外刊閱讀熱點話題培優練5科技發明Ⅰ.閱讀理解Someday，youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.Instead,agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(納米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Itwouldbeespeciallylife－changingforpeoplewhofinditdifficultorimpossibletoholdandmoveatoothbrush.Steager,anengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania(Penn)inPhiladelphiaandHyunKoo,aninventoranddentalresearcherthere,foundawaytoformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles(刷毛),alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Thetooth－cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁鐵).Onegoeseachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticlessitinaliquidbetweenthemagnets.Whenthemagnetsareturnedoff,thenanoparticlesmoverandomlyintheliquid.Assoonasonemagnetgetsturnedon,thenanoparticlesgathertogethernearitscenter.Whentheresearchersturnontheothermagnetandturnoffthefirstone,thenanoparticlesextendoutwardinlong,skinnybristles.Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.Sotheypushagainstthetooth’ssurface.Ifthere’sagapbetweenteeth,theypushintothegap.Movingthemagnetsmakesthebristlesmoveagainstandbetweenteeth.Allthatmotioncleanstheteeth.Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsohavestrongpowertokillviruses.Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofconcept.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewillwanttouse.“There’salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart，”saidSteager.1.Whatisspecialaboutthetoothcleaner?A.It’swater－proof.B.It’stransformable.C.Itlookslikeatoothbrush.D.Itcontainsskinnybristles.2.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theworkingprinciple.B.Themagnets’motion.C.Thevirus－killingprocess.D.Thebristles’formation.3.HowdoesSteagerfeelaboutthefutureofthedevice?A.Uncertain. B.Confident.C.Concerned. D.Surprised.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?A.ATooth－CleanerFightingBacteriaB.ABreakthroughinMedicineC.AShape－ShiftingRoboticTooth－CleanerD.ANewConceptforaNewStartInastudyinthejournalScience，researchersatNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisreportedthattheyhaddevelopedaneffectiveandinexpensivemethodforbreakingdownchemicalscalledper－andpolyfluoroalkylsubstances(PFAS).PFAS,firstcreatedinthe1930s,arechemicalcompounds(化合物).Theyareusedtomakeawiderangeofeverydayproducts,includingnonstickpans，carpeting,electronics,andfast－foodwrappers.Oncethechemicalsareintheenvironment,theyarealmostimpossibletoeliminatebecausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown.Researchershavelinkedregularlevelsofexposuretothesechemicalswithseveralhealthproblems,includingliverdamage,anincreasedriskofcancer,andreducedimmunity.ScientistshadpreviouslyfiguredouthowtoremovePFASfrompollutedwaterorsoilbuttherewasnosafeandeffectivewaytodestroythemoncetheywereremoved.ThestudyreportedthatwhentheteamboiledPFASmolecules(分子)withtwocommonsubstances,thePFASquicklybrokedownandbecameharmless.In2020,WilliamDichtel,achemistandprofessoratNorthwestern,readastudyinwhichchemistsattheUniversityofAlberta,inCanada,foundaneasywaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules.Heaskedagraduatestudent,BrittanyTrang,totrythemethodonPFASmolecules.TranghadspentmonthsinthelabunsuccessfullyattemptingtopullapartPFAS,andatfirstshethoughtDichtel’sideawastoosimpletowork.Butshetriedit,boilingPFASwithacommonsolvent(溶劑)calleddimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).TrangwasshockedwhentheprocessdestroyedthePFAS.ShelatermixedDMSOwithachemicalcalledsodiumhydroxideandbrokedownPFASevenmorequickly.ThescientistswillworkonwaystodestroyPFASoutsidethelabsolargeamountsofforeverchemicalscanbebrokendownatonce.“It’sahugechallenge,butit’sinourgrasp，”DichteltoldTheNewYorkTimes.ScientistsarealsocallingforadecreaseintheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintothenaturalworld.InJune,theUSgovernmentannouncednewplanstomonitorPFAS，decreasetheamountofPFASreleasedintotheenvironment,andaddresstheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealth.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“eliminate”probablymeaninparagraph2?A.Identify. B.Destroy.C.Appear. D.Release.6.HowdidWilliamDichtelfindthewaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules?A.Hegotinformationfromastudyofothers.B.Heconductedtheexperimentsonhisown.C.Hisgraduatestudent,BrittanyTrang,toldhim.D.ChemistsattheUniversityofAlbertatoldhim.7.WhatcanwelearnaboutBrittanyTrang’sexperiment?A.ShetriedthemethodfromDichtelbutdidn’tsucceedatfirst.B.ShepulledapartPFASwithherownideaatherfirstattempt.C.ShedevelopedamoreeffectivemethodtobreakdownPFAS.D.ShethoughtDichtel’sideawastoosimple,soshedidn’ttryit.8.Whatdoscientistsadvocatethepublicdoing?A.AddressingtheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealthandenvironment.B.ReducingtheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintotheenvironment.C.FindingmoreeffectivewaystodestroyPFASinandoutsidethelab.D.StoppingtheuseofPFASineverydaylifetoavoidhealthproblems.Ⅱ.七選五Everyoneneedsfriendshiptosurvive.Howdowestrengthentheexistingfriendshipsinourlives?Heresomeexpertsofferthefollowingtips.Showyouraffectiontoyourfriends.Weoftenthinkofaffectionasasortofloveinromanticrelationships.__1__.It’saboutcommunicatingloveandappreciation.Therearemanywaysyoucanshowlovetoyourfriends.Tellthemhowmuchtheymeantoyou.__2__.Thesesimpleactsshowyougenuinelycareforthemandletthemknowit’ssafetoinvestinyourfriendship.Begeneroustoyourfriends.Thinkaboutwhatyourskillsandtalentsareandfindawaytoturnthemintoagenerousact.Sharingyourtime,attentionorresourceswiththemisaneasywaytodevelopyourfriendships.Peoplewanttostaywithfriendswhovaluethem,andgenerosityisawaytoexpressthat.Youcanshareactsofgenerositywithyourfriends.Ifyou’regreatwithkids,youmightoffertobabysitforyourfriendswhoareparents.__3__.__4__.Thinkabouthowgooditfeelstotellafriendyousecretlylikeatrashy(無聊的)TVshowandhearthemrespond“Metoo！”Wefeeladeeperconnectiontoourfriendswhenourvulnerability(脆弱)ismetwithsupport.Itmeanstheyacceptusforwhowereallyare,thegoodandthebad.Sodon’tbeafraidtoshareyourstruggleswithyourfriends.Itmaybringyoucloser.Faceconflictbravely.__5__.Butbeingabletodealwithconflictwithfriendsinahealthy,constructivewaycanstrengthenyourfriendships.Itmightbepainfulatfirst,butitshowsyouwanttomakeyourrelationshipbetter.A.ShareyourstrugglesandjoysB.It’shardtodealwithconflictinfriendshipsC.RemindthemyouaregratefultoknowthemD.Butit’smorethanholdinghandsandkissingE.Itismorelikelytobuilddeep,long－lastingfriendshipsF.StartbytellingyourfriendshowmuchyouvaluethemG.Ifyougetaraiseatwork，treatyourfriendstoafancydinnerⅢ.語法填空DuringthesummerholidayIhadthechancetovisitPingtangCounty,GuizhouProvinceinsouthwestChina.It’s1.____________experienceIwillneverforget.TravelingtoGuizhoubyhigh－speedrailfromBeijing,I2.____________(astonish)attherapidchangeinsceneryfromskyscraperstobeautifultree－filledmountains3.____________(rest)underaclearbluesky.Uponarrival,IvisitedthePingtangInternationalExperiencePlanetarium,whichdisplaysChina’s4.____________(remark)achievementsinscienceandspacetechnology.TheFive－hundred－meterApertureSphericalradioTelescope(FAST)thereisthelargestoneofitskindintheworld.TovisitFAST,visitorsarenotpermitted5.____________(bring)anyelectronicdevicesduetosecuritymeasures.Sotheymustrecordthisonce－in－a－lifetimemomentwiththeirheartsandminds.6.____________(truthful),myfavoritepartofthetripwasmypersonalinteractionwiththelocalcommunity.Followingtheinstructions,Iworkedontwocommunityfarms,wenthikingandswam7.______________afreshcommunityriveralongsidefish.IwaseducatedontheregionalhistoryoftheMiaopeople8.____________cultureisrichinfashion,food,potteryandmusic.Afterthisadventure,my9.____________(appreciate)forChineseculturehassnowballed.WhileIamcontentwithlivingandworkinginBeijing,PingtangCountyinGuizhouhasopenedmyeyestotheendlesspositive10.____________(possibility)Chinahastooffer.A篇Para.2：encounterv.偶然碰到；遭遇Para.3：gapn.開口；豁口；缺口motionn.運動；移動bonusn.意外收獲Para.4：proofn.檢驗；證實B篇Para.1：inexpensiveadj.便宜的breakdown(使)分解；出故障；失敗Para.2：exposuren.暴露，接觸；曝光awiderangeof各種各樣的bedesignedtodosth目的是做某事；為……而設計Para.3：substancen.物質，東西；主旨figureout算出；想出；弄明白Para.6：address常用義：n.地址文章義：v.處理，設法解決A篇譯文：Steager，費城賓夕法尼亞大學的一個工程師，和HyunKoo，那里的一個發明家和牙科研究員，找到了一種方法，可以把納米顆粒做成長而薄的刷毛，就像牙刷上的刷毛一樣。參考答案Ⅰ.【語篇解讀】本文是說明文，主要講述了美國賓夕法尼亞大學的研究人員研發出了一款納米潔牙機器人。1.B[細節理解題。根據第二段中的“Butthesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter”可知，盡管這些刷毛和普通牙刷的無異，但這些刷毛可以改變形狀來適應它們碰到的任何表面，這是其特殊之處，故B項正確。water－proof“防水的”；transformable“可變形的；可轉化的”。]2.A[段落大意題。本段第一句“Thetooth－cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁鐵)”講到了潔牙機器人是靠磁鐵運轉的，而下文中羅列的3個when引導的時間狀語從句，if引導的條件狀語從句和assoonas引導的時間狀語從句則講到了潔牙機器人在具體情況下的工作原理，因此，本段主要講了潔牙機器人的工作原理。]3.B[推理判斷題。根據最后一段中Steager所說的話“buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart”可知，凡事皆有開端。據此可以推斷，Steager對潔牙機器人的前景很有信心。]4.C[標題歸納題。本文的體裁是科技說明文，這類文章的主旨大意一般為發明的主體。根據第一段中的“agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(納米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou”，以及第二段中的“thesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurface”可知，本文主要介紹了一款可以變形的納米潔牙機器人，故C項適合作本文的標題。]【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。伊利諾伊州西北大學的研究人員說他們已經開發出一種有效且廉價的方法來分解被稱為PFAS的化學物質。本文重點介紹了這種降解方法。5.B[詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞后的句子“becausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown”可知，這是因為它們的設計是為了避免分解，據此可知，一旦這些化學物質進入環境，它們幾乎不可能被消除。所以畫線詞的意思是“消除”，與destroy意思相近。]6.A[細節理解題。根據第四段中的“In2020...chainsofmolecules”可知，化學家兼教授WilliamDichtel閱讀了一項研究，加拿大一所大學的化學家在該研究中發現了一種分解分子鏈的簡單方法。據此可知，WilliamDichtel是從別人的研究中得到了信息以此找到分解分子鏈的方法的。]7.C[細節理解題。根據第五段中的“Butshetriedit...evenmorequickly”可知，她嘗試用一種叫DMSO的普通溶劑煮沸PFAS，這種方法可以降解PFAS；此后她將DMSO與一種叫氫氧化鈉的化學物質混合，更快地分解PFAS。據此可知，BrittanyTrang發現了一種更有效的方法來分解PFAS。]8.B[細節理解題。根據尾段中的“Scientistsarealsocalling...thenaturalworld”可知，科學家倡導公眾減少釋放到環境中的PFAS的數量。]Ⅱ.【語篇解讀】本文是說明文。友誼對每一個人來說都至關重要。本文提供了一些維系友誼并使之煥發生機與活力的良方。1.D[空前一句提到了人們對“友情”的通?？捶ā抢寺P系中的一種愛。而空后一句提到了新的看法——它有關愛和感激的傳達。根據“瞻前顧后”的原則，D項“但它不僅僅是牽手和親吻”符合此處的語境，且起到承前啟后的作用。]2.C[根據空前一句“Tellthemhowmuchtheymeantoyou.”和空后一句中的Thesesimpleacts可知，空處應屬于Thesesimpleacts中的一種。分析選項可知，C項“提醒他們你很感激認識他們”符合語境。]3.G[本段圍繞著generosity展開。G項“如果你在工作中加薪了，請朋友吃頓大餐吧”與空前的“Ifyou’regreatwithkids,youmightoffertobabysitforyourfriendswhoareparents.”都是慷慨之舉。]4.A[分析文章結構及空處所在的位置可知，空處應是本段的小標題。根據其他小標題的句式特點，可確定答案在A項和F項中。根據本段中“Sodon’tbeafraidt