L11.Theytendtoacknowledgethemorerecentimmigrantsonlyinretrospect.Theimmigrantshavetowaituntiltheyhaveprovedthemselvesbyworking,raisingarespectablefamily,achievingcitizenship,andmaybeevenwinningaNobelPrize.2.ThepresentwaveofHispanicimmigrationandEuropeanwavesaresimilarinroots.Buttherearetwoimportantdifferences:theEuropeanwaveswerelegalwhereasthecurrentwaveisillegal.Thenumbersarealsodifferent.Thecurrentwaveismuchlargerinscale.3.Theevidenceshowsthatthenewimmigrantsbehaveinpositivewayssimilartotheirpredecessors.Theyarefamilyoriented,theyvalueeducation,andtheirchildrenarelearningEnglish.Overtime,theyareintermarryingamonggrowingnumbersofotherethnicgroups.Theyarepeopleoffaith.Theyareenergetic,lookingtomoveupinlifethroughbetterjobs–theyworkhardandforlonghours.4.TheyoftentakejobsmanyAmericanssimplynolongerwishtodo.Byandlargethemostrecentsurgeofimmigrantsismadeupofpeoplewhoareyoungandmobile,andwhoworkintheleastdesiredsectorsoftheU.S.economysuchasagricultureandserviceindustriesforrelativelylowpay.Today,onlyabout10percentofwhitemalesleavehighschool,andhighschoolgraduateswon’ttakethemenialjobsthatmanyimmigrantsarehappytotakeon.Soforthemostpart,thenewimmigrantsandnativeAmericansarenotcompetingforthesamejobs.Evenwhentheydocompetemoredirectlywithlow-skilledU.S.-bornworkers,thejobpreferenceisdifferent.Immigrantsfindworkinagriculture,whilelesseducatednativesoftenendupinmanufacturing.5.Immigrantsatboththelowendandthehighendoftheskillsetsareneeded.Moreimmigrantsareneededbecausetheretirementofthe80millionbabyboomerswillincreasetheburdenofsupportingthenon-workingseniorsandmoreimmigrantswillhelpreducetheburden.6.Familyreunificationshouldbesupportedtotheextentofholdingthenuclearfamilytogether.Keepingspousesandchildrentogethermakeshumanitariansense.However,thechainimmigrationofextendedfamilyrelativesshouldbecontrolled.Therandom“visalottery”programshouldbeeliminated.7.No,itdoesnotmeananamnestyforthem.Itspellsoutalongroutetolegalityandcitizenship.Illegalimmigrantscouldapplyforagreencardonlyafterthe4millionfamilieswhoarenowinlineforimmigrationvisashavebeenclearedthroughthesystem;theprocesswouldtakeanestimated8years.Sotheywouldnothaveanadvantageoverthosewhohaveplayedbytherules.Theywouldalsohavetopayfinesanddemonstratethattheyhavecleanrecords.Inasense,theywouldbeallowedtoearncitizenshipovertime.8.Thebillwinsconservativesupportforthepositionbycallingforsubstantiallystepped-upsecuritytobeinplacebeforemoreimmigrantsareadmitted.9.TheRepublicansarewillingtoprovideillegalimmigrantsthepathtocitizenshipinreturnforgettingamoresecureborderandeliminatingthemuch-abusedextendedchainoffamilyrelatives.L51.Shetalkedaboutalecturehehadattended.Thethesiswasthatthehumanbodyhaschangedirrevocablyoverthelastquarterofacenturyandthatthephysicalenvironmentwillgraduallyadapttoaccommodatethenewshape.2.AccordingtoGregCritser,thereasonforAmericans’overweightwasthatthepopulationwasgrowingmoreslowlythanthefoodsupplyandasaresultfastfood,inventedasanaffordablewayofgettingfamiliestoeattogether,becameameansofsellingsurplusfatandsugartothemasses.3.DavidBlaine'sstarvationstuntwasaspectacletotheBritish.Familiesturnedoutenmasseatweekendstoseehowhishungerstrikewasgoing.Somenormal-sizepeopleturneduptomock,throwingeggs,cookingfoodandeventryingtocutoffthewatersupplytothehungryAmerican.Thereasonforsuchbehavioristhatthenotionofsomebodygivingupfoodfor44daysisunthinkablefortheBritishandtherearesofewstarvingAmericansintheworld,whichmakeshisself-imposedordealappearludicrouslyself-indulgent.What'smore,thestunthighlightedthedisorderedrelationtoeatingwhichhasbecomehabitualinthewesternsociety.4.TheimpactoffastfoodonMexicansisobvious.Obesityhasincreasedby158percentinMexicoinadecade,sincefastfoodoutletsbegantoreplacethetraditionaldiet.5.Asfastfooddeveloped,cookinghasbecomeaspectatorsport,somethingtowatchfamouspeopledoontelly,asthepopulationsofaffluentcountriesrelyincreasinglyonsupermarketmealsandtakeaways.6.Peopleinwesternsocieties,inordertoslimdownareendlesslytryingAtkinsandotherfashionabledietssuchasthecabbagesoupdietormodifiedAtkins.7.Thetraditionalworkingclassdietwasplainfoodwhilepresent-dayworkingclassdietissuperficiallymuchmorecosmopolitan—curries,pizzas,theubiquitousChinesetakeaway—butadaptedtosatisfytheBritishappetiteforsaturatedfat,saltandsugar.8.Theresultofwesterners'reversalofeatinghabitsisthatasmillionsofordinarypeoplegrowfat,theelitebecomeslender.9.Theauthorwantedtojointheeuro.L91.Tolstoy'sobservationonhappyandunhappyfamilieswas"Happyfamiliesareallalike;everyunhappyfamilyisunhappyinitsownway."2.HethinksthatTolstoywastotallywrong.Hebelievesthatunhappyfamiliesarereallysimilartooneanotherandthere'smuchmorevariabilityamonghappyfamilies.3.Accordingtotheresearchers,itisthoseotherpartsofrelationships–thepositivefactors--thatarepotentpredictorsofwhethercouplesfeelcommittedtorelationships.4.Theyhaveplacedstressesonlong-termrelationships.Two-incomecouplesjugglingdemandingjobsandprofessionaladvancementcansometimesdetractfromfamilyandintimaterelationships.Simultaneously,therisingnumberofwomenintheworkforcehasgivenwomentheeconomicsecuritytoleaveunhappyrelationships,thesexualrevolutionhasmadesexbeforeandoutsidemarriagecommon,andthedestigmatizationofdivorcehascontributedtothephenomenonofserialmonogamy.5.Hustonfindsthatthejuxtapositionofhighexpectationswiththestressandcyclesofrelationshipsappearstobeanimportantreasonwhymanyrelationshipsdon'twork.6.Theyreportedbeingcontentatthestartofrelationshipsandstillcontentedtwoyearslater.Theirfeelingsaboutrelationshipswerenotintensebuttheywerepositive.7.Shefoundthatverysuccessfulcoupleshadsomethingbesideschildrenthatwasenjoyabletotheirrelationship.Itcouldbetravel,hospicework,workingonasummerplace.Thosethingsbringstabilitybecausetheyconferpleasureandidentityinthewaypeoplelivetogether.8.Thosefactorsaresocialandfamilysupports,socioeconomicstatus,governmentandworkplacepolicies.Theycanhelpandhinderrelationships.L111.No,thedecisiontolivealoneiscommonindiversecultureswheneveritiseconomicallyfeasible.Germany,FranceandBritainhaveagreaterproportionofone-personhouseholdsthantheU.S.,asdoesJapan.Accordingtotheauthor,China,IndiaandBrazilarealsoseeingfastgrowthofone-personhouseholds.2.Thedatedimagesoflivingaloneareanxiety,dreadandloneliness.3.Afterinterviewing300singlepeople,hefindsthatlivingaloneseemstoencouragemore,notlesssocialinteraction.4.Dynamicmarkets,flourishingcitiesandopencommunicationssystemsmakethelifeofsinglepeoplemoreappealingbecausetheygivethemthecapacitynotonlytolivealonebuttoengagewithotherswhenandhowtheywanttoandonourownterms.5.Herresearchfoundthatsinglepeople35andolderweremorelikelythanthosewholivedwithaspouseoraromanticpartnertospendasocialeveningwithneighborsorfriends.6.Thosesurveysfindthatmarriedpeoplewithchildrenaremorelikelythansinglepeopletohunkerdownathome.Thoseinlargesuburbanhomesoftensplinterintoprivatehomestobealone.7.Newcommunicationtechnologiesmakelivingaloneasocialexperience,sobeinghomealonedoesnotfeelinvoluntaryorlikesolitaryconfinement.Thepersonaloneathomecandigitallynavigatethroughaworldofpeople,informationandideas.Internetusedoesnotseemtocutpeopleofffromrealfriendshipsandconnections.8.KeithHamptonfindsthatheavywebusersaremorelikelythanotherstohavelargeanddiversesocialnetworks,morelikelytomeetdiversepeoplewithdifferentperspectivesandbeliefs.9.Throughinterviewstheauthorfoundthateldersinglepeoplehadaclearpreferenceforlivingalone,whichallowedthemtoretaintheirfeelingsofindependenceandintegrity,andaclearaversiontomovinginwithfriendsorfamilyorintoanursinghome.10.No.AccordingtoDeborahCarr’sresearch,at18monthsafteraspouse,onlyoneinfourelderlymenandoneinsixelderlywomensaytheyareinterestedinremarrying,oneinthreemenandoneinsevenwomenareinterestedindatingsomeday;andonlyoneinfourmenandoneinelevenwomenareinterestedindatingimmediately.11.Punditspredictedthatratesoflivingalonewouldplummetbecauseofthechallengedeconomy.However,thusfarthere’slittleevidencethatthishashappened.Thelatestcensusreportestimatesthatmorethan32millionAmericanslivealonetoday,upfrom27.2millionin2000and31millionin2010.L121.InNovember,2003,theMassachusettsSupremeJudicialCourtissuedthedecisionthatonesecondpastmidnightonMay17,2004,gaymarriagewillbecomelegal.Thebasisofthecourt'sdecisionisthestateconstitution'spromiseofequalrights.2.Theywerefullofjubilation,andcongratulatedeachnewcoupleontheirmarriage.Theyclaimedthattheceremoniesmarkthebiggestadvanceincivilrightssinceracialsegregationwasabolished.3.Theright’sreactionwaslessmilitantthanmighthavebeenexpected.Onlyabout50demonstratorsshowedupatBoston'scityhalltoprotestabout"MarriageDestructionDay".Eveninthestate'slessliberaltowns,gaycouplesweretreatedpolitely,withstandardNewEnglandreserve.Thestaffwerefollowingtheordersofthegovernor,whohadruledthatthelawshouldberespected.4.TherepublicanGovernor,MittRomneyistryingtoenforcealongneglected1913statelawthatdeniesmarriageslicencestoout-of-statecoupleswhosehomestateswouldoutlawtheirunions.39stateshavepassedlawsrestrictingmarriagetoheterosexualunions.Inthemeantime.ConservativesinMassachusettswanttopushthroughanamendmenttotheirstateconstitution.5.AccordingtoJonathanRauch,Americanolongerreallyhasanationalconsensusaboutwhatmarriagemeans.InaLosAngelesTimespoll,24%Americanssaidthatgaysshouldbeallowedtomarry,and34%opposedanyformoflegalunionforsame-sexcouple;butthebiggernumber--38%--plumpedforcivilunions.6.Republicansthinkthattheissuecanbeusedtogalvanisetheconservativebasethisyear.Variousballotinitiativesareplannedaroundthecountry,theideabeingthattheywilldrawtothepollsthesocialconservativeswhosupposedlystayedathome.7.Becausehebelievesthatterminatingapregnancyisafairlygrislyaffairandthegaymarriageconflictwillbelessviciousthantheabortionconflict.L161.AccordingtoDebrahleeLorenzana,shewasfiredbecause,dressedinpencilskirts,turtlenecksandwearingpeep-toestilettos,shewasconsidered“toohot”.2.Shelovesplasticsurgeryandthinksthatit’sthebestthingthateverhappened.3.Handsomemenearn,onaverage,5percentmorethantheirless-attractivecounterparts.Good-lookingwomenearn4percentmore.It’slooks,notmerit,thatalltoooftenrule.4.Acoupleofdecadesago,itwasamakeup-lessKateMosswhowasconsideredthebeautyideal.Now,it’saplastic-surgery-plumpedParisHilton.5.AccordingtoeconomistDanielHamermesh,agood-lookingmanwillmakesome$250,000morethanhisleast-attractivecounterpart.6.Inthecurrenteconomy,whenemployershavehiringoptions,looksaren’tjustimportant;they’recritical.7.57percentofhiringmanagerstoldNewsweekthatqualifiedbutunattractivecandidatesarelikelytohaveahardertimelandingajob,whilemorethanhalfadvisedspendingasmuchtimeandmoneyon“makingsuretheylookattractive”asonperfectingarésumé.Whenitcomestowomen,apparently,61percentofmanagerssaiditwouldbeanadvantageforawomantowearclothingshowingoffherfigureatwork.Looksareplacedaboveeducationinorderofimportance.8.AccordingtoPlato’s“goldenproportions,”anidealfacehasawidthexactlytwothirdsofitslengthandanosenolongerthanthedistancebetweentheeyes.9.Studiesshowthatunattractivewomenremainatadisadvantageinlow-levelpositionslikesecretary,whileinupper-levelfieldsthatarehistoricallymale-dominated,good-lookingwomencansufferaso-calledbimboeffect.Theyareviewedastoofeminine,lessintelligent,and,ultimately,lesscompetent.10.Agingisadisadvantage.Thereexistsbiasagainstelderlymenandwomen.Eighty-fourpercentofmanagerstoldNewsweektheybelieveaqualifiedbutvisiblyoldercandidatewouldmakesomeemployershesitate,andwhileageismaffectsmen,too,it’sparticularlytoughforwomen.L191.Calcuttansliveinextremelypoorconditions,survivinginashackoronthestreetwithlittleaccesstocleanwater,foodorhealthcare.Buttheyscoreabouta4,meaningtheyareslightlymorehappythannot.Thisexampleshowsthathappinessismorerelatedtoattitudethantomaterialwell-being.2.TheyhavebeenevaluatingwhattheytermtheSubjectiveWell-Being(SWB)ofpeoplearoundtheworldbyinvitingthemtoanswerquestionsabouttheirmoodsandoutlook.Theirfindingisthathumanbeings,nomatterwheretheyliveandalmostwithoutregardtohowtheylive,arepresettobehappy.3.Hethinksofthepredilectionasa“gift”bestowedonpeoplebyevolutionthathelpspeopleadaptandflourisheveninfairlytryingcircumstances.Theotherexplanationisthatpeopleare“socialized”tobehappyinordertofacilitatesmoothsocialfunctioning.4.Accordingtoasurveyofcollegestudentsinthemid-1990s,thethreemostcheerfullocalesarePuertoRico,ColumbiaandSpain.EdDienerthinksthatthehighspiritsoftherelativelypoorPuertoRicansandColumbiansstemfroma“positivitytendency”thatmayberootedinculturalnormsregardingthevalueofbelievinginaspectsoflifeingeneraltobegood.5.EastAsianstendtoweighttheworstareasoftheirlifewhencomputingtheirlifesatisfaction.ShinaboKitayamaexplainsthatitmaybeareflectionofadifferenceinculturalexpectation.HebelievesthatAsiansfromthebeginningoflifearetrainedtofocusonthenegativeaspectsofthemselvesandthatextendstoAsians’viewofhappinessitself.6.AccordingtoKitayama,Asiansoftenseelittlevalueinpersonalhappinessthatupsetsfamilyorgroupharmony.Whenaskedtoestimatetheirhappinessinsurveys,Asiansmightnaturallyunderratethemselves.ThereasonisthatAsianhappinessismuchmoresocialthanpersonal.7.EconomicandpoliticalmodernizationhasbroughtaboutmanychangesinAsia.AwealthofnewpossibilitiesarenowavailabletoAsiansacrosstheregion,yetmanyofthosechoices—whattobuy,wheretowork,whentomarry—comeintodirectconflictwiththeoldinterdependentvaluesstillheldbythesocietyorbytheirfamilies.Thereisenormousstressinthesetransitionalcultures.TheresultcanbeakindofcognitivedissonancethatleavesAsiansindividuallyfreerbutperhapslesshappy,atleastintheshortrun.8.AccordingtoresearchersatRotterdam’sEramusUniversity,thehappiestpeopleintheworldareDanes,theSwissandtheMaltese,allofwhomscore8ona10-pointscaleofhappiness.9.Accordingtothearticle,intheWesterncultures,thepursuitofhappinessisanationalobsessionwhereasintheEasterncultures,asChungTsuputit,happinessistheabsenceofthestrivingforha