初中英語音標教學課件CATALOGUE目錄BasicConceptsandClassificationofPhoneticAlphabetDetailedExplanationofVowelAlphabetandPronunciationTechniquesDetailedExplanationofConsonantPhoneticAlphabetandPronunciationTechniquesCATALOGUE目錄WordphonicspracticeandskillguidanceSentencereadingskillsandintonationtrainingSummary,Review,andExtension01BasicConceptsandClassificationofPhoneticAlphabetPhoneticSymbolisasymbolusedtorecordphonemes,usedtoidentifyphonemesinspeech,andisafundamentaltoolinphoneticsresearch.Thefunctionofphoneticsymbolsistoprovideanaccurateandconsistentphoneticannotationmethod,helpinglearnersmastercorrectpronunciationandimprovetheiroralandlisteningabilities.DefinitionandFunctionofPhoneticAlphabetComparisonbetweenInternationalPhoneticAlphabetandAmericanPhoneticAlphabetTheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)isasetofinternationallyrecognizedphoneticsymbolsdevelopedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociation,usedtoannotatethephoneticsofvariouslanguages.TheAmericanPhoneticAlphabet(KK)isaphoneticsystemdesignedforthepronunciationofAmericanEnglish,primarilyusedtoindicatethepronunciationofAmericanEnglish.ThedifferencebetweentheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetandtheAmericanPhoneticAlphabetliesinthedifferencesinsymbolsandpronunciationrules.Forexample,the/r/intheInternationalPhoneticAlphabetispronouncedslightlydifferentlywiththetonguepositionintheAmericanPhoneticAlphabet.ClassificationandcharacteristicsofvowelsandconsonantsVowelsarephonemesthatareunobstructedwhenairflowsthroughthemouthduringpronunciation.Theycanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesbasedontheheightofthetongue,thedegreeofroundnessofthelips,suchasvowelsanddiphthongs.Consonantsarephonemesthathinderairflowintheoralcavityduringpronunciation.Theycanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypesbasedonthelocationandmethodofpronunciation,suchasplosives,fricatives,nasalsounds,etc.Themaindifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesinwhethertheairflowisobstructedduringpronunciationandthewaysinwhichitisobstructed.Duringvowelpronunciation,theairflowisunobstructed,whileduringconsonantpronunciation,theairflowishinderedtovaryingdegreesintheoralcavity.02DetailedExplanationofVowelAlphabetandPronunciationTechniques/i:Whenpronouncing,thelipsareslightlyopen,thetipofthetongueispressedagainsttheteeth,thefrontofthetongueisraised,andbothsidesofthetonguearepressedagainstthesidesoftheteeth,resultinginaflatmouthshape.Examplewords:be,see,tree.MethodsandExamplesofPronunciationofMonophones/?/Whenpronouncing,openyourmouthwide,keepyourtongueasfarawayfromthelowergumsaspossible,andliftthemiddleofyourtongueslightly.Examplewords:her,fur,term./ɑ/Whenpronouncing,themouthshouldbeopen,thetongueshouldbeflat,thetipofthetongueshouldnotbeagainstthelowerteeth,andthechinshouldbeloweredforeasypronunciation.Examplewords:car,far,star.MethodsandExamplesofPronunciationofMonophones/?/Whenpronouncing,thelipsshouldbesmallandround,protrudingforward,andthetongueshouldberetracted.Examplewords:talk,ball,call./uWhenpronouncing,themouthissmallandround,slightlyprotruding,andthetongueretracts.Examplewords:blue,glue,shoe.MethodsandExamplesofPronunciationofMonophones/E?/Pronouncefrom/e/to/?/Sliding,frontheavyandbacklight,mouthshapefromhalfopentoclosed.Examplewords:name,cake,late./A?/Pronouncefrom/a/to/?/Sliding,frontheavyandbacklight,mouthshapefromopentoclosed.Examplewords:like,like,five./??/Pronouncedby/?/To/?/Sliding,frontheavyandbacklight,lipsroundtoflat.Examplewords:boy,toy,voice./A?/Pronouncefrom/a/to/?/Slideandadjustthemouthshapefromlargetosmall.Examplewords:out,now,now./??/Pronouncedby/?/To/?/Slideandadjustthemouthshapefromhalfopentosmall.Examplewords:go,no,know.0102030405ThepronunciationmethodandexamplesofdiphthongsPronunciationpatternsofvowellettercombinationsVowel+Consonant+eVowellettersproducelongsounds.Forexample:make,she,he.Vowels+ConsonantsVowellettersproduceshortsounds.Forexample:cat,dog,hot.Vowel+rVowellettercombinationproducesarolledtonguesound.Forexample:car,far,star.Doublevowellettercombinationpronouncedifferentdoublevowelsaccordingtothecombination.Forexample:ai,aysends/e?/；Oi,oysend/??/。03DetailedExplanationofConsonantPhoneticAlphabetandPronunciationTechniques/P/Closeyourlipstightly,thenquicklyopenthemandlettheairflowrushoutofyourmouth,makingapoppingsound.Forexample:pen./T/Pressthetipofthetongueagainsttheuppergum,holdyourbreath,andthensuddenlypopthetipofthetonguetolettheairflowrushoutofthemouth,makingapoppingsound.Forexample:ten(ten)./K/Pressthebackofthetongueagainstthesoftpalate,holdyourbreath,andthensuddenlyleave,sendingyourbreathoutandmakingapoppingsoundlikecoughing.Forexample:cat.Pronunciationmethodsandexamplesofclearconsonants/BCloseyourlipstightly,thensuddenlyopenthem,allowingairtorushoutofyourmouth,makingapoppingsoundandvibratingyourvocalcords.Forexample:bag./D/Pressthetipofthetongueagainsttheuppergum,holdyourbreath,andthensuddenlyleave,causingtheairflowtorushoutofthemouth,producingapoppingsoundandvibratingvocalcords.Forexample:dog./G/Pressthebackofthetongueagainstthesoftpalate,holdthebreath,andthenthetonguesuddenlymovesaway,sendingoutthebreath,makingapoppingsoundandvibratingthevocalcords.Forexample:girl.PronunciationmethodsandexamplesofvoicedconsonantsPronunciationpatternsofconsonantlettercombinations/Whenpronouncing"tr/",firstpressthetipofthetongueagainsttheuppergumtoprepareforthe/r/sound.Thelipsshouldberoundedandslightlyprotruding,andthetipofthetongueshouldnottouchthesurfaceofthetongue.Then,thetipofthetongueshouldbepressedagainstthegumtoformanobstruction.Aftertheairflowbreaksthroughtheobstruction,ashort/t/soundisproduced,andthenthe/r/soundisimmediatelypronounced.Forexample:tree./Whenpronouncing,firstpressthetipofthetongueagainsttheuppergum,preparetomakea/r/sound,withthelipsslightlyroundedandprotruding.Donotletthetipofthetonguetouchthesurfaceofthetongue,thenpressthetipofthetongueagainstthegumtocreateanobstruction.Aftertheairflowbreaksthroughtheobstruction,makeashort/d/soundandimmediatelymakea/r/sound.Forexample:dream./Whenpronouncing,thetipofthetonguefirstpressesagainsttheuppergum,blockingtheairflowandallowingittobesentoutbetweenthetipofthetongueandthegum.Forexample:cats./Dz/:Whenpronouncing,thetipofthetonguefirstpressesagainsttheuppergum,blockingtheairflowandallowingittobesentoutbetweenthetipofthetongueandthegum.Forexample:beds.Pronunciationpatternsofconsonantlettercombinations04WordphonicspracticeandskillguidanceObservingthesyllablecompositionofwordsDeterminethepositionofstressedsyllablesbydividingthemintodifferentsyllables.Usually,thestressofadisyllabicwordisonthefirstsyllable,whilethestressofapolysyllabicwordisonthethirdtolastsyllable.IdentifyingstresssymbolsInphoneticsymbols,stressedsyllablesareusuallyrepresentedbythestresssymbol(').Studentsshouldlearntorecognizethesymbolandaccuratelyplacethestressonthecorrespondingsyllable.ListeningtrainingThroughextensivelisteningtraining,cultivatestudents'sensitivitytostressedsyllables,soastoaccuratelydeterminethestressedsyllablesofwords.MethodforJudgingWordStressandSyllablesAnalysisofthephenomenonofwordlinking,weakreading,andexplosivelossLinking:InEnglish,inordertomaintainlanguagefluency,linkingoccursbetweenadjacentwords.Studentsshouldlearntorecognizecommonlinkingcombinationsandmasterpronunciationskillsduringlinking.Weakreading:Insentences,somenonstressedwordsorsyllablesmayexperienceweakreading,meaningthattheirpronunciationbecomesblurryorweakened.Studentsshouldunderstandtherulesofweakreadingandapplytheminactualpronunciation.Lossofexplosion:Insomecases,theexplosivesoundsinwords(suchas/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,etc.)willlosetheirexplosion,meaningthattheairflowisnotcompletelyblockedduringpronunciation.Studentsshouldmastertheruleoflosingexplosionandbecarefultoavoidexcessiveexplosionwhenpronouncing.StrategiestoimprovewordspellingaccuracyandfluencySystematicLearningofPhoneticAlphabet:StudentsshouldsystematicallylearntheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,masterthepronunciationmethodsandskillsofeachphoneticalphabet,andlayafoundationforaccuratespellingofwords.Listenandimitatemore:Throughextensivelisteningtrainingandimitationexercises,studentscangraduallybecomefamiliarwiththepronunciationcharacteristicsandpatternsofEnglish,andimprovetheaccuracyandfluencyofspelling.Developastudyplan:Studentscandevelopadetailedstudyplan,scheduleacertainamountoftimeeverydayforphoneticsymbolslearningandwordspellingpractice,andpersistentlyimprovetheirspellingability.Usingauxiliarytools:Studentscanusephoneticsymbols,pronunciationdictionaries,andotherauxiliarytoolstohelpthemselvesbettermasterthespellingandpronunciationskillsofwords.05SentencereadingskillsandintonationtrainingInasentence,somewordsneedtobeemphasizedtohighlighttheirimportance.Usually,contentwords(suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs)requirestress,whilefunctionwords(suchasarticles,prepositions,andconjunctions)donot.SentencestressWhenreadingasentencealoud,appropriatepausescanhelpbetterexpressthemeaningofthesentence.Generallyspeaking,appropriatepausesarerequiredbetweenthesubjectandpredicateofasentence,betweenthepredicateandobject,andbetweendifferentpartsofalongsentence.PauseprocessingSentencestressandpausehandlingtechniquesUsuallyusedtoexpressquestions,uncertainties,orincompletesentences.Whenreadingaloud,thetonegraduallyrises,givingafeelingofupwardmovement.Usuallyusedtoexpressaffirmative,definite,orcompletesentences.Whenreadingaloud,thetonegraduallydecreases,givingasenseofstability.InactualEnglishcommunication,peoplewillusedifferentintonationcombinationsbasedondifferentsituationsandemotions.Therefore,studentsneedtolistenmoreandimitatemore,graduallymasteringtherulesofusingdifferentintonations.AscendingtoneDowntoneIntonationcombinationMasteringtherulesofintonationchangesImitateauthenticEnglishpronunciationandintonationmethodsListeningtraining:Throughextensivelisteningtraining,studentscanbecomefamiliarwithauthenticEnglishpronunciationandintonation.YoucanchoosesomestandardEnglishpronunciationtextbooksorlisteningmaterialstofollowandimitate.Pronunciationpractice:TargetedpronunciationexercisesareconductedforsomespecialpronunciationphenomenainEnglish,suchaslinking,weakpronunciation,andlossofexplosion.Youcanpracticebyimitatingtheteacher'spronunciationorthepronunciationinthelisteningmaterials.Intonationimitation:Basedonlisteningtraining,studentscangraduallyimitateauthenticEnglishintonation.Youcanchoosesomerepresentativesentencesorparagraphstoimitate,payattentiontotheuseofrisingandfallingtonesandintonationchangesindifferentcontexts.06Summary,Review,andExtensionSummaryandReviewofKeyKnowledgePointsPhoneticsymbolsclassificationvowelsymbols,consonantsymbols,diphthongsymbols,consonantligatures,etc;Pronunciationrulespronunciationrulessuchasstress,linking,weakpronunciation,explosivesound,etc;Therelationshipbet…Theimportanceofphoneticsforwordspelling,howtousephoneticstoassistinmemorizingwords;Commonpronunciation…suchasconfusionbetween/v/and/w//θ/Inaccuratepro