealedconnectiontoanaircraftexhaustsystem.

ArchitectureCategories

Forthepurposeofidentificationandproperlyapplyingthetestprocedureswithinthisstandard,twobatteryarchitecturecategoriesaredefined.Thebatteryarchitectureshouldbeidentifiedastowhichtypeitisfordeterminationofapplicabletestprocedures.

Standalone:Abatterydesignedwiththeprimarypurposeofprovidingpowertootherequipment.Thistypeofbatteryisgenericallyreferredtoasa"standalone"battery.

Embedded:AbatterydesignedaspartofanLRUwiththeprimarypurposeofprovidingdedicatedpowertothatunit.Thistypeofbatteryisgenericallyreferredtoasan"embedded”battery.

1.5

RegulatoryResponsibilitiesforInstalledEquipment

Regulationofequipmentinstalledinaircraft,andcomponentpartsofthatequipment,istheresponsibilityoftheFAAorapplicableregulatoryagency.Inthecaseofequipmentinstalledinaircraftatthetimeofmanufactureoftheaircraft,theaircraft'sTypeCertificate(TC)specifiestheapprovedaircrafttypedesignincludinganybatteryorbatterysystem.AmendmentsandSupplementalTypeCertificates(STC)maybeapprovedsubsequenttotheoriginalissueofaTC.

Dependingonthecategoryofaircraft(e.g.,14CFRpart23,25,27,or29),additionaltestsandanalysis,beyondthescopeofthisstandard,includingbatterythermalrunawaycontainment,mayberequiredtoobtaininstallationapproval.

1.6

TestProcedures

ThetestproceduresspecifiedinthisdocumentareintendedtobeusedasonemeansofdemonstratingcompliancewiththeperformanceandsafetyrequirementsdefinedinSection2.2.Althoughspecifictestproceduresarecited,itisrecognizedthatothermethodsmaybeacceptable.Thesealternateproceduresmaybeusediftheyareapprovedbytheappropriateregulatoryagency.Insuchcases,theprocedurescitedhereinshouldbeusedasonecriterioninevaluatingtheacceptabilityofthealternateprocedures.

EnvironmentalTests

EnvironmentaltestproceduresarespecifiedinSection2.3.Theproceduresandtheirassociatedlimitsareintendedtoprovidealaboratorymeansofdeterminingtheelectricalandmechanicalperformanceoftheequipmentunderenvironmentalconditionsexpectedtobeencounteredinactualoperations.

TheenvironmentalconditionsandtestprocedurescontainedinRTCA/DO-160,EnvironmentalConditionsandTestProceduresforAirborneEquipment,areusedtodemonstrateequipmentcompliance.

PerformanceandSafetyTests

EquipmenttestproceduresarespecifiedinSection2.4.ThesetestsprovidealaboratorymeansofdemonstratingcompliancewiththerequirementsofSection2.2.Testresultsmaybeusedbyequipmentmanufacturersasdesignguidance,formonitoringmanufacturingcomplianceand,incertaincases,forobtainingformalapprovalofequipmentdesign.

1.7

References

Thefollowingdocumentsarereferencedwithinthisstandard.Forallreferences,thelatesteditionofthedocumentapplies.

IEC62133 SecondarycellsandbatteriescontainingalkalineOrothernon-acid

electrolytes-Safetyrequirementsforportablesealedsecondarycells,andforbatteriesmadefromthem,foruseinportableapplications

RTCA∕D0-l60EnvironmentalConditionsandTestProceduresforAirborneEquipment

RTCA/DO-178SoftwareConsiderationsinAirborneSystemsandEquipmentCertification

RTCA/DO-254DesignAssuranceGuidanceforAirborneElectronicHardware

SAEARP4761

SAEAS9100

UL1642

UL2054

UN38.3

GuidelinesandMethodsforConductingtheSafetyAssessmentProcessonCivilAirborneSystemsandEquipment

QualityManagementSystems-RequirementsforAviation,SpaceandDefenseOrganizations

StandardforSafetyforLithiumBatteries

StandardforSafetyforHouseholdandCommercialBatteries

UnitedNationsRecommendationsontheTransportofDangerous

G∞ds,ManualofTestsandCriteria,Section38.3

1?8

DefinitionOfTerms

Forthepurposeofthisstandard,thefollowingdefinitionsapply.

Airworthiness

Definedasthecomplianceofabatteryorpartthereofwithallconditionsandregulationsrequiredbytheappropriateregulatoryagenciesfortheirsafeoperationandperformanceinanairborneenvironment.

Ampere-hour(Ah)

Aunitforthequantityofelectricalcapacityobtainedbyintegratingcurrentinamperesovertimeinhours.Usedasameasureofbatterycapacity.

Battery

Oneormoreelectricallyconnectedcells,havingpositiveandnegativeterminals.Abatterymayincludeinter-cellconnectors,protectivedevices,circuitry,andothercomponents.

BatteryEnergy

Batteryenergy(energycontent)isexpressedinwatt-hours(Wh)andisdefinedasthenominalbatteryvoltage(V)timesthecapacity(Ah).

BatterySystem

Theequipmentbeingqualifiedthatincludesastandaloneoranembeddedbatteryandmayalsoincludeadditionalhardwarethatisrequiredtocomplywiththisstandard.

CiCapacity

Thecapacity,expressedinAh,obtainedfromachargedbatterywhendischargedattheI∣ratetotheEndPointVoltage(seeSection).

ChargeAcceptanceCapacity,OneHour

Thecapacityofthebatteryafterithasbeenfullydischargedandthenrechargedforanhour.

Cell

Asingleelectrochemicalunitwhichexhibitsavoltageacrossitstwoterminalsandisusedasacomponentofabattery.

ChargeRetention

Thefractionofthefullcapacityavailablefromabatteryunderspecifiedconditionsofdischargeafterithasbeenstoredforaspecificperiodoftimeataspecifiedtemperature.

ChargedBattery

Abatterythathasbeenfullychargedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'sinstructionsorasdefinedinthedesigndocumentation.

ChargingCurrent

Currentprovidedtoacellorbatteryinthedirectionoppositetheflowofcurrentduringdischarge.

DesignAssuranceLevel(DAL)

TheDesignAssuranceLevelasusedinthisstandardisdefinedinRTCA/DO-254andRTCA/DO-178.

DesignDocumentation

Asummaryoftheperformanceandclassificationdataforthebatteryorbatterysystemthatismadeavailabletotheinstaller.Thiscantaketheformofoneormoreofthefollowing:technicaldatasheet,declarationofdesignandperformance,installationmanual,orsimilardocumentation.

Discharge

Theoperationofacellorbatteryinprovidingelectricalcurrenttoanexternalload.

Electrolyte

Amediuminwhichthetransportofelectricalchargeinacelltakesplacebythemigrationofionsbetweenthepositiveandnegativeelectrodes.

Emissions

Anygases,smoke,soot,orfluidsthatescapefromthebatteryorbatterysystem.

EndPointVoltage(EPV)

Thecellorbatteryvoltageatwhichpointthedischargecurrentisterminated,asspecifiedbythemanufacturerinthedesigndocumentation.

EquipmentUnderTest(EUT)

Arepresentativesampleofthebatteryorbatterysystemthatisbeingqualifiedtothisstandard.

HighRateBattery

Abatteryorbatterysystemthatisratedtoprovideapeakpowercurrent(IPP)greaterthan10Iι.AnybatteryusedforengineorAPUstartisalsoconsideredahighratebattery.

IiRate

ThecurrentthatisnumericallyequivalenttotheratedC∣capacity.Mathematically,thiscanbeexpressedbythefollowingequation:l?Ampere=CiAmpere-hours/1hour.

IEUTRate

Themaximumdischargeprofileoftheequipmentundertest.Thisonlyappliestoembeddedbatteries.

IMaXRate

Themaximumcontinuouscurrent,asdeclaredbythemanufacturer,thatthebatteryiscapableofdeliveringtotheEPV.

Ipp-PeakPowerCurrent

Thedischargecurrent,whichthebatterydeliversattheconclusionofa0.3secondpowerdischarge,controlledsoastomaintainaconstantterminalvoltage(typicallyhalfthenominalbatteryvoltage).

Ipk-RatedPowerCurrent

Thedischargecurrent,whichthebatterydeliversattheconclusionofa15secondpowerdischarge,controlledsoastomaintainaconstantteπninalvoltage(typicallyhalfthenominalbatteryvoltage).

Leakage

Releaseofliquidorgasfromacellorbattery.Leakageisdeterminedbyeithervisualobservationorweightloss.

Load

Anycircuitwhichdrawscurrentfromanelectricalsourcelikeacellorbattery.

Manufacturer

Theapplicantthatisresponsibleforqualifyingtherechargeablelithiumbatteryorbatterysystemtothisstandard.

NominalBatteryVoltage

Thenominalcellvoltage(asspecifiedbythemanufacturerofthecell)multipliedbythenumberofcellsinseries.

Overcharge

Thechargingofacellorbatterybeyondthemanufacturer'srecommendedchargingvoltagelimit(overvoltage).

Overdischarge

Thedischargingofacellorbatterytoalevelbelow0%stateofchargeandtypicallybelowEPV(undervoltage).

ProtectiveCircuitsZCircuitry

Anydevice,componentorcircuitexternaltothecell(includesbothhardwareandsoftware),thatareusedtoprotectthecell(s)orbatteryfromfailures.Protectivecircuitsmayconsistofactiveorpassivedevices,orboth.Activedevicesmayincludefieldeffecttransistors,relays,contactors,andcircuitbreakers.Passivedevicesmayincludefuses,fusiblelinks,andpositivetemperaturecoefficientdevices.

RatedCapacity

Theminimumcapacityofanewbatteryat23℃,expressedinAh,asspecifiedbythemanufacturer.RatedC∣capacityisbasedontheI∣rate.RatedcapacitycanalsobebasedOnIMaXorIeut-

Rupture

Splitting,cracking,burstingorotherlossofintegrityofthecase.

Serviced

TheproceduresnecessarytoprepareandmaintainanEUTinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'sinstructionsorasdefinedinthedesigndocumentation.

Shall

Denotesamandatoryrequirement.

Should

Denotesaguidelineorrecommendation.

SpecificEnergy

Theenergyperunitweighte