英語六級快速閱讀第3頁共38頁ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Passage1:TheNextSocietyTheneweconomymayormaynotmaterialize,butthereisnodoubtthatthenextsocietywillbewithusshortly.Inthedevelopedworld,andprobablyintheemergingcountriesaswell,thisnewsocietywillbeagooddealmoreimportantthantheneweconomy(ifany).Itwillbequitedifferentfromthesocietyofthelate20thcentury,andalsodifferentfromwhatmostpeopleexpect.Muchofitwillbeunprecedented.Andmostofitisalreadyhere,orisrapidlyemerging.Inthedevelopedcountries,thedominantfactorinthenextsocietywillbesomethingtowhichmostpeopleareonlyjustbeginningtopayattention:therapidgrowthintheolderpopulationandtherapidshrinkingoftheyoungergeneration.Politicianseverywherestillpromisetosavetheexistingpensionsystem,butthey--andtheirconstituents--knowperfectlywellthatinanother25yearspeoplewillhavetokeepworkinguntiltheirmid-70s,healthpermitting.Whathasnotyetsunkinisthatagrowingnumberofolderpeople--saythoseover50--willnotkeeponworkingastraditionalfulltimenine-to-fiveemployees,butwillparticipateinthelaborforceinmanynewanddifferentways:astemporaries,aspart-timers,asconsultantsonspecialassignments,andsoon.Whatusedtobepersonnelandarenowknownashumanresourcesdepartmentsstillassumethatthosewhoworkforanorganizationarefull-timeemployees.Employmentlawsandregulationsarebasedonthesameassumption.Within20or25years,however,perhapsasmanyashalfthepeoplewhoworkforanorganizationwillnotbeemployedbyit,certainlynotonafull-timebasis.Thiswillbeespeciallytrueforolderpeople.Newwaysofworkingwithpeopleatarm'slengthwillincreasinglybecomethecentralmanagerialissueofemployingorganizations,andnotjustofbusinesses.Theshrinkingoftheyoungerpopulationwillcauseanevengreaterupheaval,ifonlybecausenothinglikethishashappenedsincethedyingcenturiesoftheRomanEmpire.Ineverysingledevelopedcountry,butalsoinChinaandBrazil,thebirthrateisnowwellbelowthereplacementrateof2.2livebirthsperwomanofreproductiveage.Politically,thismeansthatimmigrationwillbecomeanimportantandhighlydivisiveissueinallrichcountries.Itwillcutacrossalltraditionalpoliticalalignments.Economically,thedeclineintheyoungpopulationwillchangemarketsinfundamentalways.Growthinfamilyformationhasbeenthedrivingforceofalldomesticmarketsinthedevelopedworld,buttherateoffamilyformationiscertaintofallsteadilyunlessbolsteredbylarge-scaleimmigrationofyoungerpeople.ThehomogeneousmassmarketthatemergedinallrichcountriesaftertheSecondWorldWarhasbeenyouth-determinedfromthestart.Itwillnowbecomemiddle-age-determined,orperhapsmorelikelyitwillsplitintotwo:amiddle-age-determinedmassmarketandamuchsmalleryouth-determinedone.Andbecausethesupplyofyoungpeoplewillshrink,creatingnewemploymentpatternstoattractandholdthegrowingnumberofolderpeople(especiallyoldereducatedpeople)willbecomeincreasinglyimportant.KnowledgeisallThenextsocietywillbeaknowledgesociety.Knowledgewillbeitskeyresource,andknowledgeworkerswillbethedominantgroupinitsworkforce.Itsthreemaincharacteristicswillbe:·Borderlessness,becauseknowledgetravelsevenmoreeffortlesslythanmoney.·Upwardmobility,availabletoeveryonethrougheasilyacquiredformaleducation.·Thepotentialforfailureaswellassuccess.Anyonecanacquirethe"meansofproduction",i.e,theknowledgerequiredforthejob,butnoteveryonecanwin.Together,thosethreecharacteristicswillmaketheknowledgesocietyahighlycompetitiveone,fororganizationsandindividualsalike.Informationtechnology,althoughonlyoneofmanynewfeaturesofthenextsociety,isalreadyhavingonehugelyimportanteffect:itisallowingknowledgetospreadnear-instantly,andmakingitaccessibletoeveryone.Giventheeaseandspeedatwhichinformationtravels,everyinstitutionintheknowledgesociety--notonlybusinesses,butalsoschools,universities,hospitalsandincreasinglygovernmentagenciestoo--hastobegloballycompetitive,eventhoughmostorganizationswillcontinuetobelocalintheiractivitiesandintheirmarkets.ThisisbecausetheInternetwillkeepcustomerseverywhereinformedonwhatisavailableanywhereintheworld,andatwhatprice.Thisnewknowledgeeconomywillrelyheavilyonknowledgeworkers.Atpresent,thistermiswidelyusedtodescribepeoplewithconsiderabletheoreticalknowledgeandlearning:doctors,lawyers,teachers,accountants,chemicalengineers.Butthemoststrikinggrowthwillbein"knowledgetechnologists"~computertechnicians,softwaredesigners,analystsinclinicallabs,manufacturingtechnologists,paralegals.Thesepeopleareasmuchmanualworkersastheyareknowledgeworkers;infact,theyusuallyspendfarmoretimeworkingwiththeirhandsthanwiththeirbrains.Buttheirmanualworkisbasedonasubstantialamountoftheoreticalknowledgewhichcanbeacquiredonlythroughformaleducation,notthroughanapprenticeship.Theyarenot,asarule,muchbetterpaidthantraditionalskilledworkers,buttheyseethemselvesas"professionals".Justasunskilledmanualworkersinmanufacturingwerethedominantsocialandpoliticalforceinthe20thcentury,knowledgetechnologistsarelikelytobecomethedominantsocial--andperhapsalsopolitical--forceoverthenextdecades.ThenewprotectionismStructurally,too,thenextsocietyisalreadydivergingfromthesocietyalmostallofusstilllivein.The20thcenturysawtherapiddecline'ofthesectorthathaddominatedsocietyfor10,000years:agriculture.Involumeterms,farmproductionnowisatleastfourorfivetimeswhatitwasbeforetheFirstWorldWar.Butin1913farmproductsaccountedfor70%ofworldtrade,whereasnowtheirshareisatmost17%.Intheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury,agricultureinmostdevelopedcountrieswasthelargestsinglecontributortoGDP;nowinrichcountriesitscontributionhasdwindledtothepointofbecomingmarginal.Andthefarmpopulationisdowntoatinyproportionofthetotal.Manufacturinghastraveledalongwaydownthesameroad.SincetheSecondWorldWar,manufacturingoutputinthedevelopedworldhasprobablytripledinvolume,butinflationadjustedmanufacturingpriceshavefallensteadily,whereasthecostofprimeknowledgeproducts-healthcareandeducation-hastripled,againadjustedforinflation.Therelativepurchasingpowerofmanufacturedgoodsagainstknowledgeproductsisnowonlyone-fifthorone-sixthofwhatitwas50yearsago.ManufacturingemploymentinAmericahasfallenfrom35%oftheworkforceinthe1950stolessthanhalfthatnow,withoutcausingmuchsocialdisruption.ButitmaybetoomuchtohopeforanequallyeasytransitionincountriessuchasJapanorGermany,whereblue-collarmanufacturingworkersstillmakeup25--30%ofthelaborforce.ThedeclineoffarmingasaproducerofwealthandoflivelihoodshasallowedfarmprotectionismtospreadtoadegreethatwouldhavebeenunthinkablebeforetheSecondWorldWar.Inthesameway,thedeclineofmanufacturingwilltriggeranexplosionofmanufacturingprotectionism-evenaslipservicecontinuestobepaidtofreetrade.Thisprotectionismmaynotnecessarilytaketheformoftraditionaltariffs,butofsubsidies,quotasandregulationsofallkinds.Evenmorelikely,regionalblockswillemergethattradefreelyinternallybutarehighlyprotectionistexternally.TheEuropeanUnion,NAFFAandMercosuralreadypointinthatdirection.ThefutureofthecorporationStatistically,multinationalcompaniesplaymuchthesamepartintheworldeconomyastheydidin1913.Buttheyhavebecomeverydifferentanimals.Multinationalsin1913weredomesticfirmswithsubsidiariesabroad,eachofthemself-contained,inchargeofapoliticallydefinedterritory,andhighlyautonomous.Multinationalsnowtendtobeorganizedgloballyalongproductorservicelines.Butlikethemultinationalsof1913,theyareheldtogetherandcontrolledbyownership.Bycontrast,themultinationalsof2025arelikelytobeheldtogetherandcontrolledbystrategy.Therewillstillbeownership,ofcourse.Butalliances,jointventures,minoritystakes,know-howagreementscontractswillincreasinglybethebuildingblocksofaconfederation.Thiskindoforganizationwillneedanewkindoftopmanagement.Inmostcountries,andeveninagoodmanylargeandcomplexcompanies,topmanagementisstillseenasanextensionofoperatingmanagement.Tomorrow'stopmanagement,however,islikelytobeadistinctandseparateorgan:itwillstandforthecompany.Oneofthemostimportantjobsaheadforthetopmanagementof{hebigcompanyoftomorrow,andespeciallyofthemultinational,willbetobalancetheconflictingdemandsonbusinessbeingmadebytheneedforbothshort-termandlong-termresults,andbythecorporation'svariousconstituencies:customers,shareholders,knowledgeemployeesandcommunities.1.Thenewsocietywillbemuchmoreimportantthantheneweconomyonlyinthedevelopedcountries.2.Inanother25yearspeoplewillhavetokeepworkingasfull-timeemployeesuntiltheirmid-70sifhealthpermits.3.NowadaysinChina,becauseofthepopulationpolicy,thebirthratehasdecreased.4.Indevelopedcountries,theissueofimmigrationwillbecomeimportantpolitically.5.Thedominantpartinthenextsociety'sworkforceis6.______makesknowledgespreadrapidlyandavailabletoeveryone.7.______haddominatedsocietyfor10,000yearsbutdeclinedrapidlyinthe20thcentury.8.Inordertoadjustforinflation,thecostof______whicharethemainknowledgeproductswastripled.9.Multinationalsin1913werecomposedofadomesticfirmsanditsself-containedandautonomous10.TopmanagementintheNextsocietywillbea______organ.Passage2:RainforestsTropicalrainforestsarethemostdiverseecosystem(生態系統)onEarth,andalsotheoldest.Today,tropicalrainforestscoveronly6percentoftheEarth'sgroundsurface,buttheyarehometooverhalfoftheplanet’splantandanimalspecies.WhatIsaRainforest?Generallyspeaking,arainforestisanenvironmentthatreceiveshighrainfallandisdominatedbytalltrees.Awiderangeofecosystemsfallintothiscategory,ofcourse.Butmostofthetimewhenpeopletalkaboutrainforests,theymeanthetropicalrainforestslocatedneartheequator.Theseforestsreceivebetween160and400inchesofrainperyear.Thetotalannualrainfallisspreadprettyevenlythroughouttheyear,andthetemperaturerarelydipsbelow60degreesFahrenheit.Thissteadyclimateisduetothepositionofrainforestsontheglobe.BecauseoftheorientationoftheEarth'saxis,theNorthernandSouthernhemisphereseachspendpartoftheyeartiltedawayfromthesun.Sincerainforestsareatthemiddleoftheglobe,locatedneartheequator,theyarcnotespeciallyaffectedbythischange.Theyreceivenearlythesameamountofsunlight,andthereforeheat,allyear.Consequently,theweatherintheseregionsremainsfairlyconstant.Theconsistentlywet,warmweatherandamplesunlightgiveplantlifeeverythingitneedstothrive.Treeshavetheresourcestogrowtotremendousheights,andtheyliveforhundreds,eventhousands,ofyears.Thesegiants,whichreach60to150ftintheair,formthebasicstructureoftherainforest.Theirtopbranchesspreadwideinordertocapturemaximumsunlight.Thiscreatesathickcanopy(樹冠)levelatthetopoftheforest,withthinnergreenerylevelsunderneath.Somelargetreesgrowsotallthattheyeventoweroverthecanopylayer.Asyougolower,downintotherainforest,youfindlessandlessgreenery.Theforestfloorismadeupofmoss,fungi,anddecayingplantmatterthathasfallenfromtheupperlayers.Thereasonforthisdecreaseingreeneryisverysimpletheoverabundanceofplantsgatheringsunlightatthetopoftheforestblocksmostsunlightfromreachingthebottomoftheforest,makingitdifficultforrobustplantstothrive.The,ForestfortheTreesTheamplesunlightandextremelywetclimateofmanytropicalareasencouragethegrowthoftoweringtreeswithwidecanopies.Thisthicktoplayeroftherainforestdictatesthelivesofallotherplantsintheforest.Newtreeseedlingsrarelysurvivetomakeittothetopunlesssomeoldertreesdie,creatinga"hole"inthecanopy.Whenthishappens,alloftheseedlingsonthegroundlevelcompeteintenselytoreachthesunlight.Manyplantspeciesreachthetopoftheforestbyclimbingthetalltrees.Itismucheasiertoascendthisway,becausetheplantdoesn'thavetoformitsownsupportingstructure.Someplantspecies,calledepiphytes,growdirectlyonthesurfaceofthegianttrees.Theseplants,whichincludeavarietyoforchidsandferns,makeupmuchoftheunderstory,thelayeroftherainforestrightbelowthecanopy.Epiphytesarecloseenoughtothetoptoreceiveadequatelight,andtherunofffromthecanopylayerprovidesallthewaterandnutrients(養分)theyneed,whichisimportantsincetheydon'thaveaccesstothenutrientsintheground.StranglersandButtressesSomeepiphyteseventuallydevelopintostranglers.Theygrowlong,thickrootsthatextenddownthetreetrunkintotheground.Astheycontinuetogrow,therootsformasortofwebstructureallaroundthetree.Atthesametime,thestranglerplant'sbranchesextendupward,spreadingoutintothecanopy.Eventually,thestranglermayblocksomuchlightfromabove,andabsorbsuchahighpercentageofnutrientsfromthegroundbelow,thatthehosttreedies.Competitionovernutrientsisalmostasintenseascompetitionforlight.Theexcessiverainfallrapidlydissolvesnutrientsinthesoilmakingitrelativelyinfertileexceptatthetoplayers.Forthisreason,rainforesttreerootsgrowoutwardtocoverawiderarea,ratherthandownwardtolowerlevels.Thismakesrainforesttreessomewhatunstable,sincetheydon'thaveverystronganchorsintheground.Sometreescompensateforthisbygrowingnaturalbuttresses.Thesebuttressesarebasicallytreetrunksthatextendoutfromthesideofthetreeandclowntotheground,givingthetreeadditionalsupport.Rainforesttreesaredependentonbacteriathatarecontinuallyproducingnutrientsintheground.Rainforestbacteriaandtreeshaveaveryclose,symbiotic(共生的)relationship.Thetreesprovidethebacteriawithfood,intheformoffallenleavesandothermaterial,andthebacteriabreakthismaterialdownintothenutrientsthatthetreesneedtosurvive.Oneofthemostremarkablethingsaboutrainforestplantlifeisitsdiversity.ThetemperaterainforestsofthePacificNorthwestaremainlycomposedofadozenorsotreespecies.Atropicalrainforest,ontheotherhand,mighthave300distincttreespecies.AllCreatures,GreatandSmallRainforestsarehometothemajorityofanimalspeciesintheworld.Andagreatnumberofspecieswhonowliveinotherenvironments,includinghumans,originallyinhabitedtherainforests.Researchersestimatethatinalargerainforestarea,theremaybemorethan10milliondifferentanimalspecies.Mostofthesespecieshaveadaptedforlifeintheupperlevelsoftherainforest,wherefoodismostplentiful.Insects,whichcaneasilyclimborflyfromtreetotree,makeupthelargestgroup(antsarethemostabundantanimalintherainforest).Insectspecieshaveahighlysymbioticrelationshipwiththeplantlifeinarainforest.Theinsectsmovefromplanttoplant,enjoyingthewealthoffoodprovidedthere.Astheytravel,theinsectsmaypickuptheplants'seeds,droppingthemsomedistanceaway.Thishelpstodispersethepopulationoftheplantspeciesoveralargerarea.Thenumerousbirdsoftherainforestalsoplayamajorpartinseeddispersal.Whentheyeatfruitfromaplant,theseedspassthroughtheirdigestivesystem.Bythetimetheyexcrete(排泄)theseeds,thebirdsmayhaveflownmanymilesawayfromthefruit-bearingtree.Therearealsoalargenumberofreptilesandmammalsintherainforest.Sincetheweatherissohotandhumidduringtheday,mostrainforestmammalsareactiveonlyatnight,duskordawn.Themanyrainforestbatspeciesareespeciallywelladaptedforthislifestyle.Usingtheirsonar,batsnavigateeasilythroughthemassoftreesintherainforest,feedingoninsectsandfruit.Whilemostrainforestspeciesspendtheirlivesinthetrees,thereisalsoalotoflifeontheforestfloor.Greatapes,wildpigs,bigcatsandevenelephantscanallbefoundinrainforests.Thereareanumberofpeoplewholiveintherainforests,aswell.Thesetribes--which,upuntilrecently,numberedinthethousands--arebeingforcedoutoftherainforestsatanalarmingratebecauseofdeforestation.DeforestationInthepasthundredyears,humanshavebegundestroyingrainforestsatanalarmingrate.Today,roughly1.5acresofrainforestaredestroyedeverysecond.Peoplearecuttingdowntherainforestsinpursuitofthreemajorresources:·landforcrops·lumberforpaperandotherwoodproducts·landforlivestockpasturesInthecurrenteconomy,peopleobviouslyhaveaneedforalloftheseresources.Butalmostallexpertsagreethat,overtime,wewillsuffermuchmorefromthedestructionoftherainforeststhanwewillbenefit.Theworld'srainforestsareanextremelyvaluablenaturalresource,tobesure,butnotfortheirlumberortheirland.TheyarethemaincradleoflifeonEarth,andtheyholdmillionsofuniquelifeformsthatwehaveyettodiscover.Destroyingtherainforestsiscomparabletodestroyinganunknownplanetwehavenoideawhatwe'relosing.Ifdeforestationcontinuesatitscurrentrate,theworld'stropicalrainforestswillbewipedoutwithin40years.1.VirtuallyallplantandanimalspeciesonEarthcanbefoundintropicalrainforests.2.Thereisnotmuchchangeintheweatherinthetropicalrainforestsalltheyearround.3.ThelargestnumberofrainforestsintheworldarelocatedontheAfricancontinent.4.Belowthecanopylevelofatropicalrainforestgrowsanoverabundanceofplants.5.Newtreeseedlingswillnotsurvivetoreachthecanopylevelunless______.6.Epiphytes,whichformmuchoftheunderstoryoftherainforest,getalltheirwaterandnutrientsfrom______.7.Stranglersaresocalledbecausethey______byblockingthesunlightandcompetingforthenutrients.8.Sincerainforestbacteriaandtreesdependoneachotherforlife,therelationshiptheyformistermed______.9.Plantspeciesaredispersedoveralargeareawiththehelpof______.10.Aswearestillignorantofmillionsofuniquelifeformsintherainforest,deforestationcanbecomparedtothedestructionof______.Passage3:SomeNotesonGender-NeutralLanguageGeneralThepracticeofassigningmasculinegendertoneutraltermscomesfromthefactthateverylanguagereflectstheprejudicesofthesocietyinwhichitevolved,andEnglishevolvedthroughmostofitshistoryinamale-centered,patriarchalsociety.Likeanyotherlanguage,however,Englishisalwayschanging.Oneonlyhastoreadaloudsentencesfromthe19thcenturyhooksassignedforthisclasstosensetheshiftsthathaveoccurredinthelast150years.Whenreaderspickupsomethingtoread,theyexpectdifferentconventionsdependingonthetimeinwhichthematerialwaswritten.Aswritersin1995,weneedtobenotonlyawareoftheconventionsthatourreadersmayexpect,butalsoconsciousoftheresponsesourwordsmayelicit.Inaddition,weneedtoknowhowtheshiftingnatureoflanguagecanmakecertainwordsawkwardormisleading."Man"Manoncewasatrulygenericwordreferringtoallhumans,buthasgraduallynarrowedinmeaningtobecomeawordthatreferstoadultmalehumanbeings.Anglo-Saxonsusedthewordtorefertoallpeople.OneexampleofthisoccurswhenanAnglo-Saxonwriterreferstoaseventh-centuryEnglishprincessas"awonderfulman".ManparalleledtheLatinwordhomo,"amemberofthehumanspecies."notvir,"anadultmaleofthespecies."TheOldEnglishwordforadultmalewaswaepmanandtheoldEnglishwordforadultwomanwaswifman.Inthecourseoftime,wifmanevolvedintotheword"woman.""Man"eventuallyceasedtobeusedtorefertoindividualwomenandreplacedwaepmanasaspecifictermdistinguishinganadultmalefromanadultfemale.Butmancontinuedtobeusedingeneralizationsaboutbothsexes.Bythe18thcentury,themodern,narrowsenseofmanwasfirmlyestablishedasthepredominantone.WhenEdmundBurke,writingoftheFrenchRevolution,usedmenintheold,inclusiveway,hetookpainstospellouthismeaning:"Suchadeplorablehavocismadeinthemindsofmen(bothsexes)inFrance..."ThomasJeffersondidnotmakethesamedistinctionindeclaringthat"allmenarecreatedequal"and"governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned."Inatimewhenwomen,havingnovote,couldneithergivenorwithholdconsent,Jeffersonhadtobeusingthewordmeninitsprincipalsenseof"males,"anditprobablyneveroccurredtohimthatanyonewouldthinkotherwise.Lookingatmoderndictionariesindicatethatthedefinitionthatlinks"man'withmalesisthepredominantone.Studiesofcollegestudentsandschoolchildrenindicatethatevenwhenthebroaddefinitionsof"msn"and"men"aretaught,theytendtoconjureupimagesofmalepeopleonly.Wewouldneverusethesentence"Agirlgrowsuptobeaman,"becauseweassumethenarrowerdefinitionofthewordman.ThePronounProblemThefirstgrammarsofmodernEnglishwerewritteninthe16thand17thcenturies.TheyweremainlyintendedtohelpboysfromupperclassfamiliesprepareforthestudyofLatin,alanguagemostscholarsconsideredsuperiortoEnglish.ThemaleauthorsoftheseearliestEnglishgrammarswroteformalereadersinanagewhenfewwomenwereliterate.Themasculine-genderpronouns(代詞)didnotreflectabeliefthatmasculinepronounscouldrefertobothsexes.Thegrammarsofthisperiodcontainnoindicationthatmasculinepronounsweresex-inclusivewhenusedingeneralreferences.Insteadthesepronounsreflectedtherealityofmaleculturaldominanceandthemale-centeredworldviewthatresulted."He"startedtobeusedasagenericpronounbygrammarianswhoweretryingtochangealong-establishedtraditionofusing"they"asasingularpronoun.In1850anActofParliamentgaveofficialsanction(批準)totherecentlyinventedconceptofthe"generic"he.InthelanguageusedinactsofParliament,thenewlawsaid,"wordsimportingthemasculinegendershallbedeemedandtakentoincludefemales."AlthoughsimilarlanguageincontractsandotherlegaldocumentssubsequentlyhelpedreinforcethisgrammaticaledictinallEnglish-speakingcountries,itwasoftenconvenientlyignored.In1879,forexample,amovetoadmitfemalephysicianstotheall-maleMassachusettsMedicalSocietywaseffectivelyblockedonthegrounds'thatthesociety'sby-lawsdescribingmembershipusedthepronounhe.Justas"man"isnottrulygenericinthe1990s,"he"isnotatruegenericpronoun.Studieshaveconfirmedthatmostpeopleunderstand"he"torefertomenonly.Sentenceslike"Adoctorisabusyperson;hemustbeabletobalanceamillionobligationsatonce"implythatalldoctorsaremen.Asaresultofthefactthat"he"isreadbymanyasamasculinepronoun,manypeople,especiallywomen,havecometofeelthatthegenericpronounsexcludeswomen.Thismeansthatmoreandmorepeoplefindtheuseofsuchapronounproblematic.SolvingthePronounProblemTheyasaSingular-Mostpeople,whenwritingandspeakinginformally,relyonsingulartheyasamatterofcourse:"Ifyoulovesomeone,setthemfree"(Sting).Ifyoupayattentiontoyourownspeech,you'llprobablycatchyourselfusingthesameconstructionyourself."It'senoughtodriveanyoneoutoftheirsenses"(GeorgeBernardShaw)."Ishouldn'tliketopunishanyone,eveniithey'ddonemewrong"(GeorgeEliot).Somepeopleareannoyedbytheincorrectgrammarthatthissolutionnecessitates,butthisconstructionisusedmoreandmorefrequently.HeorSheDespitethechargeofclumsiness,double-pronounconstructionshavemadeacomeback:"Tobeblackinthiscountryissimplytoopervasiveanexperienceforanywritertoomitfromherorhiswork,"wroteSamuelR.Delany.Overuseofthissolutioncanbeawkward,however.Pluralizing-Awritercanoftenrecastmaterialintheplural.Forinstance,insteadof"Asheadvancesinhisprogram,themedicalstudenthasincreasingopportunitiesforclinicalwork,"try"Astheyadvanceintheirprogram,medicalstudentshaveincreasingopportunitiesforclinicalwork"EliminatingPronouns--Avoidhavingtousepronounsatall;insteadof"afirstgradercanfeedanddresshimself,"youcouldwrite,"afirstgradercaneatfindgetdressedwithoutassistance."FurtherAlternatives--hesheors/he,usingoneinsteadofhe,orusinganewgenericpronoun(thon,co,E,try,hash,hit).1."Man"couldbeusedtorefertofemalehumanbeinginthepast.2.In"allmenarecreatedequal"inDeclarationofIndependencebyThomasJefferson,theword"men"refertobothmalesandfemaleswhethertheyhavevoterightornot.3.In1879,MassachusettsMedicalSocietyrefusedtoadmitmorethantenfemalephysiciansbecausethesociety'sby-lawsdescribingmembershipusedthepronounhe.4.ThefirstgrammarsofmodernEnglishwerewritteninordertohelpboysfromtheupperclassprepareforthestudyofLatin.5."Man"paralleledtheLatinword"homo"'whichmeans______.6.Studiesshowthatevenwhenstudentsaretaughtthebroaddefinitionof"man"and"men",theythinkof______.7.Grammariansstartedtouse"he"asagenericpronounbecausetheyweretryingtochangeatraditionofusing"they"as______.8.Whenmostpeoplereadtheword"he",theywouldunderstandittoraterto______.9.Althoughsomepeopleareannoyedby______ofsingularthey,thisconstructioni