感染相關(guān)英文詞匯小結(jié)G+〔1肺炎球菌感染〕Gram-PositiveBacteria革蘭陽性菌micrococci微球菌LouisPasteur路易斯，巴斯德etiologyofpneumonia肺炎的病因?qū)WEtiologicagent病因?qū)W微生物6.Streptococcus鏈球菌celldivisionoccursalongasingleaxis細(xì)胞分裂沿單一軸進(jìn)展growinchainsorpairs成鏈或成對生長hemolyticproperties溶血特性S.pneumoniae〔Streptococcuspneumoniae〕肺炎鏈球菌a-hemolyticgroupa溶血組bloodagar血培養(yǎng)皿characteristicallyproducesagreenishcolor特征綠色reductionofironinhemoglobin復(fù)原血紅蛋白中的鐵兔多克隆擠血清兔多克隆擠血清fastidious苛養(yǎng)〔菌〕mucoid(smooth/shiny)colonies粘液狀克隆〔光滑/金屬色〕Pneumococciwithoutacapsule無夾膜的肺炎球菌colonieswitharoughsurface克隆外表粗糙optochin(ethylhydrocupreinhydrochloride)奧普托成試驗(yàn)〔〕bilesoluble在膽汁中溶解apolysaccharidecapsule多糖夾膜serogroups/serotypes血清群/血清型rabbitpolyclonalantiseratheQuellungreactionQuellung反響：在特定抗血清處理下，夾膜腫脹phagocytosis吞噬作用determinantofpneumococcalvirulence毒力的決定因素Unencapsulatedvariants無夾膜的變種invasivedisease.侵襲性疾病hostdefensemechanisms宿主防御系統(tǒng)Pneumolysin肺炎球菌溶血素cytolysisofcellsandtissues細(xì)胞和組織的溶解cellwallproteins細(xì)胞壁蛋白細(xì)胞壁蛋白唾液酸plementpathway補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)plementdeposition補(bǔ)體沉積preventinglysisan/oropsonophagocytosis防止溶解和補(bǔ)體發(fā)揮調(diào)理作用ThepneumococcalHinhibitor(Hic)肺炎球菌H抑制體impedestheformationofC3convertase抑制C3轉(zhuǎn)話體的形成pneumococcalsurfaceproteinC(PspC)肺炎球菌外表蛋白Ccholine-bindingproteinA(CbpA)膽堿結(jié)合蛋白Asurface-anchoredsialidase(neuraminidase)NanA外表錨定唾液酸酶〔唾液酸苷酶〕pneumococcalsurfaceadhesinA(PsaA)肺炎球菌外表粘合分子potentialvaccinecandidates潛在的疫苗靶點(diǎn)Moleculartyping分子型pulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresis脈沖凝膠電泳geneticrelatedness基因相關(guān)性supersededbysequencingofhousekeepinggenes管家基因測序已取代〔電泳〕multilocussequencetyping,MLST多位點(diǎn)序列分型pneumococcal MLSTWebsite(/)41.sialicacid 肺球菌多位點(diǎn)分型查詢?nèi)尽硍hole-genomesequencing willsoonsupersedeMLST全基因組測序不久將替代MLSTroutine childhoodadministrationofpneumococcalpolysaccharide-roteinconjugatevaccine(PCV)幼年期常規(guī)注射肺球菌多糖蛋白結(jié)合物疫苗seculartrends長期趨勢epidemiologicfeatures流行病學(xué)特征serotypedistribution血清學(xué)分布54.invasivepneumococcaldisease(IPD,definedasinfectionofanormallysterilesite)diseaseburden疾病負(fù)擔(dān)militarybarracks軍營57.intermittentinhabitantsofthehealthyhumannasopharynx正常人鼻咽腔的連續(xù)定植菌respiratorydroplets呼吸道飛沫socioeconomicstatus社會經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況major vectorsofpneumococcaltransmission主要的肺鏈球菌傳播者Cross-sectionalprevalencedata侵襲性肺炎球菌病〔通常體無菌出現(xiàn)感菌血癥橫斷面發(fā)病率數(shù)據(jù)菌血癥highratesofcolonization高定植率highratesofcolonization高定植率munitytransmissiondynamics社區(qū)傳播動(dòng)力學(xué)cerebrospinalfluid(CSF)腦脊液aspirationofpneumococci吸入肺球菌apositivebloodculture血培養(yǎng)陽性routinepediatricvaccinationschedule常規(guī)幼兒疫苗接種方案pneumococcalpneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎bacteremiaadefinitiveetiologicdiagnosis病原學(xué)診斷明確radiographicallyconfirmedpneumonia影像學(xué)確診的肺炎clinicallydiagnosedpneumonia臨床確診的肺炎Thecase-fatalityratios(CFRs)病死率underlyingmedicalcondition根底疾病accesstocare治療情況severityofdiseaseatpresentation起病時(shí)病情的嚴(yán)重程度hospitalizedpatients住院患者易感人群appropriateandtimelymanagementisavailable適當(dāng)及時(shí)的治療appropriateandtimelymanagementisavailable適當(dāng)及時(shí)的治療thefirst24hofhospitalization住院后24hrapidlyprogressivecascadeofevents快速進(jìn)展irrespectiveofantibioticadministration與抗菌藥物應(yīng)用無關(guān)temperateclimate溫帶氣候ethnicgroup民族crowdedsettings擁擠的環(huán)境precedingviralrespiratorydisease(especiallybutnotexclusivelyinfluenza)曾患呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病〔尤其但不限于流感〕secondarypneumococcalinfections繼發(fā)的肺炎球菌感染seasonalandpandemicinfluenza季節(jié)性、流行性感冒Reducedpneumococcalsusceptibilitytopenicillin肺炎球菌對青霉素敏感性下降prevalenceofpneumococcalisolatesresistanttosingleormultipleclassesofantibiotics別離出的肺炎球菌對一種或多種抗菌藥物耐藥的趨勢明顯minimalinhibitoryconcentrations(MICs)最小抑菌濃度susceptibleindividualsrisingabsolutemagnitude絕對值提高penicillinG青霉素Gcefotaxime頭孢噻肟〔3nd〕ceftriaxone頭孢曲松macrolides大環(huán)酯類difficult-to-treatinfections難治性感染pneumococcalantimicrobialnonsusceptibility肺炎球菌抗菌藥物耐藥問題mucosalsurfaces膜狀外表100.otitismedia中耳炎pneumonia肺炎distantsites:brain遠(yuǎn)處播散joint關(guān)節(jié)bones骨骼peritonealcavity腹腔pneumococcalmeningitis肺炎球菌性腦膜炎機(jī)械去除肺炎球菌secondarytohematogenousspread繼發(fā)于血流感染flowofmucus粘液的流動(dòng)avoidlocalimmunefactors逃防止疫因子leukocytes白細(xì)胞plement補(bǔ)體cilia纖毛〔cilium的名詞復(fù)數(shù)〕mucociliaryescalator纖毛的活動(dòng)mechanicalclearanceofpneumococcicolonizationepisodes定植的時(shí)間persistentcolonization長期定植developmentofcapsule-specificserumIgG〔導(dǎo)致〕夾膜特異性血清IgG抗體118.Intercurrentviralinfections并發(fā)的病毒感染Localcytokineproduction局部細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生upregulateadhesionfactors上調(diào)粘附因子peptidoglycans肽葡聚糖teichoicacids磷壁酸123.interleukinIandIL-6白介素-1和白介素-6tumornecrosisfactor(TNF)腫瘤壞死因子Polymorphonuclearleukocytes多形核白細(xì)胞innateimmunefactors固有防御因子splenicfunction腎功能coughreflex咳嗽反射C-reactiveprotein(CRP)C反響蛋白phosphorylcholine磷脂膽堿Toll-likereceptor2(TLR2)Toll樣受體2lipoteichoicacid脂膜酸cellwallpeptidoglycan細(xì)胞壁肽聚糖cysticfibrosis囊腫性纖維化bronchiectasis支氣管擴(kuò)sicklecelldisease鐮狀細(xì)胞〔貧血〕病cross-reactiveantigens穿插反響擠原Tcellifldependentantigens不依賴T細(xì)胞的抗原delayedontogeny〔兒童〕個(gè)體〔B細(xì)胞防御系統(tǒng)〕發(fā)育慢agammaglobulinemia丙種球蛋白缺乏chemicallydistinct〔夾膜〕化學(xué)構(gòu)造不同serotypespecific血清型特異性抗體pathognomonicpresentationofpneumococcaldisease肺炎球菌疾病的特征表現(xiàn)self-limited自限性疾病142.life-threatening危及生命的differentialdiagnosis鑒別診斷convulsions抽播tachypnea(>30breaths/min)呼吸急促definedaccordingtospecificagestrata根據(jù)特殊的年齡分層確定147.lowerchestwallindrawing下胸壁凹陷noninvasiveorinvasiveinfection侵襲性或非侵襲性感染contiguousspread臨近組織器官傳播infectionofanormallysterilebodyfluid無菌體液區(qū)感染Pneumonia[invasivewithapositivebloodculture〕肺炎〔血培養(yǎng)陽性考慮為侵襲性〕amildmunity-acquiredinfection輕度社區(qū)獲得性感染intubation插管治療attheoutset起病時(shí)aviralupperrespiratoryinfection上呼吸道病毒感染abruptonsetofcoughanddyspnea急性起病的咳嗽和呼吸困難fever發(fā)熱shakingchills寒戰(zhàn)myalgias肌肉疼痛無膿性purulent有膿的tingedwithblood痰中帶血stabbingpleuriticchestpain胸肋膜刺痛parietalpleura腳膜壁層tachycardia心動(dòng)過速dullness沉悶percussion觸診法nonpurulentconsolidation實(shí)性病變crackles噼啪聲auscultation聽診Pleuralrub胸膜摩擦音cyanosis蒼白nasalflaring鼻翼煽動(dòng)diaphragmaticpleura胸膈膜upperabdominalpainmyocardialinfarction心肌梗死heartfailurewithatypicalpulmonaryedema心力衰竭伴不典型肺水腫cardiacconditions心臟疾病pulmonaryconditions肺部疾病atelectasis肺不mycoplasmas支原體etiologicdiagnosisofpneumococcalpneumonia肺炎球菌肺炎的病原學(xué)診斷上腹疼痛pathologicexaminationoflungtissue肺組織的病理學(xué)檢查184.Inlieuof代替185.aninfiltrateonchestradiography胸部影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)滲出186.lobarorsegmentalconsolidation大葉性或節(jié)段性實(shí)變patchy分散不均的pleuraleffusion胸腔積液empyema膿胸roundpneumonia圓形肺炎〔wenku.baidu./link?url=wuFa5cMxt56xl_Ds5QOeQbwzHhjIch77EO95SchnzWjqCqu1a5WKr51nKTHc1b8Vg2eXXKQmidweX3yeRVMzXxXASmuL5ppLBfB0JxTffQ7〕Urinarypneumococcalantigenassays泌尿系統(tǒng)肺炎球菌抗原檢驗(yàn)cultureofsputum痰培養(yǎng)Parapneumoniceffusions并發(fā)于肺炎的胸腔積液aggressiveandpletedrainage充分弓I流pyogeniccondition化膿性疾病skullfracture頭顱骨折gradual-onsetheadache逐漸出現(xiàn)的頭痛stiffneck頸僵photophobia畏光alteredconsciousness意識狀態(tài)變化

seizures癲癇bradycardia心動(dòng)過緩increasedintracranialpressure顱壓升高Kernig’sorBrudzinski’ssignKernig征、Brudzinski征cranialnervepalsies(3rdand6thcranialnerves)顱神經(jīng)麻痹〔3、6腦神經(jīng)〕examinationofCSF腦脊液檢查evidenceofturbidity(visualinspection)濁度〔肉眼檢查〕diffusebrainswelling彌漫性腦水腫subarachnoidbleeding蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血cerebrovascularplications腦血管并發(fā)癥bacteremia菌血癥osteomyelitis骨髓炎septicarthritis膿毒性關(guān)節(jié)炎endocarditisJ心膜炎pericarditispericarditis心包炎peritonitis腹膜炎elevatedproteinlevel,elevatedwhitebloodcellcount,andreducedglucoseconcentration(quantitativemeasurement)蛋白、白細(xì)胞水平升高，葡萄糖水平降低〔定量檢查〕specificidentificationoftheetiologicagent(culture,Gramspecificidentificationoftheetiologicagent(culture,Gram’sstaining,antigentesting,orPCR)病原鑒定〔培養(yǎng)，革蘭染色，擠原鑒定，PCR〕inconjunctionwith同時(shí)伴隨deafness耳聾hydrocephalus腦水腫215mentalretardation.智力遲鈍sinusitis鼻竇炎o(hù)titismedia中耳炎tinnitus甲鳴upperrespiratorytractinfection上呼吸道感染bulgingtympanicmembrane鼓膜突出reducedmovementoninsufflationortympanography注氣法或鼓室造影法顯示活動(dòng)減少、facialpain面部疼痛congestion充血persistentnighttimecough持續(xù)夜間咳嗽aspirationandcultureofsinusmaterial鼻竇分泌物吸出及培養(yǎng)parenteralpenicillinG靜脈給予青霉素6thedrugofchoicefordisease首選藥物50,000U/kgforminorinfectionsto300,000U/kgformeningitis輕度感染：50,000U/kg腦膜炎：300,000U/kgparenteral/-lactamdrugs靜脈給予B酰胺類藥物ampicillin阿莫西林cefuroxime頭孢呋辛penicillin-susceptiblestrains青霉素敏感的菌株offerlittleadvantageoverpenicillin與青霉素相比，沒有特殊優(yōu)勢Macrolidesandcephalosporins大環(huán)酯類和頭孢菌素類alternativesforpenicillin-allergicpatients青霉素過敏患者的替代藥物clindamycin克林霉素tetracycline四環(huán)素trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole甲氧節(jié)啶-磺胺甲氧異惡唑Penicillin-resistantpneumococci耐青霉素的肺炎球菌tetracycline-,fluoroquinoloneandmacrolide-resistantstrains四環(huán)素耐藥，氟喹諾酮類耐藥，大環(huán)酯類耐藥的菌株Multidrug-resistantstrains多重耐藥菌alterationofpenicillin-bindingprotein(PBP)genes青霉素結(jié)合蛋白基因的改變transformationandhorizontaltransferofDNAfromrelatedstreptococcalspecies基因轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)以及從鏈球菌傳遞的DNAloweraffinityforpenicillins與青霉素的親和力下降specificPBP(s)andthenumberofPBPsaltered根據(jù)PBPs改變的類型和數(shù)量levelofresistancerangesfromintermediatetohigh耐藥的程度分為中介耐藥和高度耐藥penicillinsusceptibilitybreakpoints青霉素敏感性折點(diǎn)susceptiblew0.06pg/mL;intermediate,0.12-1.0pg/mL;resistant^2.0pg/mL敏感W0.06pg/mL,中介0.12-1.0pg/mL；耐藥N2.0pg/mLwerenotpredictiveoftheresponseof可以預(yù)測用藥反響revisedpenicillinGbreakpoints修正的青霉素G折點(diǎn)ClinicalandLaboratoryStandardsInstitute臨床與實(shí)驗(yàn)室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)會Theuseofantibioticsselectsforresistantpneumococci抗生素的使用造成了耐藥肺炎球菌的出現(xiàn)MICsof=50.12pg/mLindicateresistance〔meningitis〕MIC大于0.12|jg/mL意味著耐藥〔腦膜炎〕thebreakpointsare^2pg/mLforsusceptibleorganisms,4pg/mLforintermediateorganisms,and58pg/mLforresistantorganisms〔nonmeningitis〕敏感菌w2pg/mL中介4pg/mL耐藥58pg/mL〔非腦膜炎感染〕theInfectiousDiseasesSocietyofAmerica美國傳染病協(xié)會AmericanThoracicSociety美國胸科學(xué)會theBritishThoracicSociety英國胸科學(xué)會theEuropeanRespiratorySociety歐洲呼