3.5經濟現象

shortandlongperiodchanging短期經濟現象（失業與通貨膨脹）長期經濟現象（經濟周期、經濟增長）1.潛在國民收入潛在的國民收入是指現有資源得到充分利用所能夠生產產品與勞務的最大值潛在國民收入往往與實際國民收入相背離潛在國民收入高于實際國民收入，經濟會蕭條潛在國民收入低于實際國民收入，經濟會過熱GDP缺口潛在國民收入與實際均衡收入之間的差距稱為國內生產總值缺口通貨緊縮缺口：實際收入低于潛在收入通貨膨脹缺口：實際收入高于潛在收入通貨緊縮缺口、通貨膨脹缺口AEYAEABC45Y（潛在）Y1（實際）2.失業DescribingUnemployment:ThreeBasicQuestionsHowdoesgovernmentmeasuretheeconomy’srateofunemployment?Whatproblemsariseininterpretingtheunemploymentdata?Howlongaretheunemployedtypicallywithoutwork?Basedontheanswerstothesurveyquestions,theBLSplaceseachadultintooneofthreecategories:EmployedUnemployedNotinthelaborforceThelabor-forceparticipationrateisthepercentageoftheadultpopulationthatisinthelaborforce.摩擦性失業Frictionalunemployment

referstotheunemploymentthatresultsfromthetimethatittakestomatchworkerswithjobs.ittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatsuittheirtastesandskills.結構性失業Structuralunemployment

istheunemploymentthatresultsbecausethenumberofjobsavailableinsomelabormarketsisinsufficienttoprovideajobforeveryonewhowantsone.3.通貨膨脹衡量指標Theconsumerpriceindex(CPI)

計量方法CPI指數月度變更情況

如何比較合理變更程度？通貨膨脹的合理性17%Transportation15%FoodandbeveragesMedicalcare6%Recreation6%Apparel4%Othergoodsandservices4%42%Housing6%EducationandcommunicationThenominalinterestrate

istheinterestrateusuallyreportedandnotcorrectedforinflation.Itistheinterestratethatabankpays.

Therealinterestrate

istheinterestratethatiscorrectedfortheeffectsofinflation.

4.失業與通貨膨脹的平衡

——菲利普斯曲線5.經濟周期與經濟增長

（1）規律性：經濟周期四個階段：發展、高潮、衰退、低谷

（2）經濟增長來源：勞動力產出（theamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput）.Anation’sstandardoflivingisdeterminedlargelybytheproductivityofitsworkers.經濟增長的財富從哪里來？

Y=AF(L,K,H,N)

Y=quantityofoutput

A=availableproductiontechnology

L=quantityoflabor

K=quantityofphysicalcapital

H=quantityofhu