企業會計準則外文翻譯文獻PAGEPAGE2企業會計準則外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)外文：OnFebruary15,2006,theMinistryofFinanceissued1itemofbasicaccountingstandardsand38specificguidelines,thenewsetofaccountingstandardssystem.Standardsissued,thecommunitygavewideattention,thesecuritiesindustry,businesscircles,academiccirclesgaveheighttheopinion,thinkthisisthesecondin1993accountingreformafteranotherisofgreatsignificancetotheaccountingreform,markingChina'sconvergencewithinternationalfinancialreportingstandardsofenterpriseaccountingstandardssystemformallyestablished,toimprovetheChina'ssocialistmarketeconomicsystem,improvethelevelofopeningupandaccelerateChina'sintegrationintotheglobaleconomyhasimportantsignificance.

Alsoexpressedtheirconcernsandworries,mainlyreflectedinthefollowingaspects:afairvalueisdifficultto"fair",andisverylikelytobecometheprofitmanipulationtools;twoistheenterprisemaytoadjustearningsmanipulationdebtrestructuring,debtrestructuringwillonceagainbecomethedarlingofthesecuritiesmarket;threeisthenewstandardpublishedmayinduce"fair"phenomenon,whichmayleadtotheendof2006enterpriseswillimpairmentassaultback,atthesametimeaccountsreceivableimpairmentwillstillgivelistingCorporationprofitadjustmentleaveslotsofspace.Theseconcernswhetheritcanbecomeareality?Thenewstandardswillbecomethecorporateprofitsmanipulationofthetool?Herewehavetothisafewworryaboutonetolaunchtheanalysis:

Amoderate,fairvalueapplication

ThehistoryofourcountryisalistingCorporationwiththefairvalueofprofitmanipulation.Fairvalueappearedin1998in"debtrecombines","nonmonetarytransactions"specificaccountingstandards,aftertheactualoperationinmanycompaniestheabuseoffairvalueandprofitmanipulationin2001revisedguidelinesbytherestrictionoftheuseof.Thenewcriterionsysteminfinancialtool,realestateinvestment,notthecombinationundercommoncontrol,debtrestructuringandnon-monetarytransactionsetc.arecarefullyadoptedthefairvalueaccountingstandards,thusbecomingtheonelargewindow.Pastepisodesof"story"willrepeatitself?Tothisoneproblemweanalyzedfromthefollowingaspects:

Firstofall,thefairvalueoftheassetscanbeachievedbyusingfairvaluevaluationistheinternationalaccountingstandards,theUnitedStatesandmostmarketeconomiccountriesaccountingstandardsingeneralpractice.Internationalalreadycrossedthe"want"presentvalueandfairvaluedebatestage,andmainlyin"howtouse"stage;Internationaldidnotbecauseof"Enronevent"appearanddelaythestudyandadoptpresentvalueandthefairvalueoftheprocess.Fromthebeginningof1975,30years,FASBonthefairvaluemeasurementsystemresearchhasnotstopped,thefairvalueintheaccountingstandardsintheUnitedStatesareusedmoreandmorewidely.Asof2004,attheendof12,FASBhasreleasedatotalof153financialaccountingstandards,fairvalueaccountingstandardsandrelated60(forever,2005).Fairvaluehasaprofoundtheoreticalbasisfortheten,itaccordswiththeeconomicincomeconcept,thecomprehensiveincomeconcept,cashflowandmarketpriceofaccountingassumption,accountinggoal,modernrelevanceandreliabilityofqualitycharacteristicsofaccountingelements,essentialcharacteristics,futurebasicaccounting,valueandvalueconcept,measurementvaluesandnetsurplustheoryandfinancialstatementsoftheprimitivelogic(XieSifone,2005).Theuseoffairvaluecaneffectivelyenhancetherelevanceofaccountinginformationforinvestors,creditors,andotherstakeholderstoprovidemorehelptotheinformationfordecisionmaking.Taketheinvestmentrealestate,book20000000yuan,ifthecitypricerisesto$200000000accountingshouldreflect200000000yuan,suchinformationisreallytrueanduseful.Ifstillpersistinthestatementsthatthe20000000yuan,accountingtreatmentissimple,butthisinformationdoesnothelpthedecision-makingofinvestors,evenmisleading.Anyreformwillnotgiveupeatingforfearofchoking,accountingreformisnoexception.Inlinewithinternationalstandardsisthedirection,istorepresentthegeneraltrend,thispointisintheaffirmative.

Secondly,suitablefortheapplicationofthefairvalueofthe"soil"preliminaryalreadyform.Fairvalueistheproductofthemarketeconomy.In2003theCentralCommitteemadeonperfectingthesocialistmarketeconomicsystemanumberofissues,symbolizesthatourcountrymarketeconomyalreadyfromstart-uptoimprove,themarketeconomystatusofChinahasbeenestablished.Thesecuritiesmarketofourcountryaftertenyearsofdevelopmentandperfection,tostrengthencorporategovernance,improveoperationaltransparency,clearviolations,establishinglistingCorporationintegratedsupervisionsystemhasmadegreatprogress.ChinaSecuritiesRegulatoryCommissionpromotingtheshare-tradingreformpilot,listingandfinancingprogram,hasissuedanumberofregulations,strengthenthelistingCorporationinformationdisclosureandfraudandstrength;theMinistryoffinancetoincreasethequalityofaccountinginformationandtheCPAauditqualityinspection;listingCorporationgovernancelevelrisesfurther,CPA,assetsassessmentdivision,independentdirectorssuchasrationaleconomicchoiceforlistingCorporationirregularitiesbuiltseveral"firewall";themajorityofinvestorsintheanalysisofaccountinginformationtojudge,effectivescreeningcapacityisenhanced,theeffectivenessofthesecuritiesmarketgraduallyimprove.Inaddition,afterjoiningtheWTO,largeamountofforeigncapitalintoChina,financialderivativestradingactivity,produceanumber,differentfeaturesofderivativefinancialinstruments,suchasfutures(Futures),option(Options),forwardcontract(ForwardsContract),swap(Swaps)etc..Asthederivativefinancialinstrumentsnoinitialnetinvestmentisrequired,orveryfewrequirementsofnetinvestment,thehistoricalcostofitsincapableofaction,onlythefairvaluetocarryontheaccuraterecognitionandmeasurement..FASl33stated:fairvaluemeasurementoffinancialinstrumentsisthebestmeasurementattribute,thederivativefinancialinstruments,fairvaluemeasurementattributeistheonly.Potentialoftimeshift,whichcontributestotheapplicationofthefairvalueoftheenvironmentispreliminaryalreadyimplementation.Wemustadoptthedevelopmentstrategyview",not"oncebitten,twiceshyoftenyears".

Inthird,thefairvalueofthecriteriainthenewapplicationismorecautious,doesnotleadtoabuse.Comparedwithinternationalfinancialreportingstandards:Chinaaccountingstandardssystemindeterminingthescopeoftheapplicationoffairvalue,themorefullyconsiderChina'snationalconditions,theimprovementwasprudent.Theuseoffairvaluemustsatisfycertainconditions,inthebasicguidelinesinsectionforty-thirdclearlypointedoutthatthereplacementcost,netrealizablevalueof,presentvalue,fairvalue,shouldbetoensurethattheidentifiedelementsofaccountingamountscanbeobtainedandthereliablemeasurement.Inrelationtospecificstandards,theuseoffairvaluemeasurement,hasclearlydefinedconstraints.Forexample,inrealestateinvestmentcriteriaspecifiedbythefairvaluemeasurementmodel,thefollowingconditionsshallbemetsimultaneously:oneistheinvestmentpropertyrealestatelocatedinactivetradingmarketofrealestate;twoistheenterprisecanfromtherealestatetradingmarketonthesameorsimilarrealestatemarketpricesandotherinformation,thustheinvestmentrealestatetomakeareasonableestimateoffairvalue.

Visibleintheinvestingrealestatestandards,bancontainsmorehypotheticalvaluationtechniquesused,onlyinacertainreliabilityonthebasisthattheuseoffairvalue,andnotalloftheinvestmentrealestatecanbeappliedthefairvalue.Soaslongasthestrictlyinaccordancewiththestandards,fairvaluewillreallybefair.

Forinstanceinnonmonetarytransactionsfortheuseoffairvalue,thenewstandardsinexchangeofnon-monetaryassets,fairvalueandchangethecarryingvalueoftheassetsincludedinthecurrentprofitsandlossesofthedifferencebetweenthetwoconditions,namelytheexchangemustbecommercialinnature,andachangeofassetsorthefairvalueoftheassetssurrenderedcanbemeasuredreliably.Commercialessencerefersto,mustbechangedinthefuturecashflowoftheassetsatrisk,timeandamountofassetssurrenderedandweresignificantlydifferent,orsubstitutionofassetsandtheassetssurrenderedthepresentvalueofestimatedfuturecashflowsaredifferent,andthedifferencebetweentheassetsandthechangeofthefairvalueoftheassetsismoresignificantthanthe.Thenewguidelinesarealsoprovidedtodeterminewhetheriscommercialinnature,anenterpriseshallpayattentiontowhetherornotthetransactingpartiesarerelatedpartyrelationship.Relatedpartyrelationshipmayleadtotheoccurrenceofnonmonetaryassetsexchangeisnotcommercialinnature.Thesepreconditions,willeffectivelyrestrictedtononmonetaryassetsexchangewayofearningsmanipulationbehavior.Fromtheserules,wecanseethat,theapplicationoffairvalueisstrictlyrestrictedconditions,thefairvalueisnotallowedtoabuse.

Thenewstandardsrequirethatthefairvalueto"reliable"andnot"just,fairvalueestimate"isnolongertheeraserruler.Theauthorthinks,fairvaluetobeprofitmanipulationtoolsneedtoalsohavethreeelements:thelistingCorporationmanagementdeliberatefraud,accountingauditstaffloseoccupationmoralandsecuritiesmarketregulatoryfailure.Infactwiththethreeelements,anysystemcaneffectivelyplayaprotectiverole,therefore,establishingandperfectingaccountingstandardssupportingmanagementsystemisurgent.

Two,thedebtrestructuringreformfromthebottom

Thenewdebtrestructuringguidelinesstipulatedindebtrestructuringgainscanbeincludedinthecurrentprofitsandlosses.Asadebtor'slistingCorporation,thenewdebtrestructuringguidelinesmeansthat,oncethecreditorconcessions,listingCorporationacquiredinterestswillbedirectlyincludedinthecurrentincome,intoaprofitreport.Debtrestructuringislikelytoincreaseprofits,improveearningspershare.Butthisapproachachievedwiththeinternationalconvergenceoffinancialreportingstandards,reflectstheessenceoftransactiondebtrestructuring,debtrestructuringgainsisafterallthecreditorsratherthanownersconcessions,thepastwillnotpasstheprofitandlossstatementdirectlyincludedinthecapitalreserve,itisunderthespecialbackgroundofamatterofexpediency,nowbeincludedintheprofitandloss,isnot"white"the"black",butthereformfromthebottom.Thenewguidelinesonthedefinitionofdebtrestructuring,madeclearonlyin"thedebtor'sfinancialdifficulties."thepremisecondition,cangetdebtconcessionconfirmedasdebtrestructuringgains.Thisconditionwillberestrictedtoacertainextent,thenewguidelinesonabuse,preventinappropriateacknowledgementofdebtreorganizationgains.

Somepeoplethinkthatsomeaffiliatescanalsothrougharemitadebt,ahighperformancetopricemanipulation,insidertrading,isstillsmallshareholderssufferedlosses.Infact,thisfearisabitmuch.Thisisbecause,first,for*STandSTcompany,fantasyondebtrestructuringbenefit,reachingforthestarsisfutile.Becausethe2004amendmentoftheShanghaiandShenzhenStockExchangerules,oneisfreed,afterdeductingnon-recurringprofitsandlosses,netprofitispositive.DebtrestructuringtolistingCorporationprofits,inactualaccountantoperation,willbeincludedinoperatingincome,whichbelongstothenon-recurringprofitandloss,thuscaninSt,thestarsaredeductedfrom;second,hasexperiencedmorethan10yearsofstockmarketinvestors'groundlesstalk,analysisandjudgmentabilityandselfprotectionconsciousnesshadverybigrise,debtrestructuringguidelinesrequiringcompaniestodisclosethefairvalueofthemethodsandbasisfortheascertainment,investorscaneasilyrecognizethedebtrestructuringpackagingprofits,inordertomakearationalchoice.InvestorsblindlyfollowZhuang,slaughteragehasgoneforever.

Inthree,theimpairmentofChinesecharacteristics

Newguidelinesforassetimpairmentprovisions,assetimpairmentlossisconfirmed,inthelaterperiodmaynotbeback.Itisbasedontherealsituationofourcountry,lastditchofmajorchange,itiswithinternationalaccountingstandards,withsubstantialdifferencesinthe.Newguidelinesforassetimpairmentwilleffectivelycurbtheuseimpairmentasa"secretreserve"adjustingprofitsituation.Guidelinesfortheimplementation,useimpairmentadjustingprofitspacewillbecomemoreandmoresmall,theprovisionofmanualadjustmentofprofitswillbemoreandmoredifficult.

Somepeoplewritecivilpointoutnewguidelinesforassetimpairmentinducedbyreleasingwill"go"phenomenon,causesome"hiddenprofits"oftheindustryandRelatedCompanies,possibleimpairmentin2006willbereadytostrikeback,"crowchangePhoenix"mayreproduce.Weanalyze,firstofall,ifthelistingCorporationsnatchesinthenewguidelinesbeforetheimplementationofthe2006yearrushsimpairment,wemustfirstexaminewhethersuchactionsarethereasonablebasis,namelytheoriginalhasprovisionfortheimpairmentofanassetvaluenowisreallypicksup,andifso,toadjusttheassetvaluewillmaketheaccountinginformationmorereal,related;secondly,in2006largeredbackimpairmentmustmakeappropriateevidenceoftheoriginalprovisionfortheimpairmentofappropriateness,otherwisethepreviousprovisionistheabuseofaccountingestimationresults,shouldbeinaccordancewiththeaccountingerrorhandling,areversalofimpairmentcannotbeusedasthe2006annualprofit.Moreover,thefinancialsectorhasbeenawareofthisproblem,andtakespositiveandeffectivemeasures,preventtheassaulttoadjustprofitlistingCorporation.Inaddition,sometimeagothemarketthatnewguidelineswillmakeAshareslistingCorporationin2006toincreasenetprofit20000000000Yuanhearsay,thesurveyisauthor'ssubjective,concernedmediaspeciallyclarification.

Othersreceivablesandotherfourimpairmentexpressedworry,thinkaccountsreceivable(especiallythe"shareholdersofaccount")willbecomethe"eightproject"ofthemainmeansofprofitmanipulation.Infact,inthenewguidelines,receivablesisasfinancialassets,andthedepreciationdetailedprovisions,requiresthattheremustbe"objectiveevidence"ofimpairmenttoprovisionforimpairment,suchevidenceincludesthedebtorseriousfinancialdifficulties,islikelytofailorotherfinancialrestructuring.Canbesaidthatthecriterionismoreandmoreperfect,thenthe"thisyearthatcannottakebackfullprovision,nextyear'efforts'andback",this"topracticedeception"approach,whichitselfhasviolatedrules,topasstheCPAauditandhidfrominvestorseye,I'mafraidsomedifficulty.

Throughtheaboveanalysis,wecanseesomepeopleonthenewcriterionafewconcerns,manyinrealitydoesnotexist,orisintheprocessofthereformofthepricetobepaidfor,andfarfromtheirimaginationsoserious.Buttheseconcernsalsoremindstandardsdepartmentsintheformulationofstandardstothefullattentionofguidelinesforthetechnicalandeconomicconsequences,inthesettingofthenewguidelinesintheprocess,givefullconsiderationtoguidelineimplementationmayariseinthecourseofthevariousproblems,andfurthermakeaspecificinterpretationandexplanation,improvingguidelinesoperation,improveaccountinginformationquality.

Alsoneedtopointoutinparticular,accountingstandardsisaproductionofaccountinginformationofthespecification,itistosolvetheproblemof"howtodo".Ontheaccountingstandardsofthemaliciousmisuseofguidelinesfortheimplementationofthe"people",fromtheperspectiveofthelistingCorporationistheecologicalproblems,tostrengthensupervision,occupationmoralconstruction,improvetheabilityofinvestorsscreeningaccountinginformationsystemengineeringtosolve,cannotbeattributedtotheguidelinesthemselves.Andthenewaccountingandauditingstandardssystemcomeonstage;itistopromotetheimprovementoflistingCorporationgovernanceecologyeffectivemeasure.Sayfromthismeaning,wearenotgoingtoworryaboutme,but"criteriaforthebeatandbreatheout".

Note:①accordingtothe"ShanghaiStockExchangeListingRules(2004Revision)"provisions,*STindicatedthepresenceofterminatingthelistingofspecialprocessingandSTriskforotherspecialtreatment.

Mainreferences

Ministryoffinance.In2006accountingstandardsforbusinessenterprises.EconomicSciencePress

YuMonishing.The2005fairvalueintheUnitedStatesofAmerica'sapplicationresearch.Financialtheory,9

XieStiffen,wearingZili.2005presentvalueandfairvalueaccounting:financialreformistheimportantpremiseoftwenty-firstCentury.TheoryandpracticeofFinanceandeconomics,9中文：2006年2月15日，財政部發布了包括1項基本準則和38項具體準則在內的新的一整套企業會計準則體系。準則發布后，社會各界給予了廣泛關注，證券界、企業界、學術界人士給予了高度評價，認為這是繼1993年會計改革后又一次具有重大意義的會計改革，標志著中國與國際財務報告準則趨同的企業會計準則體系正式建立，對于完善我國社會主義市場經濟體制、提高對外開放水平和加速中國融入全球經濟都具有重要意義。也有人道出自己的擔心與憂慮，主要體現在以下幾個方面：一是公允價值難達“公允”，并極有可能成為利潤操縱的工具；二是企業可能操縱債務重組來調節收益，債務重組會再度成為證券市場的寵兒；三是新準則的出臺會誘發“趕集”現象，即可能會導致2006年年底前企業將減值準備突擊沖回，同時應收賬款等減值準備仍然會給上市公司調節利潤留下很大空間。這些擔憂是否真的會變成現實？新準則會否成為企業進行利潤操縱的工具？下面我們就對這幾點擔憂一一展開分析：一、公允價值適度運用我國歷史上確實出現過上市公司借助公允價值操縱利潤的情況。公允價值在1998年出現于“債務重組”、“非貨幣性交易”等具體會計準則中，后因實際運行中出現很多公司濫用公允價值操縱利潤的情況而在2001年修訂后的準則中被限制使用。新準則體系在金融工具、投資性房地產、非共同控制下的企業合并、債務重組和非貨幣性交易等方面均謹慎地采用了公允價值，從而成為本次會計準則的一大亮點。過去發生的“故事”會重演嗎？對這一問題我們從以下幾方面分析：首先，對可以取得公允價值的資產采用公允價值計價是國際會計準則、美國及多數市場經濟國家會計準則的普遍做法。國際上早已越過“要不要用”現值和公允價值的爭論階段，而主要進入“如何用”的階段；國際上也絲毫沒有因“安然事件”的出現而延緩研究與采用現值和公允價值的進程。從1975年開始的30年來，FASB對公允價值計量體系的研究始終沒有間斷過，公允價值在美國會計準則中的運用也越來越廣泛。截止2004年12月底，FASB共發布了153個財務會計準則，與公允價值有關的會計準則有60個（于永生，2005）。公允價值有深厚的十大理論基礎，它符合經濟收益概念、全面收益概念、現金流量制和市場價格會計假設、現代會計目標、相關性和可靠性質量特征、會計要素的本質特征、未來會計確認的基礎、現值和價值理念、計量觀和凈盈余理論以及財務報表的本原邏輯（謝詩芬，2005）。公允價值的運用能有效地增強會計信息的相關性，為投資者、債權人等眾多利益相關者提供更加有助于其決策的信息。就拿投資性房地產來說，賬面2000萬元，如果市價漲到2億元會計上就應該反映2億元，這樣的信息才真正真實有用。如果仍然堅持在報表上顯示2000萬元，會計處理倒是簡單了，但這種信息不僅不能幫助投資者進行決策分析，甚至還會誤導。任何改革都不能因噎廢食，會計準則的改革也不例外。與國際接軌是方向，是大勢所趨，這一點是應該肯定的。其次，適宜于公允價值應用的“土壤”已初步形成。公允價值是市場經濟的產物。2003年中央做出關于完善社會主義市場經濟體制若干問題的決定，標志著我國的市場經濟已經由初創轉向完善，中國的市場經濟地位已經確立。我國的證券市場經過十幾年的發展和完善，在強化公司治理，提高運作透明度，清理違規行為，構建上市公司綜合監管體系方面有了很大的進步。中國證監會推進股權分置試點，改革了上市和再融資的程序，頒布了大量監管規章，加強了上市公司信息披露和舞弊查處的力度；財政部加大了對會計信息質量和注冊會計師審計質量的監督檢查；上市公司內外治理水平進一步提高，注冊會計師、資產評估師、獨立董事等的理性經濟選擇為上市公司的違規行為構筑了多道“防火墻”；廣大投資者對會計信息進行分析判斷、有效甄別的能力也有所加強，證券市場的有效性逐步提高。此外，加入WTO以后，大量外國資本涌入我國，金融衍生產品交易活躍，產生了數量眾多、特征各異的衍生金融工具，如期貨（Futures）、期權（Options）、遠期合約（ForwardsContract）、互換（Swaps）等。由于衍生金融工具不要求初始凈投資，或要求很少的凈投資，歷史成本對其無能為力，只有公允價值才能對其進行準確的確認和計量。。FASl33明確表示：公允價值是計量金融工具最佳的計量屬性，對衍生金融工具而言，公允價值是唯一的計量屬性。勢異時移，這些有助于公允價值應用的環境已初步實現。我們必須采用發展的戰略的眼光看待問題，不能“一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩”。第三，公允價值在新準則中的應用較為謹慎，不會導致濫用。與國際財務報告準則相比：我國企業會計準則體系在確定公允價值的應用范圍時，更充分地考慮了我國的國情，作了審慎的改進。公允價值的運用必須滿足一定的條件，在基本準則第四十三條中就明確指出采用重置成本、可變現凈值、現值、公允價值計量的，應當保證所確定的會計要素金額能夠取得并可靠計量。在有關具體準則中，對采用公允價值計量的，都有明確規定的限制條件。比如在投資性房地產準則中就明確規定采用公允價值模式計量的，應當同時滿足下列條件：一是投資陛房地產所在地有活躍的房地產交易市場；二是企業能夠從房地產交易市場上取得同類或類似房地產的市場價格及其他相關信息，從而對投資性房地產的公允價值做出合理的估計。可見在投資性房地產準則中，禁止含有較多假設的估值技術的應用，只有在具有一定的可靠性的基礎上才能夠使用公允價值，并不是所有投資性房地產都可以采用公允價值。因此只要嚴格地按照準則實施，公允價值就會真的做到公允。再比如在非貨幣交易中對于公允價值的運用，新準則規定了在非貨幣性資產交換時，公允價值與換出資產賬面價值的差額計入當期損益的兩個前提條件，即該項交換必須具有商業實質，并且換人資產或換出資產的公允價值能夠可靠計量。商業實質是指，必須是換入資產的未來現金流量在風險、時間和金額方面與換出資產顯著不同，或者是換人資產與換出資產的預計未來現金流量現值不同，且其差額與換入資產和換出資產的公允價值相比是重大的。新準則還規定在確定是否具有商業實質時，企業應當關注交易各方之間是否存在關聯方關系。關聯方關系的存在可能導致發生的非貨幣性資產交換不具有商業實質。這些前提條件，將有效制約以非貨幣性資產交