匯報(bào)人：XX中考英語語法重點(diǎn)詞匯總結(jié)與拓展2024-02-06目錄VocabularyclassificationandbasicconceptsAsummaryofverbtensesandvoicepointsSentencetypesandguidewordselectionstrategiesApplicationtechniquesofsubjunctivemoodinvarioussentencestructuresSummaryofNonfiniteVerbFormChangesandUsage目錄Thevariationpatternofthecomparativesuperlativeofadjectivesandadverbs冠詞、代詞、介詞等其他要點(diǎn)拓展01VocabularyclassificationandbasicconceptsChapterNounsrefertopeople,places,things,ideas,orconcepts.Theycanbeclassifiedaspropernouns(specificindividuals,places,ororganizations)orcommonnouns(generalcategories).Verbsexpressactions,states,oroccurrences.Theycanbefurtherclassifiedastransitiveverbs(requiringanobject)orintransitiveverbs(notrequiringanobject),andcanalsoindicatetense,aspect,mood,andvoice.Adjectivesdescribenounsorpronouns,providingadditionalinformationabouttheirqualitiesorstates.Theycanbeusedtomodifynounsorbeusedaspredicates.Overviewofpartsofspeechsuchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,etc.referstothehabitualco-occurrenceofwordsinalanguage,suchas"strongtea"or"heavysmoker."Understandingcollocationhelpslearnersusewordsmorenaturallyandaccurately.involveslearningandrememberingcommonphrasesandexpressions,whichareoftenusedineverydayconversationandwriting.Thishelpslearnersspeakandwritemorefluently.CollocationPhraseaccumulationVocabularycollocationandphraseaccumulationSynonyms01wordsthathavesimilaroridenticalmeanings.Understandingsynonymshelpslearnersexpandtheirvocabularyandavoidrepetitioninwritingandspeaking.Antonyms02wordsthathaveoppositemeanings.Knowingantonymshelpslearnersexpresscontrastandoppositionmoreeffectively.Application03learnersshouldbeabletoidentifysynonymsandantonymsincontextandusethemappropriatelyintheirownspeechandwriting.AnalysisandapplicationofsynonymsandantonymsVocabularyandmeaning:themeaningofasentenceislargelydeterminedbythemeaningsoftheindividualwordsthatcomposeit.Therefore,itisimportantforlearnerstounderstandthemeaningsofwordsinordertounderstandandproducemeaningfulsentences.Vocabularyasthebuildingblocksofsentences:individualwordscombinetoformphrases,clauses,andultimatelycompletesentences.Therefore,havingagoodvocabularyisessentialforconstructinggrammaticallycorrectandmeaningfulsentences.Vocabularyandsentencestructure:differentwordshavedifferentfunctionswithinasentence(e.g.,subject,verb,object,adjective,adverb),andunderstandingthesefunctionshelpslearnersconstructwell-formedsentences.Theroleandpositionofvocabularyinsentences02AsummaryofverbtensesandvoicepointsChapterPresenttenseUsedtodescribeactionsorstatesthatarehappeningnow,orthatgenerallyhappen.Examples:"Ieatanappleeveryday,""Sheisstudyingfortheexam."PasttenseUsedtodescribeactionsorstatesthathavealreadyhappened.Examples:"Theyplayedfootballyesterday,""Wewerehappytoseeeachother."FuturetenseUsedtodescribeactionsorstatesthatwillhappeninthefuture.Examples:"Iwillgototheparktomorrow,""Sheisgoingtobuyanewcarnextyear."Summaryofusageofpresenttense,pasttense,andfuturetenseContinuoustenseUsedtodescribeactionsthatareinprogressataspecificmoment.Oftenusedwithtimeexpressionslike"now,""atthemoment."Examples:"Iamstudyingnow,""TheywereplayingwhenIcalled."CompletetenseUsedtodescribeactionsthathavebeencompletedinthepast.Oftenusedwithtimeexpressionslike"bythetime,""sofar."Examples:"Ihavefinishedmyhomework,""ShehadalreadyleftbythetimeIarrived."SpecialusagepromptsforcontinuousandcompletetenseThepassivevoiceisformedbyusingtheappropriateformoftheverb"tobe"followedbythepastparticipleofthemainverb.Example:"Thebookwaswrittenbyher."FormationTotransformanactivesentenceintoapassiveone,identifytheobjectoftheactivesentenceandmakeitthesubjectofthepassivesentence.Usetheappropriateformof"tobe"andthepastparticipleoftheverb.Example:Active-"Shewrotethebook,"Passive-"Thebookwaswrittenbyher."TransformationPassivevoiceformationandtransformationtechniquesInfinitiveverbsInfinitivesareoftenusedasthesubject,object,orcomplementofasentence.Theycanalsobeusedwithcertainverbstoformverbphrases.Examples:"Tolearnanewlanguageisdifficult,""Iwanttogohome."GerundsGerundsareverbformsthatendin"-ing"andfunctionasnounsinsentences.Theycanbeusedassubjects,objects,orcomplementsofprepositions.Examples:"Studyingismyfavoriteactivity,""Ienjoyswimminginthesea."Theusagescenariosofinfinitiveverbsandgerunds03SentencetypesandguidewordselectionstrategiesChapter03OthertypesofnounclausesInadditiontosubjectandobjectclauses,therearealsopredicativeclauses,appositiveclauses,andothers.01SubjectclausesClausesthatfunctionasthesubjectofasentence,suchas"Whathesaidsurprisedme."02ObjectclausesClausesthatfunctionastheobjectofaverborpreposition,suchas"Idon'tknowwherehewent."Nounclauses:subjectclauses,objectclauses,etcSelectionstrategiesChoosetheappropriaterelativepronounbasedontheantecedentandtheroleitplaysintheclause.OmissionofrelativepronounsInsomecases,therelativepronouncanbeomittedwithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentence.RelativepronounsWordssuchas"who,""whom,""whose,""that,"and"which"areusedtointroduceattributiveclauses.Attributiveclauses:selectionofrelativepronounsinrelativeclausesAdverbialclauses:AnalysisoftimeadverbialclausesandconditionaladverbialclausesClausesthatexpresstimerelations,suchas"Whendidyouarrive?"or"Wewereeatingwhenthephonerang."ConditionaladverbialclausesClausesthatexpressconditions,suchas"Ifitrains,we'llstayhome."AnalysisofadverbialclausesIdentifythetypeofadverbialclauseanditsfunctioninthesentence.TimeadverbialclausesAnalysisoftheroleofguidewordsincompoundsentencesInsomecases,theguidewordcanbeomittedwithoutaffectingthegrammarormeaningofthesentence.However,thismaychangethetoneoremphasisofthesentence.OmissionofguidewordsWordssuchas"and,""but,""or,"and"so"areusedtoconnectindependentclauses.GuidewordsincompoundsentencesIdentifythefunctionoftheguidewordinthesentenceanditsimpactonthemeaningandstructureofthecompoundsentence.Analysisoftheroleofguidewords04ApplicationtechniquesofsubjunctivemoodinvarioussentencestructuresChapterThesubjunctivemoodisoftenusedinconditionalsentencestoexpresshypotheticalsituationsorconditionsthatarecontrarytofact.Inconditionalsentences,thesubjunctivemoodtypicallyappearsintheif-clause,whilethemainclauseusestheindicativemood.Commonstructuresforconditionalsentencesinclude"If+subject+were/had+pastparticiple,subject+would/could/might+verb"toexpresshypotheticalsituationsinthepresentorpast.TheusageofsubjunctivemoodinconditionalsentencesThesubjunctivemoodisalsocommonlyusedinsuggestionanddemandsentencestructurestoexpressrequests,suggestions,orders,ordemands.Inthesestructures,thesubjunctivemoodisoftenusedwithverbssuchas"suggest,""demand,""request,""order,"etc.,followedbythat-clausescontainingthesubjunctivemood.Forexample,"Isuggestthathe(should)takeabreak"or"Shedemandedthatwe(should)finishtheworkontime"arecommonstructuresusingthesubjunctivemood.TheapplicationofsubjunctivemoodinsuggestionanddemandsentencestructuresThesubjunctivemoodcanalsobeusedtoexpressdesiresorhypotheticalsituationsincertainsentencestructures.Hypotheticalsentencestructuresusingthesubjunctivemoodcanincludephraseslike"asif"or"asthough"toindicatethatasituationisimaginaryorcontrarytofact.Indesiresentences,thesubjunctivemoodisoftenusedwithverbssuchas"wish"or"wouldrather"toexpressadesireorpreferenceforadifferentoutcome.ThesubjunctivemoodisexpressedindesireandhypotheticalsentencestructuresThesubjunctivemoodhassomespecialusagesandprecautionsthatshouldbenotedwhenapplyingitinsentences.Forexample,thesubjunctivemoodisoftenusedinformalorliterarycontextsandmaynotbeascommonininformalorspokenEnglish.Additionally,theuseofthesubjunctivemoodcansometimesbeoptional,dependingonthespecificcontextandtheintendedmeaningofthesentence.Specialusageandprecautionsofsubjunctivemood05SummaryofNonfiniteVerbFormChangesandUsageChapterInfinitivescanfunctionasthesubjectofasentence,expressinganactionorstatethatisgeneralorabstract.Asobjects,infinitivesfollowcertainverbsthatexpresswillingness,permission,orability,amongothermeanings.Infinitivescanalsoserveaspredicates,completingthemeaningofasentencebydescribingtheactionorstateofthesubject.Infinitiveassubject,object,orpredicateIt'simportanttonotethatnotallverbsfollowedby"-ing"aregerunds;somearepresentparticiples,whichhavedifferentfunctions.Gerunds,whichareverbformsendingin"-ing,"canfunctionassubjectswhentheyrefertogeneralactivitiesorstates.Asprepositionalobjects,gerundsoftenfollowprepositionsthatexpresstime,cause,ormeans,amongotherrelationships.TheuseofgerundsassubjectsorprepositionalobjectsParticiples,whichincludepresentparticiplesandpastparticiples,canfunctionasadverbialsorattributives,modifyingnounsorverbphrases.Asattributives,participlesshouldbecarefullychosentomatchthenountheymodifyintermsoftense,voice,andmeaning.Whenusingparticiplesasadverbials,it'simportanttoensurethattheylogicallymodifytheactionorstateexpressedbythemainverb.Precautionswhenusingparticiplesasadverbialsorattributives01Non-finiteverbscanbeconvertedintoeachotheraccordingtocertainpatternsandrules.02Forexample,theinfinitiveformofaverbcanoftenbeconvertedintoagerundbyadding"-ing"andviceversa.03Similarly,presentparticiplesandpastparticiplescansometimesbeconvertedintoeachotherdependingontheverbanditsmeaninginthecontext.Conversionpatternsbetweennon-finiteverbs06ThevariationpatternofthecomparativesuperlativeofadjectivesandadverbsChapter010203One-syllableadjectivesgenerallyadd"-er"or"-est"toformthecomparativeandsuperlative,suchas"tall,taller,tallest."Two-syllableadjectivesendingin"-y"change"-y"to"-i"andadd"-er"or"-est,"suchas"happy,happier,happiest."Multi-syllableadjectivesuse"more"or"most"beforetheadjective,suchas"beautiful,morebeautiful,mostbeautiful."Themethodofconstructingthecomparativesuperlativeofadjectivesusedtocomparetwoactionsorstates,suchas"runfaster,jumphigher."usedtodescribetheextremedegreeofanactionorstate,suchas"runfastest,jumphighest."TheusagescenarioofcomparativesuperlativeadverbsSuperlativeadverbsComparativeadverbscompilealistofcommonirregularcomparativeandsuperlativeformsforeasyreference.Makealistusememoryaidssuchasrhymesoracronymstohelprememberirregularforms.Mnemonicsregularpracticewithexamplesen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