古村落鄉村文化旅游古鎮旅游外文文獻翻譯2014年文獻出處：RobertaM,JolliffeL.Culturalruraltourism:EvidencefromCanada[J].AnnalsofTourismResearch,2014,30(2):307-322.原文Culturalruraltourism:EvidencefromCanadaRoberta;JolliffeAbstractTourismhasbecomeadevelopmenttoolformanyruralandmoreisolatedareastosupplementtraditionalindustriesthatareoftenindecline.Inthispaper,developmentofculturalruraltourismisexaminedinacasestudyofaFrenchAcadianregiononanislandineasternCanada.Therolesofcultureandcommunity-basedpartnershipsareconsideredinaproposedframeworkwithfourevolvingdevelopmentstages.Thefindingssuggestthattheframeworkisusefulforruraltourismdevelopment;thatculture,whichisoftenwellpreservedinruralareas,isavaluableresourcetoinclude;andthatcommunity-basedpartnershipssuchascooperativesmaybeveryeffective.Keywords:culturaltourism;

ruraldevelopment;

community-basedpartnershipIntroductionRuralcommunitiesandperipheralareassuchasislandsfacethechallengeofcontinuouseconomicdevelopment.Whereprimarytraditionalindustriessuchasfishingandfarmingareindecline,tourismoftenbecomesanothertooltohelpcreatejobsandtoraisethestandardsofliving.Theseareasrealizethispotentialthroughdevelopmentoflocalresources,culture,andheritage.Theintegrationofsuchalternativesourcesmayhelptosustainlocaleconomiesandtoencouragelocaldevelopment.Actuallymanytouristsseekruraldestinationswhichofferpleasantexperiencesrelatedtothenaturalenvironment,historicheritage,andculturalpatterns.Itisthiscultureandheritagethatareoftenwellpreservedbetweengenerationsinruralareasanditisinperiodsofeconomicdeclinethattheirresidentsseemtoclingmoretoadistinctheritage.Cultureandtourismthenbecomeresourcesforsocioeconomicdevelopmentinruralandperipheralcommunities.ThishasbeenobservedinstudyingculturaltourisminmanyofthesmallislandsoftheNorthAtlantic.Theruraltourismconcepthasmanyinterpretations(PageandGetz,1997

and

Sharpleyetal.,1997).BramwellandLane(1994)

proposethatruraltourismcanincludeactivitiesandinterestsinfarms,nature,adventure,sport,health,education,arts,andheritage.In1996,Pedfordexpandstheconceptintolivinghistorysuchasruralcustomsandfolklore,localandfamilytraditions,values,beliefs,andcommonheritage.Turnock(1999)

furtherbroadenstheviewofruraltourismtoembraceallaspectsofleisureappropriateinthecountryside.Giventhesevariousfindings,theconceptsforthisparticularstudyareintegratedasculturalruraltourism.Thisisdefinedasreferringtoadistinctruralcommunitywithitsowntraditions,heritage,arts,lifestyles,places,andvaluesaspreservedbetweengenerations.Touristsvisittheseareastobeinformedaboutthecultureandtoexperiencefolklore,customs,naturallandscapes,andhistoricallandmarks.Theymightalsoenjoyotheractivitiesinaruralsettingsuchasnature,adventure,sports,festivals,crafts,andgeneralsightseeing.Thisconceptfitsthe

WTO(1994)

findingthatenvironmentalandculturalheritagearemajorthemesthatcanbeconservedforfutureusewhilebenefitingthepresent.CulturalruraltourismdevelopmentTohelpunderstandtheculturalruraltourismprocess,aframeworkisproposedforanalysisofthedevelopmentactivitiesthatoccurinthecasestudy.Theframeworkisbasedonavarietyofsourcesthatindicateanicheforprovidingtouristsaneducational,adventuresome,andenrichingexperience.Thesourcesincludethemodelby

Lewis(1998),thetourismproductlifecyclefindingsof

Butler(1980)

and

Hill(1993),andthefindingsby

Prohaska(1995)

forthedevelopmentofculturaltourisminislanddestinations,whichareoftenruralareas.AlsoconsideredarePedford’sfindings

(1996)

thatlocalresidentsneedtobecomeinvolvedaspartofanarea’slivinghistorytoaidelocalculturaltourism.Thehostprovidestheknowledgeoftraditionsandfolklorewhichcontributetotourists’authenticexperienceswithoutendangeringtheresourceconcerned.ThisfitswiththeUSNationalTrustHeritageTourismprogramthatpromotesheritagedevelopmentbybalancingshort-termgainandlong-termpreservation.TheframeworkasshowninTable2

incorporatesthefindingsofthesestudies.Stageoneistheinitialevolutionwhenaruralregionemploysthetourismconceptinitseconomicdevelopmentprocess.Thisinvolvestheintegrationofculturalandruralresourcesintothesocioeconomicplanningforacommunity.Theprocessseemstobeginslowlywhenafewtouristsarriveinthecommunityandsomeresidentsseeanopportunity.Thisstageincludesmoreofindividualofferings.Thesecondstageevolvesfromthissimplestart.Itisthestagetoplanandtoimplementstrategiesthatstarttobenefitthewholeregion.Thiswilldevelopintomoreformalplansbasedoncooperationamongthecommunity’sresidents,organizations,andbusinesses.Inruralareas,thismightinvolvepartnershipsbetweenlocalandregionalgroupsaswellasnationalorganizationsandvariouslevelsofgovernment.

PageandGetz(1997)discusstheimportanceofcommunitycooperationandpartnershipsinruraltourism.

Prohaska(1995)

alsonotesthatlocalhoststendtoseekgovernmentassistanceforheritageareaswithuniqueordistinctidentitiesthathavebeendevelopedovergenerations.Atthisstage,examplesmayincludefestivalsandspecialculturaleventstoattractmoretouristsintoanarea.Thethirdstageisdevelopingtheplansintomoreadvancedandformalculturalruraltourismofferingsthatbenefitthecommunityintheshort-termandconservetheresourcesforthelong-term.Atthisstage,thereareincreasedefficiencyandeffectivedevelopmentofmorepermanentattractions,activities,andeducationalprogramsofthenaturalenvironment,historicalsites,andculturalexperiences.Atourismorganizationfortheregionalsotakescontroloftheprocesstoensuremorecoherentandintegratedmarketingofthearea.Thefinalstageisthefullycentralizedplanningandimplementingoftourismintheruralregion.Atthispoint,theplanningshouldberesponsible,appropriate,andenduringforshortandlong-termcommunitybenefitswhilealsopreservingitsresources.ItisatthisfourthstagethatfiveprinciplesproposedbytheUSNationalTrustplayaroletohelpguidethepreservationoflong-termculturalruraltourism.Theseprinciplesincludeauthenticityandquality,educationandinterpretation,preservationandprotection,localprioritiesandcapacity,andpartnerships(Prohaska1995).Ingeneral,thisframeworkislikeapyramidwithafewpeopleatthetopinstageonestartingtheprocessslowly.Bystagefour,thebaseisbroadandincludesmanypeopleandorganizationsworkinginteameffortsintheprocessforthebenefitofthewholeregion.譯文古村落和鄉村文化旅游:來自加拿大的案例研究作者：羅伯塔;喬利夫摘要旅游業已經成為許多農村和偏遠地區的重點開發產業，用以補充當地的傳統產業。在本文中，鄉村文化旅游的發展研究，主要選取的是加拿大東部的一個說法語的地區，即阿卡迪亞地區作為案例研究。文化和農村地區發展的伙伴關系的角色會分為四個階段進行分析研究。研究結果表明，該分析框架有助于鄉村文化旅游發展；,通常來說，文化在農村地一般是保存的比較完好，它是一種寶貴的資源，以及農村地區的合作社等可能對當地的旅游業都是非常有益的。關鍵詞：文化旅游；農村發展；合作社引言農村社區和周邊地區的經濟發展面臨著持續的挑戰。在主要的漁業和農業等傳統產業都在減少的背景下，旅游業往往成為另一個工具來幫助創造就業機會和提高當地的生活水平。而這些都要通過充分利用好潛在的本地資源來實現，通過發展本地文化和遺產旅游。這種替代性產業發展資源有助于維持當地的經濟發展。實際上，許多游客尋求農村目的地旅游，主要就是想享受愉快的體驗與感受農村地區的自然環境、歷史傳統和文化模式。文化、農村和旅游的概念是多維的并且是相互關聯的。弗雷德里克斯(1993)討論了農村地區旅游的內容，包括基于感知和現有的本地設施的歷史古跡、自然美景、和清潔空氣等。哈代(1988年)和米勒(1989)認為，農村旅游是指當地保存完好的遺產旅游文化傳統。同樣，麥克納提（1991)和維勒和霍爾(1992)認為文化包括家庭模式、民俗、社會習俗、博物館、紀念碑、歷史建筑和地標等。其他也包括一些荒野地區，（本譯文歸百度文庫所有，完整譯文請到百度文庫）有價值的景觀、自然歷史、建筑等也可以作為文化旅游的一部分(普倫蒂斯，1993；塔塞利，1990)。對鄉村旅游的概念，有許多的解釋。布拉姆韋爾和萊恩(1994)提出，鄉村旅游可以包括農場活動、自然、冒險、體育、衛生、教育、藝術和遺產等。貝德福德則將這一概念擴大到了歷史文化，如農村習俗和民間傳說，地方和家族傳統，價值觀，信仰和共同遺產等方面。特諾克(1999)進一步拓寬了鄉村旅游的概念，他認為，鄉村旅游指農村的各個方面的休閑活動。鑒于這些不同的研究，鄉村文化旅游這個特殊的概念，本文中指的是在一個獨特的農村社區，在該地區，有自己的傳統文化，傳統藝術，生活方式和價值觀，一代又一代的保留并繼續傳承下去。游客參觀這些農村地區，可以了解當地的文化和體驗當地的民俗、自然景觀和歷史地標等。他們也喜歡農村的其他活動，比如：自然、冒險、體育、節日、工藝品和風景觀光等。這個概念符合世貿組織(1994)的觀點，環境和文化遺產是重要的主題，可以保存下來以供將來使用并且使當下受益。鄉村文化旅游的發展為了幫助更好地理解鄉村文化旅游的發展過程，本文提出了一個分析框架用以闡述案例研究中當地農村地區的旅游開發活動。該分析框架是基于各種各樣的活動項目，提供給游客，以供他們體驗。貝德福德(1996)的研究中還認為，當地居民需要參與到該地區的文