ATCA機箱設計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻ATCA機箱設計中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)機械產品自頂向下設計的多層次裝配模型摘要為了使下一代計算機輔助設計工具能夠有效地支持自頂向下的產品設計過程，從傳統(tǒng)的產品設計過程中提煉出產品設計的遞歸執(zhí)行和結構演變特征，在此基礎上，提出了一種基于自頂向下的裝配模型，實現(xiàn)了對抽象信息、骨架信息和詳細信息的捕捉。此外，繼承機制以確保在自頂向下的裝配設計過程中的信息傳遞和轉換之間的不同的設計階段的可行性。對一個自頂向下的裝配設計樣本進行分析，以顯示其應用效果的多層次的裝配模型和相關的繼承機制。另外，還對現(xiàn)有的計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)模型的適用性和自頂向下的裝配設計的更為廣泛的應用進行了討論，最后給出了工作的結論和未來的發(fā)展方向。【關鍵詞】自頂向下；裝配設計；組件設計；多層次裝配模型；骨架模型；繼承機制1引言由于全球經濟環(huán)境的快速發(fā)展，許多新產品具有巨大的復雜性和規(guī)模，需要多學科的知識。因此，如何有效地設計這些產品，具有重要的意義。產品設計的各種策略中，自上而下的方法是比較突出的和自然的方式。在自上而下的產品設計中，是先制定每個組件（可能是一個零件或子裝配），然后更深入細化，有時也會有若干的子級，直到基礎組件定義。這樣將產品的復雜設計工作細分為幾個簡單的子模塊的設計工作，從而降低了設計難度和復雜度。同時，這些細分的工作可以并行執(zhí)行，這種并行性使得不同群體之間可能的協(xié)同設計。考慮到產品設計中自頂向下的方法的重要性，應提供以計算機為基礎的工具和軟件包以幫助設計人員更容易、更方便地進行自頂向下的產品設計，不幸的是，大多數商業(yè)計算機輔助設計軟件對自頂向下的產品的支持是有限的。即便是在今天，仍然有許多設計作品不能充分使用計算機提供動力。這將浪費太多的時間，并最終推遲了新產品進入市場的時間，這顯然是一個對企業(yè)和消費者雙方的重大損失。要使下一代計算機輔助設計工具更好地支持自頂向下的產品設計，應考慮以下幾個基本問題：1、一個合理的自頂向下的裝配設計過程可以由計算機完成；2、一種集成的多層次捕捉信息的抽象層次的裝配模型；3、各種靈活的機制，確保不同的設計階段之間的設計信息的過渡和關聯(lián)。這里的工作是為了探索新的裝配設計過程、裝配模型和繼承機制，需要下一代計算機輔助設計工具，以支持自頂向下的產品設計有效。具體而言，本文更準確而簡潔地描述自頂向下的裝配設計過程與傳統(tǒng)的產品設計過程比較。基于自頂向下的裝配設計過程，我們提出了一個多層次的裝配模型，可以捕捉到重要數據信息，從而可以支持不同階段的自頂向下的裝配設計。該模型可以支持主流的三維系統(tǒng)，通過適應和擴展。同時，為了保證設計信息的有效傳輸和演化，在整個產品設計過程中的不同階段探索了相關的繼承機制。論文的其余部分組織如下：第2節(jié)回顧了一些以前的研究相關工作；第3節(jié)介紹了自頂向下的裝配設計過程，并分析了相應的計算機輔助工具的要求；在4節(jié)給出了一個多層次的自頂向下的裝配模型；第5節(jié)介紹了各種繼承機制下的自頂向下的裝配設計；第6節(jié)展示了自頂向下的裝配設計實例和一些相關應用的多級裝配模型，然后在第7節(jié)中討論了現(xiàn)有的計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng)的適應和擴展，并為實際的自頂向下的裝配設計打下基礎；論文最后是結論和對未來的憧憬。2相關關系傳統(tǒng)的自上而下的過程，它從總體的草圖和粗糙的要求開始，逐步細化構件。在長期的歷史演變下，自上而下的產品設計慢慢成為設計者的首選。一些文獻分析了傳統(tǒng)的自上而下的產品設計的特點，并發(fā)現(xiàn)有趣的問題。1988年，Libardi等人關于計算機環(huán)境的發(fā)展，機械裝配設計進行的概述中，支持自頂向下的設計和多視點是其中的一個關鍵點。這些綜述了自頂向下的產品設計研究的最先進的研究狀況，指出了自頂向下的設計系統(tǒng)需要克服的一些問題，如自頂向下的產品設計的裝配模型表示和從概念模型到參數化模型的推理方法。該研究由Mantyla指導，解決了自頂向下的產品設計系統(tǒng)不足的問題。在這項工作中，設計者指出，設計過程可以分解為功能性設計，概念設計和詳細設計，而一個自頂向下的產品設計系統(tǒng)應該支持多個抽象模型的所有三個設計階段。在機械工程設計方法的抽象幾何、焦點變化、幾何繼承和重新設計問題等方面也討論了許多重要的概念和問題。整個自上而下的產品設計包括了設計信息的不同層次的設計階段，在這些階段下，會產生不同的設計產品。Sturges等人建立了許多方法和技術在概念設計、功能流圖和功能邏輯圖中，并提出了功能行為狀態(tài)（FBS）模型關聯(lián)函數的符號、行為和狀態(tài)。Guietal開發(fā)了一套行為規(guī)范用來捕捉組件間的相互關系。布局設計遵循概念設計，是體現(xiàn)設計階段的一個非常重要的部分。同時也有一些設計者專注于開發(fā)基于布局設計的計算機輔助工具。如Lashin等人分析六個層次的抽象，從粗到細凸殼的幾何模型得出的抽象層次模型是適合于大的布局設計，其中所有的幾何都必須檢測其功能、空間兼容性等等。Csabai等人在三維布局模塊中使用設計空間和接口功能，以確定布局設計中的功能組件之間的運動約束。基于它們的表示，在整個設計過程中，可以執(zhí)行的運動分析。Mantripragada等借助DFC的概念（數據流鏈）捕捉組件的基本結構。目前的DFC的概念（數據流鏈）捕捉組件的基本結構。合理的布局設計可以進行建立三維基準定向鏈控制部分位于相對于彼此。除了提及的工作，Clement等人提出了一個稱為系統(tǒng)（技術與拓撲相關的表面）基本面的模型。隨著系統(tǒng)的的更新，（最小幾何數據元素）被用來定義各種表面協(xié)會的參考幀。雖然系統(tǒng)和參照主要是表現(xiàn)尺寸和公差，但參照的背后的“基準面的定義”在布局設計幫助定義運動的關系。

Multi-levelassemblymodelfortop-downdesignofmechanicalproductsXiangChen,Shuminggao,Youdongyang,ShutingzhangStateKeyLaboratoryofCAD&CG,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,PRChinaAbstractToenablenextgenerationCADtoolstoeffectivelysupporttop-downdesignofproducts,atop-downassemblydesignprocessisrefinedfromthetraditionalproductdesignprocesstobetterexhibittherecursive-executionandstructure-evolvementcharacteristicsofproductdesign.Basedonthetop-downassemblydesignprocess,amulti-levelassemblymodelisputforwardtocapturetheabstractinformation,skeletoninformationanddetailedinformationinvolved.Themulti-levelassemblymodelisameta-levelimplementationandiseasytobeextended.Moreover,theinheritancemechanismsareexploredtoensurethefeasibilityofinformationtransferringandconversionbetweendifferentdesignphasesinthetop-downassemblydesignprocess.Atop-downassemblydesignsampleisanalyzedatlengthtoshowtheapplicationeffectsofthemulti-levelassemblymodelandtherelevantinheritancemechanisms.Inaddition,apracticaltopicaboutthemodeladaptationofexistingCADsystemsisalsodiscussedforabroaderapplicationofthetop-downassemblydesign.Finally,theconclusionoftheworkandthefuturedirectionsforfurtherexplorationaregiven.[keywords]Top-downassemblydesign;Top-downcomponentdesign;Multi-levelassemblymodel;Shapeskeleton;Layoutskeleton;Skeletoninterface;Skeletonfeature;InheritancemechanisminterduceDuetotherapiddevelopmentofglobaleconomicsenvironment,manynewproductspossessthecharacteristicsofgreatcomplexityandscale,andneedknowledgefrommultipledisciplines.Therefore,howtodesigntheseproductseffectivelyandefficientlyisofgreatsignificance.Amongvariousstrategiesforproductdesign,thetop-downapproachisaquiteprominentandnaturalway.Inatop-downapproachanoverviewoftheproductisfirstformulated,andeachcomponent(couldbeapartorasub-assembly)isthenrefinedingreaterdetail,sometimesinmanyadditionalsubcomponentlevels,untilthebasecomponentsaredefinedexactly.Inthiswaythecomplexdesignworkofaproductissubdividedintoseveralsimplerdesignworksofsub-modulesgraduallyandrecursively,hencetoreducethedifficultyandcomplexityofthedesign.Meanwhile,thesesubdividedworkscouldbeexecutedinparalleloncemostoftheinterdependenceamongthemhasbeenpredetermined.Thisparallelizabilitymakesdesigncooperationbetweendifferentgroupspossible.Consideringtheimportanceofthetop-downapproachinproductdesign,computer-basedtoolsandpackagesshouldbeprovidedtohelpdesignerscarryoutthetop-downproductdesignmoreeasilyandconveniently.Unfortunately,withthelimitedsupportofmostcommercialCADsoftwaretothetop-downproductdesignnowadays,therearestillmanydesignworksthatcannotbepoweredupbycomputers.Thiswillwastetoomuchtimeintheproductdesignandeventuallydelaythetimethenewproductentersthemarket.Itisobviouslyalosstobothcompaniesandconsumers.TomakenextgenerationCADtoolssupportingthetop-downproductdesignbetter,thefollowingfundamentalissuesshouldbeconsidered:1.Areasonabletop-downassemblydesignprocessunderlaidwhichissuitableforcomputerization.2.Anintegratedmulti-levelassemblymodelforcapturinginformationindifferentlevelsofabstraction.3.Variousflexiblemechanismswhichensurethetransitionandassociationofdesigninformationbetweendifferentdesignphases.Theworkhereisexactlymeanttoexplorethenovelassemblydesignprocess,assemblymodelandinheritancemechanismsthatarerequiredbynextgenerationCADtoolsinordertosupporttop-downproductdesigneffectively.Specifically,inthispaper,amoreaccuratelyandcompactlydepictedtop-downassemblydesignprocessisrefinedfromtraditionalproductdesignprocess.Basedonthetop-downassemblydesignprocess,wepresentamulti-levelassemblymodelwhichhastheabilitytocapturetheimportantdataandknowledgeindesignandthuscansupportdifferentstagesofthetop-downassemblydesign.Thismodelisameta-levelimplementationandcansupportmainstreamCADsystemsthroughadaptationandextension.Meanwhile,therelevantinheritancemechanismsareexploredtoensuretheeffectivetransmissionandevolvementofdesigninformationbetweendifferentdesignphasesinthewholeproductdesignprocess.Therestofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2reviewssomepreviousstudiesrelatedtothiswork.Section3introducesthetop-downassemblydesignprocessandanalyzestherequirementsforthecorrespondingcomputer-basedsupportingtool.InSection4wegivethedetailsofamulti-leveltop-downassemblymodelandSection5describesvariousinheritancemechanismsfortop-downassemblydesign.Section6showsatop-downassemblydesignsampleandsomerelevantapplicationsofthemulti-levelassemblymodel.TheninSection7,theadaptationandextensionmethodfortheexistingCADsystemsisdiscussedforpracticaltop-downassemblydesign.Finally,conclusionandfutureworkareprovided.RelatedwordsTraditionalmechanicaldesignisatop-downprocesswhichstartswithoverallsketchandroughrequirementstodetailedandrefinedcomponentsgradually.Itiswellrecognizedthat,inthelonghistoryofevolvementinmechanicaldesign,top-downproductdesignisalwaysanimportantissueandtherelevantcomputerbasedtoolssupportingtop-downdesignareabsolutelynecessary.Someworksanalyzethecharacteristicsoftraditionaltop-downproductdesignanddiscovertheinterestingissuesaboutit.Libardietal.[1]giveanoverviewoftheliteraturebefore1988aboutthedevelopmentofcomputerenvironmentsformechanicalassemblydesign.Inthereview,supportfortop-downdesignandmultipleviewpointsisoneofthekeypoints.WenJianetal.[2]overviewthestateoftheartintheresearchoftop-downproductdesignandpointoutsomeproblemswhichneedtobeovercomeintop-downdesignsystems,suchasassemblymodelrepresentationfortop-downproductdesignandthereasoningmethodfromconceptualmodeltoparametricmodel.TheresearchconductedbyMantyla[3]isapioneerworkwhichaddressesthetop-downproductdesignsystemseriously.Inthework,theauthorpointsoutthatthedesignprocesscouldbedecomposedintofunctionaldesign,conceptualdesignanddetaildesign,whileatop-downproductdesignsystemshouldsupportmultipleabstractionmodelsforallthethreedesignphases.Manyimportantconceptsandissuesabouttop-downdesignapproachinmechanicalengineeringarealsodiscussed,suchasabstractgeometry,focuschange,geometryinheritanceandredesignproblem.Thewholetop-downproductdesignconsistsofseveraldesignphasesdealingwithdifferentlevelsofdesigninformation.Manyrelevantworksarepresentedforspecificdesignphasesinthetop-downproductdesign.Thereareanumberofmethodsandtechniquesforestablishingfunctionstructureinconceptualdesign.Sturgesetal.[4]presentfunctionalflowchartsandfunctionallogicdiagramsforfunctionrepresentation.Umedaetal.[5]proposetheFunction-BehaviorState(FBS)modelwhichassociatesthefunctionsymbols,behaviorsandstatestogether,thefirstonethesubjectivepartandthelattertwotheobjectiveparts.Karnoppetal.[6]discusstheuseofbondgraphsinmodelingofelectrical,mechanicalandhydraulicsystems.Guietal.[7]developedasetofbehavioralspecificationstocapturetheinter-relationshipsamongcomponents.Moredetailsanddiscussionaboutthesetechniquescanbefoundin[8].Layoutdesignisaveryimportantpartintheembodimentdesignphasewhichfollowstheconceptualdesign.Therearealsosomeworksconcentratingonthedevelopmentofcomputer-basedtoolsforlayoutdesign.Lashinetal.[9]analyzesixlevelsofabstractionfromthecoarsestconvexhulltothefinestgeometricmodelandconcludethattheabstractionlevel2modelissuitedfordesignoflargelayouts,inwhichallthegeometrynecessarytocheckfunction,spatialcompatibility,etc.,aredescribed.Csabaietal.[10,11]usedesignspacesandinterfacefeaturesintheir3DLayoutModuletodeterminethekinematicconstraintsbetweenfunctionalcomponentsinlayoutdesign.Basedontheirrepresentation,kinematicanalysiscouldbeexecutedinanearlystageduringthewholedesignprocess.Mantripragadaetal.[12]presenttheconceptofDFC(datumflowchain)tocapturethefundamentalstructureofassembly.Thelogicallayoutdesigncouldbecarriedouttoestablishdirectedchainsofdimensionaldatumstocontrolhowpartsarelocatedwithrespecttoeachother.Besidestheworksmentioned,Clementetal.[13]presentamodelcalledTTRS(technologicallyandtopologicallyrelatedsurfaces)toassociateelementarysurfaces.AlongwithTTRS,theMGDE(minimumgeometricdatumelements)isusedtodefinethereferenceframesofvarioussurfacesassociations.AlthoughtheTTRSandMGDEaremainlypresentedfordimensioningandtolerancing,theideaofthe‘“abstractionofrealsurfaces”behindMGDEcouldbepotentiallyusedinlayoutdesigntohelpdesignkinematicrelationships.Inthelasttwodecades,feature-basedassemblymodelinghasattractedmanyresearchers’attention.Shahetal.[14]describetheassemblymodelingasanextensionoffeature-basedmodelingforparts.Intheworkanassemblyfeatureisusedtobindtwocomponentstogether,whichissubstantiallyanassociationbetweentwoformfeaturesondifferentparts.Constraintsonmatingfeatures’shapesandrelativepositionsaredefinedinassemblyfeatures.Hollandetal.[15,16]use“Related”and“Relation”asthebaseclassesforbothpartandassemblymodeling.Assemblyfeaturesareusedinbothassemblymodelingandassemblyplanning(assemblysequenceplanning,assemblymotionplanning,fixtureplanning,etc.),whichincludehandlingfeaturesforhandlingcomponentsandconnectionfeaturesforconnectingcomponentstogether.Shyamsundaretal.[17]introducetheconceptofvirtualspaceandpresentageometricrepresentationAREPforcollaborativeassemblydesign.Assemblyfeaturesintheworkareclassifiedintorelationalassemblyfeaturesindicatingtherelationbetweengeometricfeatures,andassemblyformfeaturesastheresultofjoiningcertainshapefeaturesoftwocomponentstogether.Singhetal.[18]presentassemblyportstogrouptogethertheinterfaceinformationbetweenparts.Basedontheporterpresentation,analysisforlabelmatching,dimensionevaluation,matingconstraintsolvability,etc.couldbecarriedontoautomatethematingdefinitionandreducethedesigners’effort.Kimetal.[19]describetheirARM(assemblyrelationmodel)anddevelopanAsDontologybasedonARMwhichcapturesthesemanticsofassembly/joiningconceptsandrelations.TheAsDontologyisappliedincollaborativeproductdevelopmentandshowsitscapabilityinmaintainingthedesignintentofassemblyrelations.However,thepresentedontologyisnotaimedatcapturingthedesignknowledgeandinformationinvolvedinthedynamictop-downassemblydesignprocess.Besidestheworkthatfocusesonspecificdesignphases,manyresearchershavealsoexploredintegrationmethodsofthedifferentinformationrepresentationinvolvedinconceptualdesignanddownstreamproductdevelopment.Kusiaketal.[20]usediagraphstohelpthetransformationfromconceptualdesignandembodimentdesign.Brunettietal.[21]presentafeature-basedrepresentationtoestablishtherelationshipsamongrequirements,functions,workingprinciplesandgeometricmodels.Royetal.[22]giveanobject-orientedapproachtohelptheproductdesignpassingthroughthecompleteproduct’slifecyclefromfunctionalrequirementstoartifacts.Bronsvoortetal.[23]describeamultiple-viewfeaturemodelingapproachforintegralproductdesignwhichincludesconceptualdesignview,assemblydesignview,partdetaildesignviewandpartmanufacturingplanningview.Theconsistencymaintenancemechanismisalsodiscussedinthework.

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