Unit1ScienceandscientistsJohnSnowDefeats“KingCholera”

約翰·斯諾擊敗“霍亂王”Part1JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showed

how

itcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Para1fearn./v.擔心；害怕usedtodo/be...過去常常做…/曾經是…beusedtodoing... 習慣于……beusedtodo.... 被用來做……

hit=strike(struck)v.侵襲diefrom... 死于

……（外因）dieof... 死于

……（內因）JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtoprevent（預防）ortreat（治療）cholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesire

todestroycholera

onceandforall.Para1rise(rose-risen)v.上升；提高；起床attendv.參加；處理attendto...=lookafter...照顧……desirev.渴望；n.愿望desiretodo...渴望做……his/her/thedesiretodo...做……的愿望JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplain

howcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthat

badaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthat

cholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedto

thesecondtheory.Para2ingeneral=generallyadv.一般來說explanationn.解釋；說明JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently（因此，結果）,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate（調查）.Hediscoveredthat

intwoparticular（特定的）streetsthecholeraoutbreakwasso

severethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Para2consequent adj.隨之發生的，由此引起的consequence n.結果，后果asaconsequenceof... 由于……asaconsequence=consequently因此，結果bedeterminedtodo...下定決心做……JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Snowbeganbymarking（做記號）onamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthat

thewaterpumpwastoblame.Para3JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Whatismore（而且，此外）,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthat

thewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthat

shehaditdelivered

toherhouseeveryday.Asaresultof（由于）thisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannounce（宣布）

that

thepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly（因此，相應地）,hehadthehandleofthepumpremoved

sothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks（軌道；蹤跡；小道）.Para3havesth.done

把某物……JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”Thetruthwasthat

thewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.

Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetween

othercasesofcholera

and

thedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswater

weremuchmorelikelytoget

cholera

thanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.Para4sell(sold-sold)v.出售pollutionn.污染pollutantn污染物垃圾；廢物：waste=trash=litter=junkrubbish=garbageJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts（不懈的努力）,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreat（威脅）ofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.Para5TheFatherofChina’sAerospace

中國航天之父

Part2TheFatherofChina’sAerospacePerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.Described

by

theauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith“greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit”whowaspatrioticandservedhishomeland（祖國；家鄉）witheffort,achievement,anddevotion,Qianwasanextremelywell-respected（備受尊重的）man.Para1對……有影響haveanimpacton...haveaneffecton...haveaninfluenceon...TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceBorninHangzhouin1911,QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandthenenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However,aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932,Qianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajor

toaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforce（空軍）toprotectanddefendthecountry.Para2forcen.武力，力量v.強迫forcesb.todo...強迫某人做...major

adj.主要的n.專業v.主修

majorin...

主修……TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceQianwenttotheUnitedStatesin1935topursuehisgraduatestudies（研究生學習）.Overthecourseofthe1930sand1940s,Qianbecameapioneer

inAmericanjetandrockettechnology.Asagraduateassistant（研究生助理）attheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyduringthe1930s,Qianhelpedconduct（實施）importantresearchintorocketpropulsion（火箭推進）,andinthe1940s,heandseveralotherpeoplefoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratory（實驗室）,nowoneofNASA’sleading（主要的）space-explorationcentres.Para3TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceAfterovercomingsomedifficultiesduringhisfinalfewyearsintheUS,QianreturnedtoChinain1955.Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeof

notonly

developingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme（計劃）.Atthattime,Chinawaspooranditsrocketsciencewasundeveloped.Noinstitute（研究所）oruniversityinChinaofferedrocketscienceasamajor,andtherewerenotalentsorexpertsinthisfieldinChina.Para4TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceNevertheless（然而）,Qiandidnotletthatdiscouragehimfrom

takingon（承擔）thechallenge.Whenhewasasked“CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”,hisreplywasadetermined（堅定的）“Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.”Para4阻止某人做……discouragesb.fromdoing...preventsb.fromdoing...keepsb.fromdoing...stopsb.fromdoing...TheFatherofChina’sAerospaceUnderQian’sleadership,ChinadevelopedtheDongfengmissiles,followedby（隨后是）thefirstgenerationofLongMarchrockets.In1970,Chinasuccessfully

launched（發射）itsfirstman-madesatellite（人造衛星）,DongFangHongI,fromaLongMarchrocket.Becausemuchofthetechnology

behindtheShenzhourocketscanalsobetracedbacktoQian’sresearch,Qianearnedthenameof“thefatherofChinasaerospace.”Para5TheFatherofChina’sAerospace

Qianreadalotandwasextremelyknowledgeable（知識淵博的）,especially（尤其）intheareaof

frontierscienceresearch.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterest

inotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.Hisdeepappreciation（鑒賞）

forartoftengavehiminspiration（靈感，啟發）inhisscientificresearch.

Para6TheFatherofChina’sAerospace

On31October2009,thewholecountrywassaddenedbyQian’sdeath,andpeoplehonoured（尊敬）andremembered（紀念）himindifferentways.Para7AWorldofPureThought

純凈思想的世界Part3AWorldofPureThought

StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwith

imagesofhiminhiswheelchair,unabletomoveandusingacomputertotalk.Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhich

causedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscles,hisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.Para1（人作主語）befamiliarwith... 對……感到熟悉（物作主語）befamiliarto... 為……所熟悉AWorldofPureThoughtHawkingfirstachievedfame（成名）whenhewasstillhealthyenoughtowalk,asagraduatestudent

inphysicsatCambridgeUniversityin1964.Ingeneral,thereweretwomaintheorieson

theoriginoftheuniverse.Thefirstwasthesteadystatetheory,whichholdsthat

theuniversehasnobeginningorend.Theotherwasthebigbangtheory,

whichholdsthat

theuniversebeganatasingle（單個的）pointintimeandspace.

Para2AWorldofPureThought

Thebiggestchampion（擁護者；冠軍）ofthesteadystateconceptwasFredHoyle,aprofessoratCambridge.Duringthequestionandanswerperiod

after

oneofHoyle’slectures,HawkingstoodupandpointedoutthatHoylehadmadeamistake

inhismaths.Oncethemathswascorrected,itshowedthat

thebigbangtheory—andnotthesteadystatet