商務(wù)合同條款和翻譯的留意事項(xiàng)及范例2023-5-3118:52 大小公司都會(huì)有自己的合同制式，但是清楚各項(xiàng)條款還是必需的。常見(jiàn)的書(shū)面文本有四種：Contract〔合同〕,Confirmation〔確議書(shū)〕,Agreement〔協(xié)議〕和Memorandum〔備忘錄〕。前兩者多用與商業(yè)中，其條款要具體切正規(guī)。而備忘錄多用與團(tuán)體和政府部門(mén)。合同要有正本〔Original〕和副本〔Copy〕。通常承受的格式是三局部：首部〔Head〕，主體〔Body〕和尾部〔End〕。下面我們就列出一份通常承受的比較完整的合同條款：一、首部合同的名稱(chēng)合同的編號(hào)簽約日期簽約地點(diǎn)買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方的名稱(chēng)、地址、聯(lián)系方式序言二、主體貨物的名稱(chēng)條款〔CommodityandSpecifications〕貨物的品質(zhì)條款〔Quality〕數(shù)量條款〔Quantity〕價(jià)格條款〔Price〕裝運(yùn)時(shí)間條款〔TimeofShipment〕保險(xiǎn)條款〔Insurance〕包裝條款〔Packing〕運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志/嘜頭〔ShippingMark〕保證條款〔GuaranteeofQuality〕檢驗(yàn)索賠條款〔InspectionandClaims〕支付條款〔TermsofPayment〕運(yùn)輸方式〔TermsofShipment〕不行抗力條款〔ForceMajeure〕延期交貨和懲罰條款〔LateDeliveryandPenalty〕仲裁條款〔Arbitration〕三、尾部〔Remarks〕有效日期所遵守法律〔也可依據(jù)國(guó)際規(guī)定〕雙方簽名合同的備注局部貨物的名稱(chēng)貨物的名稱(chēng)必需準(zhǔn)確、科學(xué)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，通常要包括品牌、屬性和用途三個(gè)要素。比方：護(hù)彤小兒感冒顆粒，其中護(hù)彤是商品的品牌，小兒指屬性，而感冒顆粒則說(shuō)明用途。品質(zhì)條款貨物的品質(zhì)通常不簡(jiǎn)潔向?qū)Ψ奖磉_(dá)，但是我們也可以從下面幾個(gè)方面來(lái)呈現(xiàn)：1〕憑樣品〔bysample〕2〕憑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)〔bystandard〕3〕憑品牌〔bybrand〕4〕憑產(chǎn)地〔byorigin〕5〕憑規(guī)格〔byspecification〕6〕憑文字說(shuō)明〔bydescription〕我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：ChineseGroundnut,F.A.Q.Moisture〔max13%〕,Admixture〔max5%〕,OilContent〔min44%〕。其中F.A.Q.是一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，是FairAverageQuality的縮寫(xiě)，意思就是“良好平均品質(zhì)”。數(shù)量條款計(jì)量單位：重量：用于一般的自然產(chǎn)品〔羊毛，棉花，谷物，礦產(chǎn)品及局部工業(yè)制品〕。常ton-M/T〕；長(zhǎng)噸〔longton〕；短噸〔shortton〕；等個(gè)數(shù)：雜貨及工業(yè)成品，如：成衣、文具、紙張、玩具等。常用單位：件piecepc〕；套〔set〕；打〔dozen〕；羅〔gross-gr〕；令〔ream-rm〕；卷〔rollcoil〕；等〔sq.m.〕；〔sq.ft.〕；平方碼〔sq.yd.〕長(zhǎng)度：布匹，塑料布，電線電纜，繩索等。常用單位：米〔m〕；英尺〔ft〕；碼〔yd〕〔liter-L〕；加侖〔gallon-gal〕；蒲式耳〔bushel-bul〕體積：木材，鋼材等，要用立方Cubic來(lái)表示。常用單位：立方米〔cu.m.〕；立方英尺〔cu.ft.〕；立方碼〔cu.yd.〕們來(lái)看一下：凈重—netweight；毛重—grossweight；皮重—tare.經(jīng)?？吹絞rossfornet這樣的說(shuō)明，其實(shí)這個(gè)意思是說(shuō)“以毛作凈”，也就是用毛重當(dāng)作凈重對(duì)待。4.價(jià)格條款價(jià)格條款中要包括計(jì)價(jià)單位，貨幣名稱(chēng)，單位價(jià)格金額和價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)。比方：100.CIF.Londoneach.dozen這段描述的意思是到倫敦港的到岸價(jià)是每打100英鎊。其中，CIF是貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)，是指“到岸價(jià)格”，是CostInsuranceandFreight的縮寫(xiě)。〔貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)解釋貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移或者賣(mài)方費(fèi)用問(wèn)題，共有13種，一般都要加上裝運(yùn)港或者目的港等的名稱(chēng)。〕TimeofShipment=裝運(yùn)時(shí)間1〕限定裝船時(shí)間；2〕限定最終日期；3〕限定日〔在收到信用證〕Insurance=保險(xiǎn)條款保險(xiǎn)條款=〔theinsured〕+向誰(shuí)辦理〔theinsurer〕+投保險(xiǎn)別〔coverage〕+投保金額〔insuranceamount〕+〔責(zé)任條款〕〔generalrisk〕〔additionalrisks〕是必選的，附加險(xiǎn)是用來(lái)保證貨物安全，是雙方協(xié)商選的。必選的根本險(xiǎn)按重要性排列為F.P.A平安險(xiǎn)WithFreefromParticularAveragW.P.A.〔水漬險(xiǎn)WithFreefromWaterAverage〕和A.R.〔一切險(xiǎn)AllRisks〕。常見(jiàn)的附加險(xiǎn)也分為一般附加險(xiǎn)〔generaladditionalrisk〕和特別附加險(xiǎn)〔Specialadditionalrisk〕。一般附加險(xiǎn)包括以下幾種：Theft,PilferageandNon-DeliveringRisk〔T.P.N.D.〕偷竊提貨不著險(xiǎn)FreshWaterandRainDamageRisk淡水雨淋險(xiǎn)ShortageRisk短量險(xiǎn)IntermixtureandContaminationRisk混雜玷污險(xiǎn)LeakageRisk滲漏險(xiǎn)ClashandBreakageRisk碰損裂開(kāi)險(xiǎn)TaintofOdorRisk串味險(xiǎn)SweatandHeatingRisk受潮受熱險(xiǎn)9〕HookDamageRisk鉤損險(xiǎn)10〕BreakageofPackingRisk包裝破損險(xiǎn)11〕RustRisk銹損險(xiǎn)特別附加險(xiǎn)包括以下幾種：1〕WarRisk戰(zhàn)斗險(xiǎn)2〕StrikeRisk罷工險(xiǎn)3〕OnDeckRisk艙面險(xiǎn)ImportDutyRisk進(jìn)口關(guān)稅險(xiǎn)FailuretoDeliverRisk交貨不到險(xiǎn)RejectionRisk拒收險(xiǎn)AflataxionRisk黃曲霉素險(xiǎn)〔指花生、大豆等發(fā)霉?！惩ǔ１ｋU(xiǎn)條款要寫(xiě)成：Sb.insurethegoodswith承保人against險(xiǎn)種for/on %oftheinvoicevalue.比方：買(mǎi)方托付賣(mài)方按發(fā)票全額的120%投保水漬險(xiǎn)和偷竊提貨不到險(xiǎn)，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)由買(mǎi)方擔(dān)當(dāng)。TheBuyerhereby/willentrusttheSellertoinsurethegoodagainstW.P.A.andT.P.N.D.for120%oftheinvoicevalue.TheinsurancepremiumshouldbebornebytheBuyer.7.Packing〔包裝條款〕customarypacking；seaworthypacking；packingsuitableforlongdistance；等等。具體規(guī)定的描述如：1〕3040碼。Tobepackedinwoodencases,30piecespercaseof40ydeach.2〕25公斤。Inirondrumof25kgneteach.3〕用聚丙烯編制包裝袋，每包重50公斤，以毛重作凈重，包裝袋質(zhì)量良好，適于海運(yùn)，包裝袋上用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)上品名、重量、原產(chǎn)國(guó)別和包裝日期。Tobepackedinpolypropylenewovenbags,50kgeach,grossfornet.Thebags,shouldbefairygoodinqualityandsuitableforoceantransportation,onwhichthenameofthegoods,weight,countryoforiginandpackagedateshouldbewritten/markedinEnglish.ShippingMark〔運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志/嘜頭〕運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志通常要包括以下內(nèi)容：一些指示性〔indicativemarks〕和警告性〔warningmarks〕的圖畫(huà)和語(yǔ)言。比方：上指的雙箭頭的表示Thissideup；雨傘表示Keepdry；玻璃杯表示Breakable或者Handlewithcarpoisonsexplosives易燃；等等運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志：a.目的港名稱(chēng)b.件號(hào)c.買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方代號(hào)出口地：比方MadeinChina.GuaranteeofQuality〔保證條款〕保證條款需要注明保證內(nèi)容和保證時(shí)間，即保證的起至日期。比方：對(duì)有證據(jù)證明因瑕疵材料或工藝造成的缺陷進(jìn)展補(bǔ)救。Thecontractoragreetoredothepartoftheprojectwhicharenotconformedtothedrawings”specificationwiththeotherprojectsperformed/donemeanwhile,remedydefectscausedby/resultfrom/arisefromfaultymaterialsandworkmanshipwhichareprovedbyevidenceinoneyearafterthecompletionoftheproject.10.InspectionandClaims〔檢驗(yàn)索賠條款〕1〕檢驗(yàn)條款=檢驗(yàn)權(quán)的規(guī)定〔檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)〕+檢驗(yàn)的內(nèi)容〔檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)〕+檢驗(yàn)時(shí)間通常檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)有以下寫(xiě)法：InspectionCertificateofQuality/Quantity/Weight/Value/Health/…DisinfectionInspectionCertificate消毒檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)SanitaryInspectionCertificate衛(wèi)生檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)來(lái)看以下兩句合同內(nèi)容和其翻譯：例1：雙方同意以裝運(yùn)港中國(guó)進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)局簽發(fā)的品質(zhì)及數(shù)量檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)為最終依據(jù)對(duì)雙方具有約束力。ItismutuallyagreedthatthegoodsaresubjecttotheInspectionCertificateofQualityandInspectionCertificateofQuantityissuedbyChinaImportandExportattheportofshipment.TheCertificateshallbebindingonbothparties.例2：在交貨前制造商應(yīng)就訂貨的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、數(shù)量、性能作出準(zhǔn)確全面的檢驗(yàn)，并出檢驗(yàn)書(shū)內(nèi)。Beforedeliverythemanufacturershouldmakeapreciseandoverallinspectionofthegoodsregardingquality,quantity,specificationandperformanceandissuethecertificateindicatingthegoodsinconformitywiththestipulationofthecontract.Thecertificatesareonepartofthedocumentspresentedtothebankfornegotiationofthepaymentandshouldnotbeconsideredasfinalregardingquality,quantity,specificationandperformance.ThemanufacturershouldincludetheinspectionwrittenreportintheInspectionCertificateofQuality,statingtheinspectionparticulars.2〕索賠條款=索賠權(quán)的規(guī)定+索賠時(shí)間+索賠依據(jù)+賠付方法例1：買(mǎi)方對(duì)于裝運(yùn)貨物的任何異議必需與裝運(yùn)貨物的船只到達(dá)目的港后30天內(nèi)提出，并須供給經(jīng)賣(mài)方同意的公正機(jī)關(guān)出具的檢驗(yàn)報(bào)告屬于保險(xiǎn)公司或輪船公司責(zé)任范圍的索賠，賣(mài)方不予受理。Anydiscrepancyontheshippedgoodsshouldbeputforwardwithin30daysafterthearrivalofthevesselcarryingthegoodsattheportofdestinationandtheBuyershouldpresenttheSurveyReportissuedbytheSurveyoragreedbytheSeller.IfthegoodshavebeenprocessedtheBuyerwilllosstherighttoclaim.TheSellershallnotsettletheclaimwithintheresponsibilityoftheInsuranceCompanyorShipCompany.2：品質(zhì)異議須于貨物到達(dá)目的港30天內(nèi)提出，數(shù)量異議須于貨物到達(dá)目的港15天20天內(nèi)答復(fù)，并提出處理意見(jiàn)。Anydiscrepancyaboutqualityshouldbepresentedwithin30daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination；anydiscrepancyaboutquantityshouldbepresentedwithin15daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,bothofwhichcasesshouldbeonthestrengthofthecertificatesissuedbytherelatedsurveyor.IftheSellerisliableheshouldsendthereplytogetherwiththeproposalforsettlementwithin20daysafterreceivingthesaiddiscrepancy.TermsofPayment〔支付條款〕支付條款=支付方式+letterofcredit〔L/C〕；現(xiàn)金incashbycheck；信用卡creditcard；匯票draft/billofexchange…mailtransfertelegraphictransfer；開(kāi)證行openingbanknegotiatingbank；托收銀行collectingbank；代收銀行remittingbank11215100%的貨款用電匯預(yù)付至賣(mài)方。TheBuyershouldpay100%ofthesaleamounttotheSellerinadvancebytelegraphictransfernotlaterthanDec.15th.2：買(mǎi)方應(yīng)憑賣(mài)方開(kāi)具的即期匯票于見(jiàn)票時(shí)馬上付款。TheBuyershouldmakeimmediatepaymentagainstthepresentationofthedraftissuedbytheSeller.例320天付款的跟單匯票于提示時(shí)應(yīng)予以承兌，并應(yīng)于匯票到期日付款。TheBuyershouldacceptthedocumentarydraftat20days?sightuponthepresentationandmakepaymentonthematurity.例4：買(mǎi)方通過(guò)賣(mài)方可承受的銀行在裝運(yùn)前一個(gè)月開(kāi)立以賣(mài)方為抬頭的保兌的不行撤銷(xiāo)15天。TheBuyershallopenaconfirmationirrevocableL/CinfavoroftheSellerwith/throughthebankacceptabletotheSeller,onemonthbeforetheshipmentTermsofshipment〔運(yùn)輸條款〕運(yùn)輸條款中要說(shuō)明運(yùn)輸方式和價(jià)格條件，比方：IncaseofFOBTerms.其中有一些貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)需要大家留意，例如：FOB〔FreeonBoard〕裝運(yùn)港船上交貨，指貨物在指定的裝運(yùn)FOB術(shù)語(yǔ)要求賣(mài)方辦理貨物出口清關(guān)手續(xù)。CIF〔Cost,InsuranceandFreight〕本錢(qián)加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，故賣(mài)方除具有與CFR術(shù)語(yǔ)的一樣的義務(wù)外，還就為買(mǎi)方辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)，交支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。等等。13.ForceMajeure不行抗力條款不行抗力條款=不行抗力時(shí)間+〔當(dāng)事方〕實(shí)行的行動(dòng)如何解決以免發(fā)生不必要的爭(zhēng)吵。例1：假設(shè)患病無(wú)法把握的時(shí)間或狀況應(yīng)視為不行抗力，但不限于火災(zāi)、風(fēng)災(zāi)、水災(zāi)、地震、爆炸、叛亂、傳染、檢疫、隔離。如要是不行抗力一方不能履行合同規(guī)定下義務(wù)，另一方應(yīng)將履行合同的時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)，所延長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間應(yīng)于不行抗力大事的時(shí)間相等。AnyeventorcircumstancebeyondcontrolshallberegardedasForceMajeurebutnotrestrictedtofire,wind,flood,earthquake,explosion,rebellion,epidemic,quarantineandsegregation.IncaseeitherpartythatencountersForceMajeurefailstofulfilltheobligationunderthecontract,theotherpartyshouldextendtheperformancetimebyperiodequaltothetimethatForeMajeurewilllast.例2：假設(shè)不行抗力持續(xù)6個(gè)月以上，合同雙方應(yīng)盡快通過(guò)友好協(xié)商的方式調(diào)整連續(xù)履行合同事宜。假設(shè)雙方不能達(dá)成協(xié)議，則依據(jù)合同中第12條款通過(guò)仲裁打算。IftheForceMajeurelastover6months,thetwopartiesofthecontractshouldsettlethecaseofcontinuingthecontractbyfriendlynegotiationassoonaspossible.ShouldthetwopartiesfailtoreachanagreementwillbesettledbyarbitrationaccordingtoClause12ofthecontractthereof.LateDeliveryandPenalty延期交貨和懲罰條款合同中，假設(shè)有一方未能完全履行合同，或者依據(jù)合同規(guī)定交貨，應(yīng)當(dāng)受到懲罰。例1：假設(shè)乙方因自身緣由而未準(zhǔn)時(shí)完工，乙方應(yīng)付違約罰款，每天按總價(jià)的千分之一計(jì)算，即一千二百六十美元整。IfpartyBfailstofinishtheworkonscheduleduetoitsownreason,heshallpaytotheotherpartythepenaltyat1‰ofthetotalvalueoftheworkperday,thatisUSDonethousandtwohundredandsixtydollars.例2：假設(shè)合資一方未能按本合同第5條規(guī)定按期付款，違約方應(yīng)在逾期后一個(gè)月付給10%的利息。假設(shè)違約方逾期3個(gè)月仍未如資，合同另一方依據(jù)本合同第53條規(guī)定有權(quán)終止合同并向違約方索賠損失。Shouldeitherjoint-venturerfailstopaythecontributiononscheduleaccordingtoClause5,thedefaultpartyshouldpaytheother10%oftheinterestonemonthafterthede