TheBonesofLimbs

山東大學醫學院解剖教研室Bonesofupperlimbs

Composition:inlinewithShouldergirdle上肢帶骨clavicle鎖骨，scapula肩胛骨Bonesoffreeupperlimb自由上肢骨Humerus肱骨inarmRadius橈骨andulna尺骨inforearmCarpalbones腕骨Metacarpalbones掌骨phalangesoffingers指骨

Clavicle鎖骨“S”shaped,medial2/3convexforwardandlateral1/3convexbackwardSternalend胸骨端mediallyandacromialend肩峰端laterallySuperiorsurfaceInferiorsurfaceScapula

肩胛骨ThreebordersSuperior:coracoidprocess喙突,scapularnotch肩胛切跡Lateral(axillary)border腋緣Medial(vertebral)border脊柱緣ThreeanglesSuperior:oppositetothe2ndribInferior:oppositetothe7thribor7thintercostalspace肋間隙Lateral:glenoidcavity關節盂,肩胛頸supra-andinfraglenoidtubercles盂上、下結節TwosurfacesAnteriorsurfaceconcave凹面的:subscapularfossa肩胛下窩Posteriorsurface:supraspinousfossa岡上窩andinfraspinousfossa岡下窩,

spineofscapula肩胛岡,acromion肩峰

Humerus

肱骨Upperend:headofhumerus肱骨頭,anatomicalneck解剖頸,greaterandlessertubercles大、小結節,crestsofgreaterandlessertubercle,大、小結節嵴，intertuberculargroove結節間溝,surgicalneck外科頸Shaft:deltoidtuberosity三角肌粗隆onlateralsurface,andagrooveforradialnerve橈神經溝onposteriorsurfaceLowerend:capitulumofhumerus肱骨小頭,trochleaofhumerus肱骨滑車,lateralandmedialepicondyles內、外上髁,coranoidfossa冠突窩andradialfossa橈窩(anteriorly)andolecranonfossa鷹嘴窩(posteriorly),andsulcusforulnarnerve尺神經溝RadiusUpperend:headofradius橈骨頭,articularcircumference環狀關節面,neckofradius橈骨頸,radialtuberosity橈骨粗隆Shaft前面后面外側面骨間緣interosseousborder(medialborder)Lowerend:styloidprocess

莖突laterally,ulnarnotch尺切跡medially,andcarpalarticularsurface腕關節面inferiorlyCarpalbones腕骨Proximalrow―(lateraltomedial)scaphoid手舟骨,lunate月骨,triquetral三角骨

andpisiform豌豆骨Distalrow―(lateraltomedial)trapezium大多角骨,trapezoid小多角骨,capitate頭狀骨

andhamate鉤骨Metacarpalbones掌骨NumberedonetofivefromthumbtolittlefingerStructureofeach―base(proximally),shaft,andhead(distally)Phalangesoffingers指骨Consistof14―twoforfirstdigit(thumb)andthreeforeachofotherfourdigitsStructureofeach―base(proximally),shaft,andtrochleaofphalanx(distally),tuberosityofdistalphalanx遠節指骨粗隆BonesofLowerLimb

Composition:

Pelvicgirdle:hipbone髖骨Bonesoffreelowerlimb:Femur股骨inthigh(patella髕骨)Tibia脛骨andfibula腓骨inlegTarsalsbones跗骨,metatarsalbone跖骨phalangesoftoes趾骨infootHipbone

Consistingofthreefusedbones,ilium髂骨,ischium坐骨,pubis恥骨Ilium髂骨Bodyofilium髂骨體

toformsuperior2/5ofacetabulum髖臼Alaofilium髂骨翼:iliaccrest髂嵴,anteriorsuperior

iliacspine髂前上棘，anteriorinferioriliacspine髂前下棘,tubercleofiliaccrest髂結節,posteriorsuperior

iliacspine髂后上棘，posteriorinferioriliacspine髂后下棘,greatersciaticnotch坐骨大切跡,glutealsurface臀面，iliacfossa髂窩,arcuateline弓狀線,auricularsurface耳狀面,iliactuberosity髂粗隆,Ilium髂骨Animaginarylinejoiningthehighestpointontheiliaccrestsoverthefourthlumbarspine.Ischium坐骨Bodyofischium坐骨體―toformposteriorandinferior2/5ofacetabulum,ischialspine坐骨棘,lessersciaticnotch坐骨小切跡Ramusofischium坐骨支,ischialtuberosity坐骨結節Pubis恥骨Bodyofpubis恥骨體―toformanteriorandinferior1/5ofacetabulum,iliopubiceminence髂恥隆起Superiorramusofpubis恥骨上支:pectenofpubis恥骨梳,pubictubercle恥骨結節,symphysialsurface恥骨聯合面,pubiccrest恥骨嵴

Inferiorramusofpubis恥骨下支:obturatorforamen閉孔Acetabulum髖臼―formedbybodiesofischium,iliumandpubisLunatesurface月狀面,acetabularfossa髖臼窩,acetabularnotch髖臼切跡

Femur

股骨Upperend:femoralhead股骨頭,foveaoffemoralhead股骨頭凹,neckoffemur股骨頸,greater

trochanter大轉子，lessertrochanter小轉子,轉子窩intertrochantericline轉子間線,intertrochantericcrest轉子間嵴Shaft:lineaaspera粗線,glutealtuberosity臀肌粗隆,pectinealline恥骨肌線，poplitealsurface腘面

Lowerend:medialandlateralcondyles內、外側髁，medialandlateral

epicondyles內、外上髁,

adductortubercle收肌結節，

intercondylarfossa髁間窩,patellarsurface髕面FractureofthefemoralneckPatella髕骨TriangularsesamoidboneTibia

脛骨Upperend:medialandlateralcondyles內、外側髁,intercondylareminence髁間隆起,fibulararticularsurface腓關節面,tuberosityoftibia脛骨粗隆

Shaft:外側面內側面后面interosseousborder骨間緣(外側緣)solealline比目魚肌線Lowerend:fibularnotch腓切跡,medialmalleolus內踝

Fibula

腓骨Upperend:fibular

head腓骨頭,neckoffibula腓骨頸Shaft:interosseousborder骨間緣(內側緣)Lowerend:lateralmalleolus外踝內側嵴前緣Tarsalbones

跗骨ConsistofsevenshortbonesarrangedinthreerowPosteriorrow―talus距骨,calcaneus跟骨Intermediaterow―navicularbone足舟骨Anteriorrow―medial,intermediate,andlateralcuneiformbone內側、中間和外側楔骨,cuboidbone骰骨

Metatarsalbones跖骨numberedonetofivemedialtolateralStructureofeach―base(proximally),shaft,andhead(distally)ineachPhalangesoftoes趾骨Consistof14―twoforfirsttoe(hallux)andthreeforeachofotherfourtoes※Surfacelandmarks:phalanx

trochleaoftalus距骨滑車,calcanealtuberosity跟骨結節,tuberosityofnavicularbone舟骨粗隆,andtuberosityoffifthmetatarsalbone第五跖骨粗隆Teachingoutline

1.Masterthecompositionandarrangementoftheappendicularskeletonoftheupperlimb.2.Mastertheshapeofclavicle,scapular,humerus,radius,ulnar.3.Masterthecompositionofbonesofhand,thearrangementofthecarpalbones.4.Masterthesurfacelandmarksofthebonesoftheupperlimb:spineofscapular,inferiorangleofscapula,acromion,clavicle,greatertubercleofhumerus,lateralandmedialepicondylesofhumerus,headofradius,ole