鄉(xiāng)村旅游論文外文翻譯鄉(xiāng)村旅游中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)翻譯:AssessmentofRuralTourisminTurkeyUsingSWOTAnalysisMaterialSource:JournalofApplieSciencesAuthor:HasanAkcaINTRODUCTIONTurkeyisacountrysituatedatcrossroadsofthreecontinents:Asia,EuropeandAfrica.Itoccupiessome780thousandkm^2oflandandissurroundedby8000kmofcoastline.Accordingtotheresultsof2000populationcensus,thepopulationofthecountryis67803927.Nearly35%ofthecountrypopulationlivesinruralareas.Thenumberofvillagesisnearly37thousandandabouttwo-thirdsofthemhavepopulationsbelow500.Besides,one-thirdsofruraldwellersliveinthevillageslocatedwithinandadjacenttotheforests.Theneedtoredressregionalimbalancesandtoimproveincomedistributionamongvarioussectionsofsocietyisengagingtheattentionofpolicymakers.Thecreationofemployment,theimprovementofrurallivingstandardsandthereversalofthetrendtowardsmigrationofruralpopulationstourbanareasaresomeofthemainobjectivesofTurkishgovernment'sruraldevelopmentpolicies(MuthooandOnul,1996)Atthebeginningof1990s,Turkeyhasdecidedtodiversifytourisminordertocompetewithwesterncountries.ThebasicphilosophyofnewtourismconceptofTurkeycanbesummarizedastourismactivityinfourseasons,throughoutthecountryandevaluatingcultural,historical,environmentalpotentialofthecountry.Inthiscontext,Turkeyisworkingontwotypesofalternativetourism.Thefirsttypeincludesbotanical,airballoon,water-related,thermalandhealth,physicalrecreation,religiousandculturaltourism.Thesecondtype,closelyrelatedtothefirst,includescampingandcaravan,birdwatching(ornithology),wintersports,hunting(sportivefishingandwildanimals)andgolftourism(Pirnar,1996;TavmergenandOral,1999).NorthernandCentralAnatolianactorsarebusypromotingruralandhighlandholidays,softtourismactivitieslikerafting,trekkingandcavingwhilelocalpartnersalongtheSoutherncoastarebusydevelopingmasstourismactivities(Goymen,2000).RuraltourismisattheintroductionstageoftourismproductlifecyclesinceitisanewactivityinTurkey.Therefore,thenumberofresearchdealingwithruraltourismislimited.Andalsothereisadifficultyingatheringanddisseminatingdata.InordertolookthefutureclearlyandmakeaccuratepoliciesdrawingthewholepictureofruraltourisminTurkeyisveryimportant.Inthiscontext,theaimofthestudyistoevaluatecurrentconstraintsforandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourismsectorpointofviewofconservationofnatural,historicalandculturalvalues,sustainableruraldevelopmentandintegratingtourism,agriculturalandruraldevelopmentpoliciesofTurkeywiththoseoftheEU.THECONCEPTOFRURAT,TOURISMRuraltourismisamulti-facetedactivity:Itisnotjustfarm-basedtourism.Itincludesfarm-basedholidaysbutalsocomprisesspecialinterestnatureholidaysandeco-tourism,walking,climbingandridingholidays,adventure,sportandhealthtourism,huntingandangling,educationaltravel,artsandheritagetourismand,insomeareasethnictourism(BramwellandLane,1994)Lackofstudiesonruraltourismiscompoundedfurtherbytheabsenceofacommonlyaccepteddefinitionastowhatconstitutesruraltourism.Sometimesruraltourismisequatedwithfarmtourism(Oppermann,1996).SomeauthorsincludeoutdoorrecreationandtourisminNationalParksandwildernessareasintoruraltourism(Ladki,1993;Owens,1984);ButDernoi(1991)excludesthem.Ontheotherhand,Pearce(1990)discussessecondhomesinthecontextofruraltourism.RURALTOURISMACTIVITIESINTURKEYInrecentyearslocalgovernorsandNGOsthroughoutthecountryhavebeentryingtobenefitfromruraltourismviasupplyingallhistorical,natural,culturelandreligiousvaluesinbothdomesticandforeigntourismmarkets.Someoftheactivitiesaresummarizedasfollows:UrgedmunicipalityhasdecidedtoapplyaprojectaimingatintroductionofrurallifeintheCappadociaregion.Totalbudgetoftheprojectis50milliondollarsanditwillbeorganizedbyMagicLifeInternational.Inthecontextofproject,bothdomesticandforeignvisitorswillattendvillageweddingceremonies,cooktraditionalruralmeals,milkingcowsandsheep.IntheValleyofKizilcukur,locatedinthedistrictofOrtahisar,Nevsehirprovincelocalgovernorisorganizedatourfortouristtoseethesun.Becausethisareaisagoodplacewherethesunrisesandsetsbestintheworld.Everyyearnearly30,000touristsvisittheplacepayingnearly$1.5perday.CamelwrestlingisorganizedinmanyvillagesandcountiesofMediterranean,MarmaraandEgeanregionsduringwinterseason.Inthelasttwoyears,soapoperaweremadeinruralareasofTurkey.Inaddition,TurkishfilmsnamedSunShinesfromtheEast,TasteattheSummitsandHeadsorTailsweremadeinCappadocia.Therefore,manypeoplegotovillagesmentionedabovetoseeactorsandactress.Visithistoricalplacesandlivenostalgia.InrecentyearssometourismagencieshaveorganizedtourscoveringtherouteofSilkRoad.SomeruralpeoplewhoweretrainedbyprofessionalsjointparalyzingactivityinruralareasofArizonianandMuglaprovinces.TherearesomeprivateorganizationssupplyingruraltourismserviceinSouthwestpartofTurkey.OneofthemisHUZURVADISI.Itisaholidayretreat,whichoffersyoga,holisticandwalkingholidaysandalternativetherapiesatabeautifultraditionalrestoredfarmsteadinasecludedmountainvalleyonFisheyecoast.Touristsareaccommodatedincomfortablenomadicyurts,aspecialhighlightoftheholiday.AnotherprofessionalruraltourismactivityisorganizedbyTOHUMpresentsanopportunitytovisitandliveintraditionalvillages,organicfarming,folkdancingandotheractivities.BlackSeaRegionofTurkeyissuitableforecotourismandplateautourism.Inthecontextofruraltourismprojects,somelocalgovernorsareestablishingorrestoringwoodencottagesinthehighlandstoaccommodatetourists.Duringtheholidayvisitorshaveanopportunitybreathingfreshair,eatingtraditionalmealsandsightseeingtheexoticfloraandfauna.MATERIALSANDMETHODSSWOTanalysistechniquewasusedinordertoexplaincurrentconstraintsandfuturepossibilitiesofruraltourisminTurkey.SWOTstandsforstrengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreats.ASWOTanalysisisessentiallyabrainstormingsessiononthekeyvariablesthataffectafirm's/sector'sperformance(Hendricks,1999;Huberetal.1999).Inthestudyfollowingmethodswereusedinordertocollectdata:i)thoroughouttheyear2004,allTVprogramsshowedin20TVchannelsrelatedtotourism,rurallife,culturalactivity,mountain,etcwerewatched,ii)10provincesandtheircountiesandvillageswerevisitedindifferentgeographicalregionsofthecountry,iii)reportedspeechesweremadewithruraldwellersinordertodefinepossiblepotentialsourcesforruraltourism,iv)literaturewasreviewedtohavebackgroundinformationaboutruraltourismandtheirlikelyeffectsonruralpeopleandareas.v)governmentpolicieswereexaminedtolearntheirviewsonruraldevelopmentandruraltourism.RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTheresultsofSWOTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkeyaregiveninTable1.Table1:SOWTanalysisofruraltourisminTurkeyStrengthsWeaknessesTourismEncouragementActNo:26342010TourismVisionofTurkishGovern-mentDeclarationoftheyear2002as“InternationalYearofMountains”UnspoiledenvironmentandfloraandfaunaUnlimitedhospitalofTurkishruraldwellersChangesinthepreferencesoftouristsExtraordinarylandscapeNeartomaintouristmarketsgeographicallySupplyingexoticcombinationofwestandwestandeastDifficultiesinmarketingofruraltourismproductatinternationalmarketsLackofscientificmeetingrelatedtoruraltourismatlocalandnationallevelDifficultiesingatheringanddisseminatingdateInadequateacademicstudyonruraltourismLackofco-ordinationamongruralNGOLimitednumberofaccommodationNotspeakingofforeignlanguagesbyruralpeopleOpportunitiesThreatsHavingopportunityfortourismthroughTurkeyinfourseasonsDevelopmentsinawarenessofurbanpe-opletonature,undiscovereddestinationsIncreaseinthenumberofTVprogramsfocusingontoruralareasYounganddynamicpopulationintheruralareastobeadoptedtheconceptoftourismeasilyCandidacyofTurkeyformembershiptotheEUConstructing15000kmofthedouble-roadWarpossibilityinneighborAffects11SeptembereventsintheUSAonworldtourismDeceaseindomestictourists’householdincomePromotionofruraltourismasanewproductisverylowinTurkey,comparedtowesterncountries.However,inrecentyearstherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberoftelevisionprogramsfocusedonruralityandalsoruraltourisminTurkey.Everybodyexceptthattheseprogramshaveanimportantroleintheintroductionofruraldwellers'lifestyle,floraandfaunaandhistoricalandculturalvaluesinruralareastourbanpeopledesiringtoseedifferentplaces,toliveadventureandtobeinanaturalenvironment.Someoftheprogramsaresummarizedasfollows:AdrenalineontheBRT,CaravanandAdventureronSTV,VitalPointonNTV,DiscovereronATV,TelecriticsandRainbowonTGRT,.Let'sVisitandSeeandInEddiesorwhirls:AnatoliaonTRT1,SeaMagazine,Zeugma.Yesterday,TodayandTurnoveronTRT2andMr.TourismandHolidayGuideonTV8,NostalgiaonFlashTV,ThingsthatwehavenotseenandheardonStar.CONCLUSIONTurkeyhasanimportantpotentialtourism.However,ruraltourismresourcesforalternativehavenotbeenusedforthedevelopmentoflessfavoredareasofTurkeyatadequatelevelduetoterrorismintheSoutheastpartofTurkeysincesecondhalfofthe1980s.Therefore,theruralareas,onlyintheBlackSearegion,MediterraneanandAegeanregions,areopenedtomassandalsohighlandtourismactivities.Asstartingtheendof20thcentury，theterrorismactivitystopped(erased)byTurkishgovernment.Itisexpectedthatthenumberofforeigntouristsvisitingruralareaswillincreaseinthemediumorlongrunasparalleltoincreaseinthenumberofincentives,initiativesandinvestmentstowardsruralmilieuintheshortterm.AnotherobstacleforthedevelopmentofruraltourisminTurkeyiswarinneighborcountriesbecauseTurkeyislocatedinadifficultgeography,wheremanywarshappenedduringthelasttwodecades.Tosumup,"IwanttofeedandliveintheplacewhereIwasborn"isthesloganofpeoplelivinginruralareas.Toachievethisaim,thereisaneedtodevelopnewemploymentopportunitiesinruralareasinadditiontoagriculture.Manysuccessfulapplicationsthroughouttheworldshowthatruraltourismcancreateadditionalincomeforespeciallyruralyouthandwomen.譯文鄉(xiāng)村旅游在土耳其的評(píng)估使用SWOT分析資料來(lái)源:Applie科學(xué)雜志作者：哈桑.阿克賈引言土耳其是一個(gè)地跨亞洲，歐洲和非洲三大洲的國(guó)家，國(guó)土面積約780000平方公里，擁有8000公里的海岸線。根據(jù)2000年人口普查的結(jié)果，全國(guó)人口是67803927人，近35％的全國(guó)人口居住在農(nóng)村。村莊人口近37萬(wàn)人，約占全國(guó)人口的三分之二，其中有三分之二的村莊人口低于500人。此外，有三分之一的農(nóng)村居民生活在森林里和鄰近森林的村落。糾正區(qū)域間的不平衡和改善社會(huì)各階層收入的分布的必要性引起決策者的注意。創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，提高農(nóng)村人民生活水平和實(shí)現(xiàn)改變農(nóng)村人口向城市地區(qū)移民的趨勢(shì)是土耳其政府的農(nóng)村發(fā)展政策主要目標(biāo)（穆素和奧努爾，1996）。在90年代初，土耳其為了和西方國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，決定將旅游多樣化。土耳其的新概念旅游的基本原則可以概括為四季旅游活動(dòng)，評(píng)價(jià)全國(guó)各地的文化，歷史，和環(huán)境的潛力。從某種意義上說(shuō)，土耳其正在進(jìn)行兩個(gè)交互型旅游。第一種類型包括植物，氣球，與水有關(guān)，氣溫和衛(wèi)生，體育娛樂(lè)，宗教和文化旅游。第二種類型，包括野營(yíng)和商隊(duì)，觀鳥（鳥類），冬季運(yùn)動(dòng)，狩獵（嬉戲漁業(yè)和野生動(dòng)物）和高爾夫旅游（珀?duì)柤{爾，1996）。北部和中部安納托利亞演員都忙于促進(jìn)農(nóng)村和高原假期，如漂流旅游活動(dòng)，徒步旅行和放逐休閑旅游，而南部沿海當(dāng)?shù)氐暮献骰锇檎诿τ陂_發(fā)大眾旅游活動(dòng)（格伊曼，2000）。由于鄉(xiāng)村旅游在旅游產(chǎn)品生命周期正處于引入階段，所以在土耳其是一種新的旅游方式。因此，研究與處理鄉(xiāng)村旅游的人數(shù)是有限的，同時(shí)也有收集和傳播數(shù)據(jù)的困難。認(rèn)清其未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)與準(zhǔn)確的制定政策對(duì)規(guī)劃好整個(gè)土耳其鄉(xiāng)村旅游藍(lán)圖在是非常重要的。在這種情況下，該研究的旨在從鄉(xiāng)村旅游的保護(hù)部門的角度來(lái)看土耳其與歐盟在自然，歷史和文化價(jià)值，農(nóng)村的可持續(xù)發(fā)展和整合旅游，農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村發(fā)展政策以及當(dāng)前制約因素和土耳其鄉(xiāng)村旅游未來(lái)的可能性進(jìn)行評(píng)估。鄉(xiāng)村旅游的內(nèi)涵鄉(xiāng)村旅游是一個(gè)多層面的活動(dòng)：它不僅是以農(nóng)業(yè)為基礎(chǔ)的旅游業(yè)。它包括農(nóng)場(chǎng)的假期，也包括特殊的趣味自然性質(zhì)的假日和生態(tài)游，散步，爬山和騎馬假期，探險(xiǎn)，體育和保健旅游，狩獵和垂釣，教育游，藝術(shù)及文物旅游，和一些地區(qū)民族游（布萊姆豪，1994）。對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村旅游研究的缺乏，一種普遍接受的定義卻沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明什么是鄉(xiāng)村旅游。有時(shí)，鄉(xiāng)村旅游等同于農(nóng)場(chǎng)是旅游（帕曼，1996）。有些作者把戶外娛樂(lè)、國(guó)家公園游玩和荒野地區(qū)旅游歸入鄉(xiāng)村旅游（蘭迪科，1993；歐文斯，1984）；但德爾諾伊（1991）認(rèn)為鄉(xiāng)村旅游并不包括這些。另一方面，皮爾斯（1990）討論了鄉(xiāng)村旅游方面的第二種定義。土耳其的鄉(xiāng)村旅游活動(dòng)近年來(lái)，地方州長(zhǎng)和全國(guó)各地的非政府組織一直在國(guó)內(nèi)外旅游市場(chǎng)試圖通過(guò)提供鄉(xiāng)村所有的歷史，自然，文化和宗教價(jià)值并從該旅游中受益。這些活動(dòng)概述如下：于爾居普市政府已決定申請(qǐng)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目旨在卡帕多西亞地區(qū)的引進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村生活。本項(xiàng)目總預(yù)算為50萬(wàn)美元，將由國(guó)際魔術(shù)生活來(lái)籌集。在項(xiàng)目范圍內(nèi)，國(guó)內(nèi)外游客將參加鄉(xiāng)村婚禮，鄉(xiāng)村傳統(tǒng)的做飯吃飯，擠牛奶和羊奶。科茲庫(kù)魯爾谷位于Ortahisar地區(qū)的內(nèi)夫謝希爾省，該省組織游客去觀日出。由于這個(gè)地區(qū)是世界上觀看日出日落最好的地方。每年近3萬(wàn)游客到此旅游，每天花費(fèi)約達(dá)1.5美元。在冬季，許多村莊和地中海縣，馬爾馬拉海和鄂梗地區(qū)組織駱駝摔跤。在過(guò)去兩年中，土耳其農(nóng)村地區(qū)的肥皂劇。此外，土耳其影片命名來(lái)自東方，在首腦會(huì)議和首腦或太陽(yáng)照在卡帕多西亞的。因此，很多人去看演員提到的村莊，參觀那里的歷史古跡和鄉(xiāng)村生活。近年來(lái)，一些旅游機(jī)構(gòu)組團(tuán)的路線涵蓋了絲綢之路。穆拉省和埃爾津詹省的農(nóng)村地區(qū)的有些村民進(jìn)行了專業(yè)人士的培訓(xùn)活動(dòng)。這有一些供應(yīng)西南土耳其的鄉(xiāng)村旅游服務(wù)的私營(yíng)機(jī)構(gòu)。其中之一是胡祖爾，這是一個(gè)度假勝地，這里提供瑜珈，全面和假期徒步旅行，并在一個(gè)美麗的費(fèi)特希耶海岸山谷農(nóng)莊恢復(fù)傳統(tǒng)替代療法。在一個(gè)特別的節(jié)日，游客會(huì)住在