被動語態一、被動語態的概念：當謂語表示一個動作時，主語和它可以有兩種不同的關系，主動關系和被動關系：表示主動關系時，主語是動作的執行者，稱為主動語態Tomopenedthedoor.表示被動關系時，主語是動作的承受者，謂語要用另一種形式，稱為被動語態

ThedoorwasopenedbyTom.在被動結構中，動作執行者可以由介詞by引起的短語表示二、形式被動語態由助動詞be加過去分詞構成，時態通過be表現出來：（完成進行時和將來進行時無被動語態）1一般現在時：Historyismadebypeople.2一般過去時：Whenwasthebuildingcompleted?3一般將來時：Wewon’tbeinvited.4現在/過去進行時：Anewrailwayisbeingbuilt.

Theroadswerebeingwidened.5現在/過去完成時：Thebookhasbeentranslated.

Costshadbeengreatlyreduced.表格：被動態基本結構時態被動語態結構一般現在時一般過去時現在進行時過去進行時一般將來時過去將來時現在完成時過去完成時am/is/aredonewas/weredoneam/is/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdoneshall/willbedonewouldbedonehave/hasbeendonehadbeendone

一般

進行

完成

完成進行

現在writewritesamiswritingarehave\haswrittenhave\hasbeenwritten

過去wrotewas\werewritinghadwrittenhadbeenwritten

將來will\shallwritewill\shallbewritingwill\shallhavewrittenwill\shallhavebeenwriting

過去將來would\shouldwritewould\shouldbewritingwould\shouldhavewrittenwould\shouldhavebeenwriting以write為例,在16種時態中形式

一般

進行

完成

現在am\is\arewrittenam\is\arebeingwrittenhave\hasbeenwritten

過去was\werewrittenwas\werebeingwrittenhave\hasbeenwritten

將來will\shallbewritten-------------------will\shallhavebeenwritten

過去將來would\shouldbewritten-------------------would\shouldhavebeenwritten以write為例，在時態中被動語態的形式1．常用時態（9種）的被動語態結構：以do為例1)一般現在時am\is\are+doneInsomepartsoftheworld,tea_____withmilkandsugar.A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.servedIneedonemorestampbeforemycollection_____.A.hacompletedB.completesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted

Thenumberofdeathsfromheartdiseasewillbereducedgreatlyifpeople______toeatmorefruitandvegetables.A.persuadeB.willpersuadeC.bepersuadedD.arepersuaded

2)一般過去時

was\were+doneI_____tenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.A.gaveB.wasgivenC.wasgivingD.hadgivenThisisTed’sphoto.Wemisshimalot.He_____tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling3)現在進行時

am\is\are+beingdone--Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?--Notyet,therooms_____.A.arebeingpaintedB.arepainingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpaintingAnewcinema_____here.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuiltRainforests_____andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut4)過去進行時

was\were+beingdoneThatroadwasbeingwidenedthistimelastyear.5)一般將來時willbe+doneHundredsofjobs_____ifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.lostD.willlose―Yourjob

openforyourreturn.―Thanks.A.willbekeptB.willkeepC.hadkeptD.hadbeenkept

6)過去將來時wouldbe+doneMarytoldusthatashortplaywouldbeputonattheparty.Inaroomabovethestore,whereaparty______,someworkerswerebusilysettingthetable.A.wastobeheldB.hasbeenheldC.willbeheldD.isbeingheld7)現在完成時have/hasbeen+doneAllthepreparationsforthetask_____,andwearereadytostart.A.completedB.completeC.hadbeencompletedD.havebeencompleted

8)過去完成時hadbeen+doneThenewsuspensionbridge_____bytheendoflastmonth.A.hasbeendesignedBhadbeendesignedC.wasdesignedD.wouldbedesignedBytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasium_____inBeijing.A.wouldbecompletedB.wasbeingcompletedC.hasbeencompletedD.hadbeencompleted9)將來完成時ThemayorofBeijingsaysthatallconstructionworkfortheBeijingOlympics______by2006.AhasbeencompletedB.hascompletedC.willhavebeencompletedD.willhavecompleted含有情態動詞的謂語變為被動語態時，其結構為“情態動詞+be+vt.pp.Youcan’ttakethemagazineoutofthereading–room.Themagazinecan’tbetakenoutofthereading-room.Theseexercisemustbedoneinclass.Morericecanbeproducednextyear.6.被動語態與系表結構的區別“be+過去分詞”這個結構并不一定都是被動語態，有些動詞be,feel,seem,look等后的過去分詞已轉化為形容詞，作表語，表示狀態。Theglassisbroken.(系表結構)Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy(被動語態)Thedoorislocked.(系表結構)、Thedoorhasjust/beenlocked(被動語態)系表結構與被動語態的主要差別是：被動語態表示一個動作，它可以有介詞by引起的短語，而系表結構表示主語的特點或所處的狀態，雖形式與被動語態相似，實質不同:1)Thepicturewaswelldrawn.Thepicturewasdrawnbymysister.2).Thelibraryisnowclosed.Itisusuallyclosedat6.3).Thebridgeiscompleted.Thebridgewascompletedin1968.三、被動語態的使用情況1，不知道或沒有必要說出動作的執行者Suchbooksarewrittenforchildren.2，動作的承受者是談話的中心Thesongwaswrittenbyastudent.3，出于禮貌措辭圓通等不愿說出動作執行者Youarerequiredtosingasong.4.需要突出或強調動作的承受者時（動作的承受者是談話的中心，這時常帶有by引起的短語）Foodisneededbyeverylivingthing.Thisschoolisrunbythetradeunion.5.有時被動結構能使句子得到更好的安排Theyaregoingtobuildalibrarybuildingherenextyear.Itisgoingtobebuiltrightbesidetheofficebuilding.(若兩句都用they作主語，則顯得呆板)6.當動作的執行者不是人的時候Wewereallshockedbythenewsofhissuddendeath.Thehousewaswashedawaybythestorm7.為了委婉、禮貌而避免提及自己或對方時EnoughhasbeensaidhereofthisquestionYouarewishedtodoitmorecarefully.主動形式表示被動意義

1)wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell,drive…

Thebooksellswell.

這本書銷路好。

Thisknifecutseasily.

這刀子很好用。

2)blame,remain,keep,rent,bu