TheFrenchRevolution1精選2021版課件2精選2021版課件TheRevolutionwasaperiodofpoliticalandsocialupheavalandradicalchangeinthehistoryofFrance.TheFrenchgovernmentalstructure,previouslyanabsolutemonarchywithprivilegesforthearistocracyandCatholicclergy,underwentradicalchange.3精選2021版課件Thesechangeswereaccompaniedbyviolentturmoilwhichincludedthetrialandexecutionoftheking,vastbloodshedandrepressionduringtheReignofTerror,andwarfareinvolvingothermajorEuropeannations.

ExecutionofLouisXVI

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HistoriansallagreethattheRevolutionwasawatershedeventthatchangedEuropeirrevocably(不可逆轉).

TheAmericanRevolution(1774)5精選2021版課件

Finally,inatimeofhighlysecularizedEnlightenment,theideathatKingLouisXVIhadabsolutepowerduetodivineright—theideathathehadbeenhandpickedbyGod—didn’tholdnearlyasmuchwaterasinthepastfewdecades.6精選2021版課件

Ultimately,theseproblemswerethefinalcatalystfortheRevolution.7精選2021版課件In1789,whentheEstates-General,reconvenedanditbecameapparentthatthehigher-rankingclassesrefusedtoforfeittheirprivilegestosavethecountry,thefrustrationoftheFrenchbourgeoisiereacheditsboilingpoint.TheRevolutionwasthusabattletoachieveequalityandremoveoppression.TheEstates-General,17898精選2021版課件TheRevolutionwonanumberofvictories:NoruleraftertheRevolutiondaredtoreversethepropertyandrightsgainedduringtheRevolution,sothosewhohadpurchasedchurchlandwereallowedtokeepit.Thenewtaxsystemremaineddevoidoftheinfluenceofprivilege,sothateverymanpaidhisshareaccordingtopersonalwealth.Thebreakdownofchurchandfeudalcontractsfreedpeoplefromtithesandotherincurredfees.

PeasantsPayingTithes9精選2021版課件Onthewhole,theFrenchpeoplehadseentheimpacttheycouldhaveovertheirgovernment,andthatliberating,inspiringspiritwasunlikelyeveragaintobesuppressed.10精選2021版課件SummaryofEvents

NoonefactorwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheRevolution.YearsoffeudaloppressionandfiscalmismanagementcontributedtoaFrenchsocietythatwasripeforrevolt.Notingadownwardeconomicspiralinthelate1700s,LouisXVIbroughtinanumberoffinancialadvisorstoreviewtheweakenedFrenchtreasury.Eachadvisorreachedthesameconclusion—thatFranceneededaradicalchangeinthewayittaxedthepublic—andeachadvisorwas,inturn,kickedout.1.FeudalismandUnfairTaxation11精選2021版課件

Finally,thekingrealizedthatthistaxationproblemreallydidneedtobeaddressed,soheappointedanewcontrollergeneraloffinance,CharlesdeCalonne,in1783.

Calonnesuggestedthat,amongotherthings,Francebegintaxingthepreviouslyexemptnobility.Butthenobilityrefused.Financialruinthusseemedimminent.

Charles

de

Calonne(bornJan.20,1734,Douai,France—diedOct.29,1802,Paris)12精選2021版課件2.TheEstates-General

Indesperation,LouisXVIdecidedin1789toconvenetheEstates-General,anancientassemblyconsistingofthreedifferentestatesthateachrepresentedaportionoftheFrenchpopulation.However,sincetwoofthethreeestates—theclergyandthenobility—weretax-exempt,theattainmentofanysuchsolutionwasunlikely.ThemeetingoftheEstatesGeneralMay5,1789

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Moreover,theoutdatedrulesoforderfortheEstates-Generalgaveeachestateasinglevote,despitethefactthattheThirdEstate—consistingofthegeneralFrenchpublic—wasmanytimeslargerthaneitherofthefirsttwo.Feudsquicklybrokeoutoverthisdisparityandwouldprovetobeirreconcilable.Realizingthatitsnumbersgaveitanautomaticadvantage,theThirdEstatedeclareditselfthesovereignNationalAssembly.Withindaysoftheannouncement,manymembersoftheothertwoestateshadswitchedallegiancesovertothisrevolutionarynewassembly.Liberté,Egalité,Fraternité:TheFrenchRevolution

14精選2021版課件3.TheBastilleandtheGreatFear

ShortlyaftertheNationalAssemblyformed,itsmemberstooktheTennisCourtOath,swearingthattheywouldnotrelentintheireffortsuntilanewconstitutionhadbeenagreedupon.TheNationalAssembly’srevolutionaryspiritgalvanizedFrance,manifestinginanumberofdifferentways.TheTennisCourtOathbyJacques-LouisDavid15精選2021版課件InParis,citizensstormedthecity’slargestprison,theBastille,inpursuitofarms.Inthecountryside,peasantsandfarmersrevoltedagainsttheirfeudalcontractsbyattackingthemanorsandestatesoftheirlandlords.Dubbedthe“GreatFear,”theseruralattackscontinueduntiltheearlyAugustissuingoftheAugustDecrees,whichfreedthosepeasantsfromtheiroppressivecontracts.StormingtheBastille14July1789

16精選2021版課件Shortlythereafter,theassemblyreleasedtheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen,whichestablishedaproperjudicialcodeandtheautonomyoftheFrenchpeople.TheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandCitizenof1793

17精選2021版課件4.RiftsintheAssemblyThoughtheNationalAssemblydidsucceedindraftingaconstitution,therelativepeaceofthemomentwasshort-lived.Ariftslowlygrewbetweentheradicalandmoderateassemblymembers,whilethecommonlaborersandworkersbegantofeeloverlooked.WhenLouisXVIwascaughtinafoiledescapeplot,theassemblybecameespeciallydivided.ThemoderateGirondinstookastanceinfavorofretainingtheconstitutionalmonarchy,whiletheradicalJacobinswantedthekingcompletelyoutofthepicture.theJacobinstheGirondins18精選2021版課件

OutsideofFrance,someneighboringcountriesfearedthatFrance’srevolutionaryspiritwouldspreadbeyondFrenchland.Inresponse,theyissuedtheDeclarationofPillnitz,whichinsistedthattheFrenchreturnLouisXVItothethrone.Frenchleadersinterpretedthedeclarationashostile,sotheGirondin-ledassemblydeclaredwaronAustriaandPrussia.

TheDeclarationofPillnitzonAug.27,1791,wasastatementissuedattheCastleofPillnitzinSaxony(southofDresden)bytheHabsburgHolyRomanEmperorLeopoldIIandFrederickWilliamIIofPrussia.CallingonEuropeanpowerstointerveneifLouisXVIofFrancewasthreatened,thisdeclarationwasintendedtoserveasawarningtotheFrenchrevolutionariesnottoinfringefurtherontherightsofLouisXVIandtoallowhisrestorationtopower.19精選2021版課件5.TheReignofTerror

ThefirstactsofthenewlynamedNationalConventionweretheabolition

ofthemonarchyandthedeclarationofFranceasarepublic.InJanuary1793,theconventiontriedandexecutedLouisXVIonthegroundsoftreason.DespitethecreationoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety,thewarwithAustriaandPrussiawentpoorlyforFrance,andforeignforcespressedonintoFrenchterritory.EnragedcitizensoverthrewtheGirondin-ledNationalConvention,andtheJacobins,ledbyMaximilienRobespierre,tookcontrol.Robespierre(1758-1794)20精選2021版課件

BackedbythenewlyapprovedConstitutionof1793,RobespierreandtheCommitteeofPublicSafetybeganconscriptingFrenchsoldiersandimplementinglawstostabilizetheeconomy.ButRobespierreembarkeduponaReignofTerrorinlate1793–1794,duringwhichhehadmorethan15,000peopleexecutedattheguillotine.WhentheFrencharmysuccessfullyremovedforeigninvadersandtheeconomyfinallystabilized,however,Robespierrenolongerhadanyjustificationforhisextremeactions,andhehimselfwasarrestedinJuly1794andexecuted.ApictureoftheguillotineusedduringtheReignofTerror

21精選2021版課件6.TheThermidorianReactionandtheDirectory

TheerafollowingtheoustingofRobespierrewasknownastheThermidorian(熱月黨人)Reaction,andaperiodofgovernmentalrestructuringbegan,leadingtothenewConstitutionof1795andasignificantlymoreconservativeNationalConvention.Tocontrolexecutiveresponsibilitiesandappointments,agroupknownastheDirectory(督政府)wasformed.TheDirectory’sabuseofpowersooncametorivalthatofanyofthetyrannousrevolutionariesFrancehadfaced.theThermidorianReaction22精選2021版課件7.NapoleonBonaparte(1769-1821)

Meanwhile,theCommitteeofPublicSafety’swareffortwasrealizingunimaginablesuccess.Frencharmies,especiallythoseledbyyounggeneralNapoleonBonaparte,weremakingprogressinnearlyeverydirection.23精選2021版課件

Napoleon’sforcesdrovethroughItalyandreachedasfarasEgyptbeforefacingadeflatingdefeat.Int