POLITICS

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SOCIETYIntra-EUInternationalTradeCHAPTER

01OverviewoftheEuropeanSingleMarketGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)ofEuropeanUnionmemberstatesin2023(intrillionsofEuros)GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)ofEuropeanUnionmemberstates2023GDPintrillionsofeuros2.00.00.51.01.52.53.03.54.04.5GermanyFrance4.122.8Italy2.09Spain1.46NetherlandsPoland1.030.75BelgiumSwedenIreland0.580.550.50.48AustriaDenmarkRomaniaCzechia0.370.320.313Description:TheEuropeanUnioniscomprisedof27memberstateswhosharetheEuropeanSingleMarket,acommontradeareawhichensuresthefreemovementofgoods,services,capital,andpeople.Asof2022,thelargesteconomiesintheEUwereGermany,France,Italy,Spain,andtheNetherlands,withthesecountriesmakingupthevastmajorityoftheEU'salmost15trillionEuroGDP.TherelativelysmallislandmemberstatesofCyprusandMaltacomeinatthebottomofthelist,with[...]ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatPercentageshareoftheEuropeanUnion'sGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)in2023,bymemberstatePercentageshareofEuropeanUnionGDP2023,bymemberstateCroatia0.45%Slovenia0.37%LithuanBulgaria0.55%HungarySlovakia0.72%Luxembourg1.00%Greece1.3%Latvia0.24%Estonia0.22%Portugal1.57%CMalta0.11%Finland1.64%Czechia1.8%Romania1.91%Denmark2.2%Austria2.81%Germany24.29%France16.52%Ireland2.97%Sweden3.23%Belgium3.43%Poland4.41%Netherlands6.1%Spain8.62%Italy12.29%4Description:TheEuropeanUnioniscomprisedof27memberstateswitheconomiesofvaryingsizes.In2023,Germany,France,andItalymadeupoverhalfoftheEuropeaneconomy'soutput.Roughlyanotherquarteroftheunion'sGDPwasmadeupbythenextfivelargesteconomies,Spain,theNetherlands,Poland,Sweden,andBelgium.Theremaining19memberstatesmakeuptherestoftheEU'sGDP,witharound20percentcollectively.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatGrossDomesticProductpercapitaintheEuropeanUnionin2023,bymemberstate(inthousandsofeuros)GDPpercapitaintheEuropeanUnion2023,bymemberstateThousandsofeuros600204080100120140LuxembourgIreland118.7795.29DenmarkNetherlandsAustria62.8457.8452.2552.04SwedenFinlandBelgiumGermanyFrance49.749.5448.7540.8ItalyMaltaCyprus35.3535.3432.15Description:Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)percapitaisameasureofeconomicproduction,whichtakestheentireoutputofanationaleconomyduringayearanddividesitbythepopulationofthatcountry.IntheEuropeanUnion,Luxembourg,Ireland,Denmark,theNetherlands,andAustriacomeoutontopasthecountrieswhichproducedthemostpercapitain2023.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatCHAPTER

02BalanceofTradewithintheEUAnnualbalanceoftradeofEuropeanUnionmemberstatesforIntra-EUtradeinbothgoodsandservicesin2023(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:internalbalanceoftrade2023,bymemberstate350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000-50,000-100,000-150,000-200,0007Description:ThebalanceoftradeofEUmemberstatesforintra-EUtradeshowsuswhichstatesaretheexportersandwhichstatesaretheimportersthroughouttheunion.Overtheperiodsince2002,Francehasconsistentlybeenthecountrywhichrunsthelargesttradedeficit(whenimportsaregreaterthanexports)withtherestoftheEU,whiletheNetherlandshasconsistentlyrunthelargesttradesurplus(exportsgreaterthanimports).ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatTotalbalanceoftradeforgoodswithintheEuropeanUnionfrom2021to2023,bymemberstates(inmillionsofEuro)EUinternaltrade:balanceoftradeingoods2021-2023,bymemberstate202320222021400,000300,000200,000100,0000-100,000-200,0008Description:ForgoodstradewithintheEuropeanUnion,whichisdefinedbytherulesoftheEuropeanSingleMarket,therearetwonotablecountrieswhosebalanceoftradearemassivelyunbalanced.TheNetherlandsisthecountrywiththelargestgoodstradesurplusintheunion,recordingapositivebalanceofover280billionEurosin2022,whileFrancerecordedasubstantialgoodstradedeficitofaround140billionEuros.AnotherstandoutcountryisGermany,aswhileitrecordsadeficitwhichis[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2021to2023Source(s):EurostatTradebalanceinservicesfortradewithintheEuropeanUnionin2022,bymemberstate(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:servicestradebalance2022,bymemberstate60,00040,00020,0000-20,000-40,000-60,000-80,0009Description:ThecountrieswhichhavethelargestservicestradesurpluseswithintheEuropeanUnionareIreland,Luxembourg,andSpain,asof2022.Thetwolargestexportersofservices,IrelandandLuxembourg,aresomeofthesmallestEUmemberstates,witharoundfivemillionandhalfamillionresidentsrespectively.Whythesesmallcountrieshavesuchlargetradesurplusesisexplainedbythelocatingofseverallargemultinationalservicecompanieswithintheirborders,oftentotakeadvantage[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2022Source(s):EurostatTotalannualtradeingoodsbetweenEuropeanUnionmemberstatesfrom2002to2023,byproductcategory(inmillionsofEuro)EUInternalTrade:totalintra-EUgoodstrade2002-2023,byproductcategoryMachineryandtransportequipmentChemicalsandrelatedproducts,n.e.s.Mineralfuels,lubricantsandrelatedmaterialsCommoditiesandtransactionsnotclassifiedelsewhereintheSITCOthermanufacturedgoodsFood,drinksandtobaccoRawmaterials4,500,0004,000,0003,500,0003,000,0002,500,0002,000,0001,500,0001,000,000500,00002002

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202310Description:TradebetweenthememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionhasgrownsignificantlyovertheperiodsince2002.WhileEUmemberstatestrademorethantwiceasmuchmachineryandtransportequipmentin2023thantheydidintheearly2000s,thegrowthinintra-EUtradehasalsobeendrivenbyotherproductcategories.Notably,therehasbeenstronggrowthinthetradeofothermanufacturedgoods,chemicalsandrelatedproducts,andfood,drinks,andtobacco.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2002to2023Source(s):EurostatAnnualvalueofservicestradedwithintheEuropeanUnionfrom2010to2022,byproductgroup(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:valueofservicestraded2010-2022,byproductgroupCommercialservicesTravelChargesforintellectualpropertyPersonal,cultural,andrecreationalservicesGovernmentgoodsandservicesOtherbusinessservicesICTservicesManufacturingservicesMaintenanceandrepairservicesServicesnotallocatedTransportFinancialservicesInsuranceandpensionservicesConstruction3,000,0002,500,0002,000,0001,500,0001,000,000500,0000-500,000201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202211Description:TradeinserviceswithintheEuropeanUnionhasgrownhugelyovertheperiodsince2010,withparticularlylargeincreasesintransport,ICT,andfinancialservices.ServicestradeincreasedfromaroundonetrillionEurosin2010toovertwotrillionin2019,beforedroppingoffduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.?Travelservicesinparticularmorethanhalvedinvalueduring2020comparedtothepreviousyear.2021thenmarkedarecoveryinthegrowthofservicestrade,increasingbyover250[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2010to2022Source(s):EurostatTotalannualtradeingoodswithintheEuropeanUnionfrom1999to2022,byweight(inmillionsofmetrictonnes)EUInternalTrade:goodstradewithintheEU1999-2022,byweight2.01.81.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.01999

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202212Description:Thephysicalelementofinternationaltradeingoodsisoftenneglected,asinternationalstatisticstendtofocusonmonetaryvalue.Climatechangeandtheescalatingdestructionofthenaturalenvironmentmakeitclear,however,thatthetangibleelementsofinternationaltradeneedalsotobetakenintoaccount.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;1999to2022Source(s):EurostatCHAPTER

03ExportswithintheEuropeanUnionTotalannualgoodsexportsbyEuropeanUnionmemberstatestoothercountrieswithintheEUfrom1999to2023(intrillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:totalintra-EUgoodsexports1999-2023,bymemberstateGermanyHungaryBulgariaNetherlandsSwedenGreeceBelgiumIrelandCroatiaFranceSlovakiaLithuaniaItalyDenmarkEstoniaPolandRomaniaLuxembourgSpainPortugalLatviaCzechiaFinlandCyprusAustriaSloveniaMalta4.54.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.50.01999

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202314Description:Overtheperiodsince1999,exportswithintheEuropeanSingleMarkethavegrownfromaround1.3trillionEuroannually,toover4trillionEuroby2023.ThesuccessofthesinglemarketinpromotingtradeintegrationliesintheEU's'fourfreedoms'-freedomofgoods,services,labor,andcapital-whichhaveremovedbarrierstotradebetweenthememberstatesandallowedbusinessestooperatethroughouttheunioninthesamewayinwhichtheyoperateintheirdomesticmarkets.Asof[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;1999to2023Source(s):EurostatAnnualshareofgoodsexportswithintheEuropeanUnion,bymemberstatefrom2002to2023EUinternaltrade:shareofintra-EUgoodsexports2002-2023,bymemberstateGermanyHungaryBulgariaNetherlandsSwedenGreeceBelgiumIrelandLithuaniaFranceSlovakiaCroatiaItalyDenmarkEstoniaPolandRomaniaLatviaSpainPortugalLuxembourgCzechiaSloveniaCyprusAustriaFinlandMalta100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%2002

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202315Description:Sharesofintra-EUtrade,thatis,thetradeofgoodsbetweenEuropeanUnionmemberstates,haveremainedrelativelystableovertheperiodsince2002,withafewnotabletrends.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2002to2023Source(s):EurostatTotalmonthlyexportsfromBelgium,France,Germany,Italy,andtheNetherlandstootherEuropeanUnionmemberstatesfrom1999to2024(inmillionsofeuros)EUInternalTrade:monthlyexportsfromthefivelargestEUexporters1999-2024GermanyNetherlandsBelgiumFranceItaly90,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000016Description:GermanyandtheNetherlandsaretheEU'stwomajorexportingpowers,withanincreasinglylargegapopeningupbetweenthemandotherEUcountriessincetheGlobalFinancialCrisis.TheincreaseintheNetherlands'exportssincetheonsetoftheCOVID-19pandemicisespeciallystriking,asthissmallerEUmemberstateconvergeswithGermany,byfarthelargestmemberstateandeconomyintheunion.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;January1999toJanuary2024Source(s):EurostatTotalmonthlyexportsfromAustria,Czechia,Hungary,Spain,andPolandtootherEuropeanUnionmemberstatesfrom1999to2024(inmillionsofEuro)EUInternalTrade:monthlyexportsfromselectEUmemberstates1999-2024PolandSpainCzechiaAustriaHungary30,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000017Description:AmongtheEuropeanUnionmemberstateswhorankasthefifthtotenthlargestexportersintheunion,therehavebeensomedramaticincreasesinexportstootherEUcountriessince1999.Notably,PolandandCzechiahaveseentheirexportsectorsboomsincejoiningtheEUin2004,withPolandovertakingSpaintobecomethefifthlargestexporterinlate2021.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;January1999toFebruary2024Source(s):EurostatAnnualservicesexportswithintheEuropeanUnionfrom2013to2022,bymemberstate(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:servicesexports2013-2022,bymemberstatesGermanyPolandFinlandFranceDenmarkCroatiaNetherlandsSwedenLithuaniaIrelandPortugalSlovakiaLuxembourgRomaniaCyprusBelgiumCzechiaSloveniaSpainHungaryEstoniaItalyGreeceBulgariaAustriaMaltaLatvia1,400,0001,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,000200,0000201320142015201620172018201920202021202218Description:ThevalueofservicesexportedwithintheEuropeanUnionexceededonetrillionEurosforthefirsttimein2019,beforetakingaseverehitwiththeoutbreakoftheCOVID-19pandemicin2020,whichproscribedtheabilityofcompaniestoprovidein-personservicesinparticular.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2013to2022Source(s):EurostatCHAPTER

04ImportswithintheEuropeanUnionTotalannualgoodsimportsbyEuropeanUnionmemberstatesfromwithintheEUfrom1999to2022(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:totalintra-EUgoodsimports1999-2022,bymemberstateGermanySwedenSloveniaFranceHungaryLithuaniaBelgiumRomaniaBulgariaItalySlovakiaCroatiaNetherlandsDenmarkLuxembourgSpainPortugalLatviaPolandFinlandEstoniaAustriaIrelandCyprusCzechiaGreeceMalta4,500,0004,000,0003,500,0003,000,0002,500,0002,000,0001,500,0001,000,000500,00001999

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202220Description:TheinternalmarketoftheEuropeanUnionhascontinuedtogrowovertheperiodsince1999,despiteperiodsofeconomicdifficulty,suchastheGreatRecessionandEurozoneCrisisoftheearly2010sandtheCOVID-19pandemicoftheearly2020s.Sincetheturnofthemillennium,thetotalvalueofannualimportswithintheEUhavemorethantripled,fromaround1.2trillionEurostooverfourtrillionEuros.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;1999to2022Source(s):EurostatAnnualshareofgoodsimportswithintheEuropeanUnionin2023,bymemberstateEUinternaltrade:shareofintra-EUgoodsimports2023,bymemberstateShareofintra-EUimports40%

50%0%10%20%30%60%70%80%90%100%GermanyFrance22.2%11.7%8.4%ItalyNetherlandsBelgiumSpain8%7.9%6%Poland5.8%Czechia

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2.2%21Description:TradewithintheEuropeanUnionisdefinedbytheEuropeanSingleMarket,aunion-widetradeareawhichensuresthefreemovementofgoods,services,capital,andlaborbetweenEUmemberstates.Overtheperiodsince2002,GermanyandFrancehavebeenthetwolargestimportersofgoodsfromothermemberstates,whichisperhapsunsurprising,astheyarebyfarthetwolargesteconomiesandpopulationsintheEU.Asof2023,Germanyimports22.2percentofthegoods[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatTotalmonthlyimportsfromEuropeanUnionmemberstatesfrom1999to2024,byBelgium,France,Germany,Italy,andtheNetherlands(inmillionsofEuro)EUInternalTrade:monthlyimportsforthefivebiggestEUimporters1999-2024GermanyFranceItalyTheNetherlandsBelgium90,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000022Description:Overtheperiodsince1999,GermanyandFrancehavebeentheEuropeanUnion'slargestimportingcountries.AstheyaretheEU'slargestmemberstatesintermsofpopulationandgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),thisisperhapsnotsurprising.Thenextthreebiggestimportersintheunion,theNetherlands,Belgium,andItalyallimportrelativelysimilaramounts.AsBelgiumandtheNetherlandshavesmallereconomiesinabsolutetermsthanItaly,theirimportsareamoresignificantpartof[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;January1999toJanuary2024Source(s):EurostatTotalmonthlyimportsbyAustria,Czechia,Poland,Spain,andSwedenfromotherEuropeanUnionmemberstatesfrom1999to2024(inmillionsofEuro)EUInternalTrade:monthlyimportsforselectEUmemberstates1999-2024SpainCzechiaSwedenAustriaPoland30,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000023Description:FormostEuropeanUnionmemberstates,theperiodsince1999hasbeenmarkedbyincreasingtradewithotherEUcountries,asEuropeanintegrationhasbeendeepenedandtheEuropeaneconomyhasgrown.ThisisnotablythecasefortheimportsoftheEU'smedium-sizedeconomies,withPoland,Czechia,andAustriashowingstrongexportgrowthinrecentyears.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;January1999toFebruary2024Source(s):EurostatAnnualservicesimportswithintheEuropeanUnionfrom2017to2021,bymemberstate(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:servicesimports2017-2021,bymemberstatesGermanySpainSlovakiaFranceDenmarkMaltaNetherlandsPolandLithuaniaBelgiumFinlandEstoniaItalyRomaniaSloveniaLuxembourgCzechiaCyprusIrelandHungaryBulgariaAustriaPortugalCroatiaSwedenGreeceLatvia1,000,000900,000800,000700,000600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,00002017201820192020202124Description:WithintheEuropeanUnion,thelargestimportersofservicesareGermany,France,andtheNetherlands.ThetotalvalueofservicesimportswithintheEUin2021isover900billionEuros,risingsignificantlyfromtheCOVID-19relatedslumpintheservicestradein2020,whenservicesimportswereapproximately780billionEuros.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2017to2021Source(s):EurostatCHAPTER

05Industries&ProductsAnnualshareofgoodstradedwithintheEuropeanUnionfrom2002to2023,byproductclassEUInternalTrade:shareofgoodstraded2002-2023,byproductclassMachineryandtransportequipmentChemicalsandrelatedproducts,n.e.s.Food,drinksandtobaccoOthermanufacturedgoodsMineralfuels,lubricantsandrelatedmaterialsRawmaterialsCommoditiesandtransactionsnotclassifiedelsewhereintheSITC100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%2002

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202326Description:ThemajorityofgoodstradedbetweenEuropeanUnionmemberstatesareeithermachineryandtransportequipmentorothermanufacturedgoods,withchemicalsalsomakingupalmostafifthofEUtrade.Overtheperiodsince2002,thesharesoftheseproductcategorieshaveremainedrelativelystable,withadeclineinheavymanufacturedgoodsduringtheGreatRecessionandEurozoneCrisisoftheearly2010s.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2002to2023Source(s):EurostatAnnualshareofintra-EUservicestradefrom2010to2021,byproductgroupEUInternalTrade:shareofservicestrade2010-2021,byproductgroupCommercialservicesOtherbusinessservicesTransportICTservicesTravelFinancialservicesInsuranceandpensionservicesConstructionChargesforintellectualpropertyPersonal,cultural,andrecreationalservicesGovernmentgoodsandservicesManufacturingservicesMaintenanceandrepairservicesServicesnotallocated100%80%60%40%20%0%-20%20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202127Description:Commercialservices,transport,andtravelmakeupthevastmajorityofservicestradedbetweenmemberstatesintheEuropeanUnion.DuetotheoutbreakoftheCOVID-19Pandemicinearly2020,travelservicesshrunkconsiderablyasashareoftradein2020and2021,droppingbyoverfourpercentfrompre-pandemiclevels.Atthesametime,ICTserviceshaveincreasedsincethebeginningofthepandemic,reflectingtheincreasingdigitalizationofworkintheEU.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2010to2021Source(s):EurostatAnnualtradebalanceforfood,drinks,andtobaccowithintheEuropeanUnionin2023,bymemberstate(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:food,drinksandtobaccotradebalances2023,bymemberstate40,00030,00020,00010,0000-10,000-20,000-30,00028Description:TheNetherlandsandSpainhaveconsistentlybeenthebiggestexportersoffood,drinks,andtobaccointheEuropeanUnionovertheperiodsince2002,whileGermanyhasbeenthelargestimporter.TheNetherlandsisapowerhouseofEuropeanagriculture,beingfamousforitshighlymechanizedandefficientfarmsproducingfoodproductswhichareexportedthroughouttherestoftheEuropeanUnion.ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatAnnualtradebalanceforrawmaterialswithintheEuropeanUnionin2023,bymemberstate(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:tradebalanceinrawmaterials2023,bymemberstate20,00015,00010,0005,0000-5,000-10,000-15,00029Description:TheNetherlandsisbyfarthelargestexporterofrawmaterialswithintheEuropeanUnion,havingasurplusofover15billionEurosin2023.Attheoppositeend,ItalyandGermanyarethebloc'slargestimportersofrawmaterials,withGermany'sintra-EUimportsofrawmaterialsnotablygrowingin2022,duetoimportsubstitutionrequiredbythecountry'ssuddenembargoofRussianenergyimportsinthewakeoftheRussianinvasionofUkraineinFebruary2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatAnnualtradebalanceforminerals,fuels,lubricants,andrelatedmaterialswithintheEuropeanUnionin2023,bymemberstate(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:minerals,fuels,andrelatedmaterialstradebalance202380,00060,00040,00020,0000-20,000-40,00030Description:WiththesuddenembargoofRussianenergyimportsbythestatesoftheEuropeanUnioninreactiontoRussia'sinvasionofUkraineinFebruary2022,manycountriesmovedtowardsimportingenergyfromtheNetherlands.ThecountryistheEU'slargestenergyexporterduetobeingoneofthehomecountriesofShell(formerlyRoyalDutchShelluntil2022).ThecountrieswhichimportthemostenergyfromothermemberstatesweretheEU'stwolargesteconomies,GermanyandFrance.

ReadmoreNote(s):Europe,EU;2023Source(s):EurostatAnnualtradebalanceforchemicalsandrelatedproductswithintheEuropeanUnionin2023,bymemberstate(inmillionsofEuros)EUInternalTrade:chemicals&relatedproductstrade2023,bymemberstate50,00040,00030,00020,00010,0000-10,000-20,00031Description:TheRepublicofIreland,theNetherlandsandBelgiumaretheEuropeanUnion'slargestexportersofchemicalsandrelatedproducts,withGermanyalsohavingpreviouslybeingasubstantialexporter.However,thishasturned