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目錄MENUPartⅠBasicKnowledgeofElectronicTechnologyUnit1IntroductiontotheHistoryofElectronicTechnologyUnit2Current,VoltageandResistanceUnit3SemiconductorDevicesUnit4ElectronicAmplifiersUnit5IntegratedCircuitUnit6DigitalLogicCircuitUnit7ElectronicInstrumentIntroduction目錄MENUPartⅡComputersUnit8ComputerBasicsUnit9ComputerNetworksUnit10TheApplicationsofComputersUnit11SingleChipComputerUnit12BigDataUnit13CloudComputing目錄MENUPartⅢTheApplicationofElectronicTechnologyandIOTUnit145GUnit15TemperatureSensorsUnit16DigitalSignalProcessingUnit17SuperheterodyneRadioReceiverUnit18CommunicationSystemUnit19PowerLineCarrierCommunicationUnit20InternetofThingsUnit1IntroductiontotheHistoryofElectronicTechnology
科技英語翻譯概述(一)
——科技英語的特點
Thehistoryofelectronicsisastoryofthetwentiethcenturyandthreekeycomponents—thevacuumtube,thetransistor,andtheintegratedcircuit.In1883,ThomasAlvaEdisondiscoveredthatelectronswillflowfromonemetalconductortoanotherthroughavacuum.ThisdiscoveryofconductionbecameknownastheEdisoneffect.In1904,JohnFlemingappliedtheEdisoneffectininventingatwo-elementelectrontubecalledadiode,andLeeDeForestfollowedin1906withthethree-elementtube,thetriode.Thesevacuumtubeswerethedevicesthatmademanipulationofelectricalenergypossiblesoitcouldbeamplifiedandtransmitted.
Thefirstapplicationsofelectrontubeswereinradiocommunications.GuglielmoMarconipioneeredthedevelopmentofthewirelesstelegraphin1896andlong-distanceradiocommunicationin1901.Earlyradioconsistedofeitherradiotelegraphy(thetransmissionofMorsecodesignals)orradiotelephony(voicemessages).BothreliedonthetriodeandmaderapidadvancesthankstoarmedforcescommunicationsduringWorldWarⅠ.Earlyradiotransmitters,telephones,andtelegraphusedhigh-voltagesparkstomakewavesandsound.
Vacuumtubesstrengthenedweakaudiosignalsandallowedthesesignalstobesuperimposedonradiowaves.In1918,EdwinArmstronginventedthe“super-heterodynereceiver”thatcouldselectamongradiosignalsorstationsandcouldreceivedistantsignals.Radiobroadcastinggrewastronomicallyinthe1920sasadirectresult.Armstrongalsoinventedwide-bandfrequencymodulation(FM)in1935;onlyAMoramplitudemodulationhadbeenusedfrom1920to1935.
CommunicationstechnologywasabletomakehugeadvancesbeforeWorldWarⅡasmorespecializedtubesweremadeformanyapplications.Radioastheprimaryformofeducationandentertainmentwassoonchallengedbytelevision,whichwasinventedinthe1920sbutdidn’tbecomewidelyavailableuntil1947.BellLaboratoriespubliclyunveiledthetelevisionin1927,anditsfirstformswereelectromechanical.Whenanelectronicsystemwasprovedsuperior,BellLabsengineersintroducedthecathoderaypicturetubeandcolortelevision.ButVladimirZworykin,anengineerwiththeRadioCorporationofAmerica(RCA),isconsideredthe“fatherofthetelevision”becauseofhisinventions,thepicturetubeandtheiconoscopecameratube.
Theconceptoftheintegratedcircuitwasproposedin1952byGeoffreyW.A.Dummer,aBritishelectronicsexpertwiththeRoyalRadarEstablishment.Throughoutthe1950s,transistorsweremassproducedonsinglewafersandcutapart.Thetotalsemiconductorcircuitwasasimplestepawayfromthis;itcombinedtransistorsanddiodes(activedevices)andcapacitorsandresistors(passivedevices)onaplanarunitorchip.
Thesemiconductorindustryandthesiliconintegratedcircuit(SIC)evolvedsimultaneouslyatTexasInstrumentsandFairchildSemiconductorCompany.By1961,integratedcircuitswereinfullproductionatanumberoffirms,anddesignsofequipmentchangedrapidlyandinseveraldirectionstoadapttothetechnology.Microcomputers,medicalequipment,videocameras,andcommunicationsatellitesareonlyexamplesofdevicesmadepossiblebyintegratedcircuits.
科技英語翻譯概述(一)
——科技英語的特點
隨著現代化科技的發展,國外先進技術與設備不斷引進,這就要求工程技術人員具備一定的科技英語翻譯能力。科技文體有其獨特語體,要達到清晰準確、邏輯嚴密、結構簡練的翻譯標準,技術人員首先應具備一定的英語基礎知識,熟悉相關科技領域,了解科技英語的特點。
1.常使用無人稱的被動語句
科技文章側重敘事推理,強調客觀準確。第一、二人稱使用過多,會造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此無人稱的被動語句在科技英語中較多使用。
請比較:
(1)?I.Youmustpayattentiontotheworkingtemperatureofthemeter.
II.Attentionmustbepaidtotheworkingtemperatureofthemeter.
應當注意儀表的工作溫度。
(2)?I.?Wecanstoreelectricalenergyintwometalplatesseparatedbyinsulatingmedium.
Wecallsuchadeviceacapacitor,anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergycapacitance.
WemeasurecapacitanceinFarads.
II.?Electricalenergycanbestoredintwometalplatesseparatedbyaninsulatingmedium.
Suchadeviceiscalledacapacitor,anditsabilitytostoreelectricalenergyistermed
capacitance.ItismeasuredinFarads.
2.常使用非謂語動詞形式
科技文章要求行文簡練,結構緊湊,為此常使用非謂語形式。
(1)?Adirectcurrentisacurrentflowingalwaysinthesamedirection.(動名詞)
直流電是沿同一方向流動的電流。
(2)?Incommunications,theproblemofelectronicsishowtoconveyinformationfromoneplacetoanother.(動詞不定式)
在通信系統中,電子學要解決的問題是如何把信息從一個地方傳遞到另一個地方。
3.常使用后置定語
(1)?PCMisthemostbasicformofdigitalpulsemodulation.(介詞短語作定語)
PCM是最基本的數字脈沖調制形式。
(2)?Asinusoidaloscillatorgeneratesasignalhavingasinewaveform.(動名詞短語作定語)
正弦波振蕩器可產生正弦波信號。
(3)?ThevoltageappliedtothediodeiscalledtheforwardbiasshowninFig.1.(過去分詞短語作定語)
如圖1所示,加到二極管兩端的電壓稱為正向電壓。
(4)Thispressurewhichmakestheelectronsflowfromoneendofthewiretotheotheriscalledvoltage.(從句作定語)
使電子從導線的一端流向另一端的壓力稱為電壓。
4.常使用固定句型表述
科技文中經常使用固定的句型,從而形成科技文體區別于其他文體的標志。例如,
“It+…+that…”這一句型:
(1)?Itissaidthatheatcancauseaircurrentstorise.
據說熱量可以造成空氣流上升。
(2)?Itshouldbenotedthataprocessofdemodulationmustbeperformedinthereceivertorecovertheoriginalmodulatingvoltages.
值得注意的是,在接收機中必須進行解調這一過程來恢復原來的調制電壓。Unit2Current,VoltageandResistance科技英語翻譯概述(二)—科技英語的翻譯技巧
Theprimarypurposeofanelectriccircuitistomoveortransferchargesalongspecifiedpaths.Thismotionofchargesconstitutesanelectriccurrent.CurrentflowisrepresentedbythelettersymboliorI,anditisthetimerateofchangeofcharge,givenbyi?=?dq/dt.Thebasicunitinwhichcurrentismeasuredistheampere(A).Anampereofcurrentisdefinedasthemovementofonecoulomb(6.28?×?1018electrons)pastanypointofaconductorduringonesecondoftime.
Themilliampere(mA)andthemicroampere(μA)unitsarealsousedtoexpressamagnitudeofcurrentmuchsmallerthantheampere.Onemilliampereisequivalenttoone-thousandthofanampere,andonemicroampereisequivalenttoone-millionthofanampere.
Weshalldefinevoltage“across”anelementastheworkdoneinmovingaunitcharge(+1C)throughtheelementfromoneterminaltotheother.Thetermvoltage(representedbythelettersymbolU)iscommonlyusedtoindicatebothapotentialdifferenceandanelectromotiveforce.Theunitinwhichvoltageismeasuredisthevolt(V).Onevoltisdefinedasthatmagnitudeofelectromotiveforcerequiredcauseacurrentofoneamperetopassthroughaconductorhavingaresistanceofoneohm.Besidesthevolt,smallerorlargermagnitudeofvoltageareexpressedinmillivolts?(mV),microvolts?(μV)orkilovolts?(kV).
Resistorsrestricttheflowofelectriccurrent,forexample,aresistorisplacedinserieswithalight-emittingdiode(LED)tolimitthecurrentpassingthroughtheLED.ThevalueofresistoriscalledresistanceandisrepresentedbythelettersymbolR.Resistanceismeasuredinohms;thesymbolforohmisanomegaΩ.Oneohmisdefinedasthatamountofresistancethatwilllimitthecurrentinaconductorisoneamperewhenthevoltageappliedtotheconductorisonevolt.1?Ωisquitesmallsoresistorvaluesareoftengiveninkiloohm(kΩ)ormegohm(MΩ).
“Ohm’sLaw”isoneofthefundamentallawsofelectronics,andpertainstotherelationshipbetweencurrent,voltageandresistanceinanelectricalconductor.Thisrelationshipstatesthat“Current=Voltage/Resistance”.Ohm’sLawstatesthattheratioofthevoltagebetweentheendsofawireandthecurrentflowinginitisequaltotheresistanceofthewire.Theusualwayofexpressingthisinmathematicaltermsis“I?=?U/R”,and“U?=?IR”or“R?=?U/I”arealsoused.
科技英語翻譯概述(二)
—科技英語的翻譯技巧
要提高翻譯質量,譯文應達到準確、通順、簡練的基本要求。科技英語有其一定的規律性,翻譯過程中,在尊重原文的基礎上遣詞造句有一定的方法,這就是翻譯的技巧所在。當然,在實際應用中,我們只有閱讀了大量科技英語方面的專業資料與文獻,才能更好地理解科技文體,融會貫通地進行專業翻譯。
1.引申譯法
當英語句子中的某個詞按詞典的釋義直譯不符合漢語語言表達習慣或規范時,可以在不脫離原文的基礎上,靈活選擇恰當的漢語詞語進行意譯。
例如:
(1)?Ourengineerswillfixthisproblemthisweek.
這星期我們的工程師會解決這一問題。
“fix”原意為“固定、修理”,這里引申譯為“解決”。
(2)?Themomentthecircuitiscompleted,acurrentwillstartflowingtowardthecoil.
電路一接通,電流就開始流向這個線圈。
“complete”原意為“完成”,這里引申譯為“接通”。
2.增減詞譯法
增詞就是在譯句中增加英語句子中原來沒有或省略了的詞語,以便更清楚地表達英語句子所闡述的內容。在英語句子中,有的詞從語法結構上講是必不可少的,但并無什么實際意義,只是在句子中起著單純的語法作用;有的詞雖有實際意義,但按照字面譯出又顯多余。這樣的詞在翻譯時往往可以省略不譯,即減詞。如:
(1)?Virusscannersdoagoodjobofdetectingknownvirus.
病毒掃描程序在查殺已知病毒方面效果很好。
這里將“程序”、“方面”插入句中,翻譯效果更佳。
(2)?Systemsoftwareconsistsofthoseinternalprogramswhichmakethehardwarefunctioninsuchawaythatthecomputersystembecomesmeaningfultotheuser.
系統軟件由內部程序組成,這些程序驅動硬件運作,這樣計算機系統才能對用戶有意義。
這里將“insuchaway”、“become”忽略反而比較流暢。
3.詞性轉換
英語翻譯中,常常需要將英語句子中某種詞性的詞譯成另一種詞性的漢語詞,以適應漢語的表達習慣或達到某種修辭目的。這種翻譯處理方法就是詞性轉換。例如:
Thesystem(450/460MHzWASystem)findswideapplicationinruralareas,remotesuburbs,remotemountainousareasandislands.
該頻段的無線接入系統(450/460?MHz)廣泛應用于農村、遠郊、邊遠山區和海島。
這里,英文句子中“application”為賓語(名詞),但翻譯過來后卻作謂語(動詞),詞性發生了轉換。
4.長句的譯法
科技英語中長句出現的較多,遇到長句時,可以運用語法分析的方法抓住句子的主干(主句),找出相應的修飾部分進行分割,將長句化為若干個短句,再進行翻譯就比較簡單了。
例如:
Becausetheelectricalconductivityofasemiconductorcanchangeaccordingtothevoltageappliedtoit,transistorsmadefromsemiconductorsactliketinyswitchesthatturnelectricalcurrentonandoffinjustafewnanoseconds(billionthsofasecond).
因為半導體的導電性可以隨所加的電壓變化而變化,所以由半導體制作的晶體管可以作為高速開關使用,它可以在幾納秒(1秒的十億分之一)的時間內開斷電流。
Unit3SemiconductorDevices科技英語詞匯特點
Semiconductorsarethesubstanceswhoseabilitytoconductelectricityranksbetweenthatofaconductorandthatofanonconductor,orinsulator.Thebasicbuildingblockofmostsemiconductordevicesisthediode.
AsemiconductordiodeconsistsofaPNjunctionandhastwoterminals,ananode(+)andacathode(-).However,thediodehasanimportantproperty:itisunidirectional.Inadiode,currentflowsinonlyonedirectionacrossthejunctionfromp-ton-typematerial,andthenonlywhenthep-typematerialisatahighervoltagethanthen-typematerial.ThevoltageappliedtothediodetocreatethisconditioniscalledtheforwardbiasshowninFig.3-1,inthiscondition,currentflowsfromanodetocathodewithinthediode.
Theoppositevoltage,forwhichcurrentwillnotflow,iscalledreversebias.Anidealdiodeislikealightswitchinyourhome.Whentheswitchisclosed,thecircuitiscompletedandthelightturnson.Whentheswitchisopen,thereisnocurrentandthelightisoff.Figure3-2showsanidealdiodecharacteristic.IFisforwardcurrent,UFisforwardvoltage,URisreversevoltage,IRisreversecurrent.Fig.3-1ForwardbiasFig.3-2Idealdiodecharacteristic
Transistorsarethemostwidelyusedsemiconductordeviceinelectronicstoday.Transistorsarethree-terminaldevicesandtherearetwobasictypesofstandardtransistors,NPNandPNP,withdifferentsymbolshowninFigure3-3.MosttransistorsusedtodayareNPNbecausethisistheeasiesttypetomakefromsilicon.IfyouarenewtoelectronicsitisbesttostartbylearninghowtouseNPNtransistors.Thelettersrefertothelayersofsemiconductormaterialusedtomakethetransistor.Theleadsarelabeledbase(B),collector(C),andemitter(E).Thesetermsrefertotheinternaloperationofatransistor.
AtransistorhastwoPNjunctions:thebase-emitter(BE)junctionandthebase-collectorjunction.Bothofthemshouldbehavelikeadiodeandconductonewayonly.Currentfromapowersourceenterstheemitter,passesthroughtheverythinbaseregion,andleavesviathecollector.Currentflowisalwaysinthisdirection.Thiscurrentcanbemadetovaryinamplitudebyvaryingthecurrentflowinginthebasecircuit.Ittakesonlyasmallchangeofbasecurrenttocontrolarelativelylargecollectorcurrent.Itisthisabilitythatenablesthetransistortoamplify.
Fig.3-3Transistorcircuitsymbols
科技英語詞匯特點
詞匯是構成句子、語篇的基石,詞匯的學習與研究是學好科技英語的一個重要環節。初學者往往感到專業詞匯較難理解記憶,其實專業英語詞匯的記憶還是有章可循的,下面讓我們來研究一下科技英語的詞匯特點。
1.專業術語與縮略詞多
由于專業術語、縮略語能使文章更加簡潔、準確,因而在科技英語中大量使用,這也是科技英語區別于普通英語的重要特征。例如:
2.合成詞多
例如:
firewall防火墻troubleshooting故障排除
microfarad微法
modem(modulation+demodulation)調制解調器
3.音譯轉換多
例如:(1)?ampere安培volt伏特ohm歐姆hertz赫茲?coulomb庫侖farad法拉
(2)?radar雷達engine引擎(發動機)
4.派生詞多
所謂派生,就是在詞根的基礎上加上詞綴形成新詞的方法。詞綴分為前綴和后綴。很多專業英語詞匯是由詞根加上前后綴派生出來的,科技英語中常用的前綴和后綴見下表。
5.一詞多義
在科技英語詞匯中一詞多義的現象十分普遍,應熟悉了解某些常用詞的一詞多義解釋,結合上下文,給出最合適的釋義。
例如:
develop發展;發明;設計;培養
power功率;電源;電力;次方Unit4ElectronicAmplifiers科技英語中非謂語動詞的使用
Electronicamplifiersareusedmainlytoincreasethevoltage,current,orpowerofasignal.Alinearamplifierprovidessignalamplificationwithlittleornodistortion,sothattheoutputisproportionaltotheinput.Anonlinearamplifiermayproduceaconsiderablechangeinthewaveformofthesignal.Linearamplifiersareusedforaudioandvideosignals,whereasnonlinearamplifiersfinduseinoscillators,powerelectronics,modulators,mixers,logiccircuits,andotherapplicationswhereanamplitudecutoffisdesired.
Nowadays,transistorsarethemostimportantdeviceinelectronicamplifiers.WhentheBEjunctionisforwardbiased,andtheBCjunctionisreversebiased,thebasecurrentiBcancontrolthecollectorcurrentiC,representedbytheformulaiC=?βiB.Therearethreefundamentalconfigurationsintermsofconnectingtransistorsinacircuit(asshowninFig.4-1):common-emitter,common-collectorandcommon-base,.
Fig.4-1ThreeBasicConfigurationsofTransistorAmplifiers
Inthecommon-baseconnection,astheinputcurrentiEisapproximatelyequaltotheoutputcurrentiC,itiscalledthecurrentfollower.Inthisconfiguration,thecircuithaslowinputimpedanceandhighoutputimpedance.ThevoltagegainAu>0,thatmeanstheoutputandtheinputisin-phase.TheCBconfigurationcircuitismainlyusedinhighfrequencyandwidebandcircuits.
Forthetransistorvoltageamplifier,oftenitisasmallalternatingvoltagethathastobeamplified.Abipolarjunctiontransistorinthecommon-emittermodecanactasavoltageamplifierifthetransistorhasaproperbiasandasuitableresistor,calledtheload,isconnectedinthecollectorcircuit.Thisconfigurationhasmoremoderateinputandoutputimpedancethanthecommon-basecircuit.Itprovidesbothcurrentgainandvoltagegain,moreoverAu<0.
Thethirdtypeofconnectionisthecommon-collectorcircuit.Inthisconfiguration,theinputimpedanceofthetransistorisveryhighandtheoutputimpedanceislow,thevoltagegainisslightlylessthanone,representedbyAu≈1,andthepowergainisusuallylowerthanthatobtainedinacommon-baseoracommon-emittercircuit.
Ontheotherhand,electronicamplifierscontainaudioamplifiers,videoamplifiersandradiofrequencyamplifiersaccordingtothefrequencyofthesignaltobeoperated.
Audioamplifiers,suchasarefoundinradios,televisionsets,aregenerallyoperatedatfrequenciesbelow20kilohertz.Theyamplifytheelectricalsignal,whichthenisconvertedtosoundinaloudspeaker.
Videoamplifiersareusedmainlyforsignalswithafrequencyspectrumrangeupto6megahertz.Avideoamplifiermustoperateoverawidebandandamplifyallfrequenciesequallyandwithlowdistortion.
Radiofrequencyamplifiersareusedtodealwiththesignalsthattheirfrequenciesgenerallyrangefrom100kHzto1GHz,andcanextendwellintothemicrowavefrequencyrange.
科技英語中非謂語動詞的使用
在句子中只能充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式,動名詞和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。非謂語動詞雖然有動詞的特征,但不能充當謂語,只能起到名詞、形容詞或副詞的語法功能。非謂語動詞在句子中可以做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及其他一些特殊結構。
1.動詞不定式to形式
具有名詞、形容詞或副詞的功能,在句子中可以做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語等。例如:
(1)?Itisnowmuchmoreconvenienttoemployanintegratedcircuit.(動詞不定式做主語)
現在采用集成電路更方便。
(2)?Allyouhavetodoistoturnonthesystem.(動詞不定式做表語)
你所要做的就是打開系統。
(3)?Theabilitytojumpfromonedocumenttothenextismadepossiblethroughtheuseofhyperlinks.(動詞不定式做定語)
從一個文檔跳轉到另一個文檔是通過超鏈接來實現的。
(4)?Torunasoftwarepackage,yousimplyinsertthediskettecontainingthesoftwareinthediskdrive,thenenterthenameofthefilethatcontainstheapplicationssoftware.(動詞不定式做狀語)
要運行一個軟件包,你只需簡單地將含有該軟件的軟盤插入到磁盤驅動器內,然后輸入含有該應用軟件的文件名即可。
2.動名詞V-ing形式
動名詞具有名詞的功能,在句子中可以做主語、賓語、定語、表語等。例如:
(1)?Findingawaytoexploitthissourceofpowerwouldbeatremendousadvance.(動名詞做主語)
找到一種開發這一動力資源的方法將會是一次巨大的進步。
(2)?Themostpowerfultoolinprovidingcomputersecurityiscoding.(動名詞做介詞賓語及表語)
保證計算機安全的最有效的工具是編碼。
3.現在分詞V-ing形式與過去分詞V-ed形式
分詞具有形容詞或副詞的語法功能,在句子中可以做定語、狀語、表語、賓語補足語等。例如:
(1)?Thecolordependssimplyuponthelengthofthewaveproducingthelight.(現在分詞做定語)
顏色是由產生光的波長決定的。
(2)Thisnetworkcouldenhancecommunicationsbetweenteachersandstaff,allowingstudentstogainmoreoftheirteacher’stimeforinstruction.(現在分詞做伴隨狀語)
網絡加強了老師與學生之間的溝通交流,使得老師有更多的時間指導學生。
(3)?Anetworkisaseriesofpointsinterconnectedbycommunicationnetworks.(過去分詞做定語)
網絡是由通信線路互相連接在一起的一系列網點組成的。Unit5IntegratedCircuit科技英語中的定語從句
Firstly,let’sseethedevelopmentofIntegratedCircuit(IC).
Before1947,theheartoftheelectroniccircuitwasvacuumtubeinventedin1904byaBritishengineer,thoughthisdeviceunderwentconstantimprovement,inrealityforitscomplexdesign,thevacuumtubeisinherentlyunstable,power-hungry,andsubjecttoburnoutsandinternalshortcircuits.Italsotakesupalotofspace.TheseareamongtheshortcomingsofthevacuumtubethatledtothedevelopmentofthetransistorbyBellTelephoneLaboratoriesengineers.
Thekeytothetransistor’srapiddevelopmentwastheuseofsiliconinsteadofwireasthebasicconductivematerial.Thiselement,whichcomprises28percentoftheearth’scrust,isnotonlystableoverawiderangeoftemperatures,butalsooffersdependablemanufacturingcontrol.
Then,whatisIC?
Integratedcircuits,orICisacombinationofafewinterconnectedcircuitelementssuchastransistors,diodes,capacitors,andresistorsproducedinasinglemanufacturingprocessononeandthesamebearingstructure,calledthesubstrate,andintendedtoperformdefinitefunctioninvolvedinconvertinginformation.
TheelectricallyinterconnectedcomponentsthatmakeupanICarecalledintegratedelements.Ifanintegratedcircuitincludesonlyonetypeofcomponents,suchasonlydiodeorresistors,itissaidtobeanassemblyorsetofcomponents.
Theprincipleofintegratedcircuitelementsliesinthefollowing.Agreatnumberof“set”areproducedsimultaneouslyonawafer.Eachsetcontainsallthecomponentssuchastransistors,diodes,andresistorswhichareinterconnectedwithshortfinemetallicstripesdepositedonthewafersurface.Theymakeupafunctionalblock.EachICsofcomponentsisareadyintegratedcircuit.AllICsareregularlydistributedonthewafersurface.
ICscanbeclassifiedbyfunctionintotwo:circuitstobeappliedindigitalsystemsandthosetobeappliedinlinearsystems.ThedigitalICsareemployedmostlyincomputers,electroniccounters,frequencysynthesizersanddigitalinstruments.AndtheanalogorlinearICsoperateoveracontinuousrange,andincludesuchdevicesasoperationalamplifiers.
科技英語中的定語從句
定語從句一直是科技英語閱讀中經常遇到卻又難以把握的問題。定語從句一般位于所修飾的名詞(先行詞)后,緊跟先行詞,或與先行詞有一定的間隔。定語從句究竟修飾文中的哪個先行詞,一要靠語言知識理解,二要根據上下文進行邏輯判斷。
定語從句有限定性和非限定性之分。前者是主句意義中不可缺少的部分,而后者主要對主句起附加說明作用,一般與主句用逗號隔開。
定語從句的一般結構:
先行詞?+?引導詞(包括關系代詞who、that、which、whom、whose和關系副詞when、where、why)+?從句
例如:
①Atransformeriscomposedofsomecoilsthatarecoupledtogetherbymagneticinduction.
變壓器由磁感應耦合線圈組成。
②ISDNisanewserviceofferedbymanytelephonecompaniesthatprovidesfast,high-capacitydigitaltransmissionofvoice,data,stillimagesandfull-motionvideoovertheworldwidetelephonenetwork.
綜合業務數據網(ISDN)是由電話公司提供的一項新型業務,這項業務可以在世界范圍內的電話網上進行語言、數據、靜止圖像和運動視頻的快速、大容量的數字傳輸。
③Whenthepointerstopsmoving,thereadinggivenbytheohmmeteristheinsulationresistance,whichisnormallyhighifthecapacitorisingoodcondition.(非限制性定語從句)
指針停止移動時的讀數就是電容器的絕緣電阻值,假如電容器正常工作,絕緣電阻值通常很高。
注意:
1.在限定性定語從句中,引導詞指代先行詞,定語從句的引導詞在從句中充當某個成分,有時可將其省略。例如:
TheGPSreceivercomparesthetimeasignalwastransmittedbyasatellitewiththetimeitwasreceived.
GPS接收機把衛星發送信號的時間和接收信號的時間相比較。
2.在非限定性定語從句中不能使用that為關系代詞,而只能who,whom,whose等指人,用which指物或事。
3.在非限定性定語從句中,定語從句的引導詞不僅可以指代先行詞,有時還可指代前面的整個句子。
例如:
Therehavebeensomepromisingdiscoveriesinbatteryresearch,whichmayhastenthedevelopmentofapracticalbattery-poweredcar.(引導詞指代前面整個句子)
在電池研究領域的一些有前景的發現,可能會加速實用電動汽車的開發。Unit6DigitalLogicCircuit科技英語中各種數、符號的表達(一)
Thephrase“digitalelectronics”isusedtodescribethosecircuitsystemswhichprimarilyoperatewiththeuseofonlytwodifferentvoltagelevelsortwootherbinarystates.Thetwodifferentstatesbywhichdigitalcircuitsoperatemaybeofseveralforms.Theycan,inthesimplestform,consistoftheopeningandclosingofaswitch.Inthiscase,theclosed-switchstatecanberepresentedby1andtheopen-switchstateby0.
Averycommonmethodofdigitaloperationisachievedbyusingvoltagepulses.Thepresenceofapositivepulsecanberepresentedby1andtheabsenceofapulseby0.Withasquare-wavesignal,thepositivepulsescanrepresent1andthenegativepulsescanrepresent0.
Asmentionedabove,“digitallogic”isarationalprocessformakingsimple“true”or“false”decisionsbasedontherulesofBooleanalgebra.“True”canberepresentedbya1and“false”bya0,andinlogiccircuitsthenumeralsappearassignalsoftwodifferentvoltages.Logiccircuitsareusedtomakespecifictrue-falsesignalsattheinputs.Thesignalsmaybegeneratedbymechanicalswitchesorbysolid-statetransducers.Oncetheinputsignalhasbeenacceptedandconditioned(toremoveunwantedelectricalsignals,or“noise”),itisprocessedbythedigitallogiccircuits.
Thevariousfamiliesofdigitallogicdevices,usuallyintegratedcircuits,performavarietyoflogicfunctionsthroughlogicgates,including“OR”,“AND”,and“NOT”,andcombinationsofthese(suchas“NOR”,whichincludesbothORandNOT).Onewidelyusedlogicfamilyisthetransistor-transistorlogic(TTL).Anotherfamilyisthecomplementarymetaloxidesemiconductorlogic(CMOS),whichperformssimilarfunctionsatverylowpowerlevelsbutatslightlyloweroperatingspeeds.
Integratedcircuitscontainingmanytransistorsaremostcommonlyusedasswitchingdevicesindigitalelectronicslogicgates.ThethreebasictypesofdigitallogicgatesaretheANDgate,theORgate,andtheNOTgate.TheoperationofanANDgateismathematicallyexpressedbytheequationA·B=C.Thiscanbereadas“inputAandinputBequalsoutputC”.AnANDgatehastwoormoreinputsandasingleoutput.TheoutputofanANDgateistrueonlyifalltheinputsaretrue.TheoperationofanORgateisoftenexpressedbytheequationA+B=C.Thiscanbereadas“eitherinputAorinputB(orboth)equalsoutputC”.
AnORgatealsohastwoormoreinputsandasingleoutput.TheoutputofanORgateistrueifanyoneoftheinputsistrueandisfalseifalloftheinputsarefalse.AnINVERTERhasasingleinputandasingleoutputterminalandcanchangeatruesignaltoafalsesignal,thusperformingtheNOTfunction.Morecomplicatedlogiccircuitsarebuiltupfromelementarygates.Anylogicfunctioncanbeperformedbythethreebasicgatesthathavebeendescribed.Eveninalargescaledigitalsystem,suchasacomputer,control,ordigital-communicationsystem,thereareonlyafewbasicoperations,whichmustbeperformed.Thethreebasictypesofdigitallogicgatesandtheflip-floparethefourcircuitsmostcommonlyemployedinsuchsystems.
科技英語中各種數、符號的表達(一)
科技英語中經常會遇到一些數字、符號和公式,如何進行英文表述也是科技英語知識環節的基礎內容。
1.基數詞的表達表示數目的詞稱為基數詞。例如:eighteen18,seventy-six76
1)百位數的讀法
百位數的讀法為個數基數詞形式加“hundred”,表示幾百,在幾十幾與百位間加上and。
例如:
ahundredandone101
sixhundredandforty-eight648
2)千位數以上的讀法
對于千位數,從數字的右端向左端數起,每三位數加一個逗號“,”。從右開始,第一個“,”前的數字后添加thousand,第二個“,”前面的數字后添加million,第三個“,”前的數字后添加billion,然后一節一節分別表示,兩個逗號之間最大的數為百位數形式。
twothousandsixhundredandforty-eight2,648
sixteenmilliontwohundredandfiftythousandsixty-four16,250,064
fivebillion,twohundredandthirty-sevenmillion,onehundredandsixty-sixthousand,twohundredandthirty-four5,237,166,234
注意:基數詞在表示確切的數字時,不能使用百、千、百萬、十億的復數形式;但是,當基數詞表示不確切數字,如成百、成千上萬、三三兩兩時,基數詞則以復數形式出現。
2.序數詞的表達
表示順序的詞稱為序數詞。序數詞中,one—first,two—second,three—third,five—fifth,eight—eighth,nine—ninth,twelve—twelfth為特殊形式,其他的序數詞都是由其相對應的基數詞后面添加“th”構成。例如:
six—sixthnineteen—nineteenth
1)從第二十至第九十九的序數詞
整數第幾十的形式由其對應的基數詞改變結尾字母y為i,再加“eth”構成。例如:
twenty——twentieththirty——thirtieth
表示第幾十幾時,用幾十的基數詞形式加上連字符“-”和個位序數詞形式一起表示。例如:
thirty-first 第三十一
fifty-sixth 第五十六
seventy-third 第七十三
ninety-ninth 第九十九
2)第一百以上的多位序數詞
由基數詞的形式變結尾部分為序數詞形式來表示。例如:
onehundredandtwenty-first 第一百二十一
onethousand,threehundredandtwentieth 第一千三百二十
3)序數詞的縮寫形式
有時序數詞可以用縮寫形式來表示。主要縮寫形式有:
first——lst second——2nd third——3rd
fourth——4th sixth——6th twentieth——20th
twenty-third——23rd
其中lst,2nd,3rd為特殊形式,其他的都是阿拉伯數字后加上th。
3.分數的表達
表示分數時,分子要用基數詞,分母用序數詞。如果分子大于1,分母必須用復數形式:
1/3→a(one)third
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