第一章China’sForeignTrade 第二章China’sAbsorptionofForeignDirectInvestment 第三章China’sOpenedEconomy 2第四章Theworldeconomy 第五章OntheUSStrategy&PolicyinTrade 第六章TheDevelopmentofEU 第七章OnJapan’sPositiononTrade 第八章SouthKorea&OtherFastdevelopingAsianCountries—TheirProgressandProblems 第九章Newly—EmergingTradingStars 第十章OnGATT——WTO 第十一章BarterStillinUse 第十二章MarketCompetition 第十三章MarketAnalysis 第十四章CommoditiesMarket 第十五章ReportsonCommoditiesExchangeinTelex 第一章China’sForeignTrade★★★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）measures/action措施compensation/payment補償disbursed/paid支付role/part角色exacerbate/worsen/deteriorated/exasperated惡化adopted/took采取buoyant/vigorous/rising趨于上升的raise/collect籌集jumped/increased提高upgrade/renovate改善balance/equal平衡introduced/brought引進objective/goal目標sophistication/upgrade高級quicken/accelerate/speedup加快substantially/considerably非常地facilitated/madeeasier使便利eligible/legal/qualified有資格的attributed/ascribed歸因于specializes/actsprofessionally專門從事decline/fall下降，減少perannum/everyyear每年domestic/local國內(nèi)的bottlenecks/barriers障礙access/entry進入bartered/exchanged交換compiled/gathered編寫earnings/incomes收入obligations/duty/debts債務(wù)run-down/reduction/decline下降disbursed/paid支付leading/major主要的comeintoforce/takeeffect起作用countertrade對等貿(mào)易（反向貿(mào)易）單詞短語翻譯最惠國待遇most-favorednationtreatment海關(guān)稅/關(guān)稅/進口稅customsduties國際收支balanceofpayments貿(mào)易赤字tradedeficit有形貿(mào)易收支visibletradeaccount無形貿(mào)易收支invisibleaccount國際清算銀行BankforInternationalSettlements歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體EuropeanEconomicCommunity外匯收入foreignexchangeearnings貿(mào)易展銷會tradefairsandexhibitions經(jīng)濟合作和發(fā)展組織（OECD）OrgforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment經(jīng)常項目currentaccount易貨貿(mào)易barter經(jīng)互會Comecon中央銀行centralbank合資企業(yè)jointventure世界銀行theWorldBank盈余/順差insurplus反向貿(mào)易Counter-trade國民收入nationalincome免稅/免除exemption貿(mào)易政策tradepolicy高技術(shù)high-tech國內(nèi)市場domesticmarket★★★★pg二★★★★pg知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容incentives/stimulation/encouragement/motivgranted/given給,贈單選題（同義詞替換）ator激勵comprehensive/all-inclusive全部的;所有的aspire/desire渴望stock-taking/assessment/reviewing盤點，評估promulgated/announced/declared宣布assembling/collecting收集discourage/dissuade阻止dealwith/tackle應(yīng)付，處理vulnerable/easilyattackedby易受傷害的preferential/favored偏愛的，優(yōu)待的afflicting/bothering困擾，折磨robust/vigorous強壯的prospect/possibility可能性uniform/unchanging/same統(tǒng)一的，不變的frangible/breakable易碎的grassroots/masses群眾boom/prosperity繁榮comesintoforce/takeseffect生效aspireto/longfor渴望entitled/authorized/empowered給...權(quán)利reserves/storages儲備inthedriver'sseat/dominant統(tǒng)治coastalcities沿海（開放）城市SEZ經(jīng)濟特區(qū)foreignexchangereserves外匯儲備單詞短語翻譯沿海（開放）城市coastalcities外匯儲備foreignexchangereserves對外直接投資foreigndirectinvestment利潤匯款profit-remittance技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓technologytransfer貿(mào)易制裁tradesanctions外商獨資擁有的whollyforeign-owned盤貨/評估/估量stock-taking合作(經(jīng)營)企業(yè)cooperativeenterprise基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施infrastructure消費品consumergoods補償貿(mào)易compensationtrade優(yōu)惠稅率preferentialtaxrate資本貨物capitalgoods經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)economicstructure企業(yè)家精神entrepreneurship生產(chǎn)資料meansofproduction房地產(chǎn)realestate竹幕bamboocurtain段落翻譯Duringthepastfewyears,amajorobjectiveoftheChineseauthoritieshasbeentoreducetheproportionofagriculturalexports,whileincreasingthatofindustrialandmineralproducts.AwidevarietyofindustrialgoodsarenowexportedandChinesecapitalequipmenthasbeenusedbyanumberofdevelopingcountriestoestablishprojectsinareassuchasagriculture,forestry,lightindustry,foodprocessing,waterconservationandtransportandcommunications.在過去的幾年中，中國政府的主要目標是減少農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口的比例，增加工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和礦產(chǎn)品的出口比例。目前各種各樣的工業(yè)品被出口到海外，中國的資本設(shè)備被許多發(fā)展中國家用來投資以下領(lǐng)域的建設(shè)項目：農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、輕工業(yè)、食品加工業(yè)、儲水業(yè)、運輸和通訊業(yè)。y★★★★py★★★★p知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容formidable/powerful巨大的，有力的peak/top頂峰單選題（同義詞替換）dynamic/energetic/active充滿活力的dominant/leading首要的backlash/opposition反對moribund/stagnant停滯的considerable/great相當大的manifest/demonstrate顯現(xiàn)emergence/appearance出現(xiàn)profits/returns收益retaliation/revenge報復(fù)abargain/anagreement協(xié)議promulgated/issued宣布distributed/spread散布,分散predicting/foretelling預(yù)言stake/interest利益opportunities/chances機會confronted/faced面對breach/violation違背amplify/increase增加restraint/constraint約束bounce/rebound反彈surpass/exceed超過evident/clear顯然的tumultuous/noisy嘈雜的dominant/mostinfluential首要的supplant/replace替代reaping/obtaining/getting收獲laggard/slothful/slowcoach落后的moribund/lifeless垂死的bustling/lively繁忙的，熱鬧的outbid/overgo高于standstill/stagnation停滯shifted/removed轉(zhuǎn)移commercialhub商業(yè)活動的中心economicheavyweight舉足輕重的經(jīng)濟強國單詞短語翻譯關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)中國國際信托投資公司CITICChinaInternationalTrustandInvestmentCompany舉足輕重的經(jīng)濟強國economicheavyweight國民生產(chǎn)總值GrossNationalProduct(GNP)證券及房地產(chǎn)市場securitiesandrealestatemarkets進口關(guān)稅importtariff懲罰性進口關(guān)稅punitiveimporttariff華人經(jīng)濟區(qū)ChineseEconomicArea跨行業(yè)公司conglomerate與...有利害關(guān)系haveastakein...按人均計算的：percapita高技術(shù)high-tech高工資經(jīng)濟high-wageeconomy商業(yè)活動中心commercialhub房地產(chǎn)市場realestatemarket證券市場securitiesmarket生產(chǎn)力productiveforces國際財團Consortium國家機器thestateapparatus優(yōu)先地位preferredstatus經(jīng)濟作物cashcrops剩余勞動力surpluslabour生活水平standardofliving集裝箱container出價高于outbidy★★★★★y★★★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題curtail/restrict限制onset/beginning開始（同義詞替換）moderate/ease緩和aggregate/total總計的adverse/harmful有害的inarow/successively/consecutive連續(xù)accommodative/cooperative/helpful配合的stagnating/inactive停滯annual/yearly每年comparable/similar相似的slump/drop暴跌deteriorated/worsened惡化integration/combination結(jié)合share/portion一份affected/reduced/impacted影響discounted/reducedinprice降價breakthroughs/achievements進展robust/strong強壯的stagnated/depressed停滯slackened/weakened變?nèi)鮯ustain/maintain保持merchandise/commodity商品diversification/variety多樣化merger/combination結(jié)合,兼并hardcurrency硬通貨primarycommodity初級產(chǎn)品EuropeanMonetarySystem歐洲貨幣體系deinflationarypolicy反通貨政策單詞短語翻譯對外直接投資foreigndirectinvestment歐洲貨幣體系EuropeanMonetarySystem(EMS)反通脹政策deinflationarypolicies人均收入percapitaincome證券投資portfolioinvestment國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GrossDomesticProduct反通貨膨脹貨幣政策anti-inflationarymonetarypolicy由減稅引發(fā)的繁榮tax-cut-inducedboom初級產(chǎn)品primarycommodity商品市場commoditymarket硬通貨hardcurrency國內(nèi)需求domesticdemand債務(wù)調(diào)整debtrestructuring貿(mào)易談判tradenegotiation直接投資directinvestment經(jīng)濟衰退economicrecession商業(yè)周期businesscycle舉債經(jīng)營leverage匯率exchangerate段落翻譯Inmattersrelatingtotheenvironment,theUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,heldinJune1992inRiodeJaneiro,producedan"EarthCharter",ordeclarationofbasicprinciplesfortheconductofnationsandpeopleswithrespecttoenvironmentanddevelopment;agreementsonspecificlegalmeasures,includingconventions（公約）onclimatechangeandbiodiversity,andprinciplesforaframeworkagreementonforests;andanagendaforaction("Agenda21"),establishingtheenvironmentalworkprogramagreedbytheinternationalcommunityfortheperiodbeyond1992andintothetwenty-firstcentury.在有關(guān)環(huán)境問題上，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展會議于1992年6月在里約熱內(nèi)盧舉行，制定了“地球憲章”，換言之，宣布了各個國家和各個民族在環(huán)境和發(fā)展方面的基本行為準則；就具體的法律措施達成協(xié)議，包括氣候變化和生物多樣性公約和關(guān)于森林框架協(xié)議的準則；還制定了一個行動議程(“21世紀議程”)，確定了被國際社會認可的，從1992年以后到進入21世紀期間內(nèi)的環(huán)境工作方案。第五章OntheUSStrategy&PolicyinTrade★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）friction/clash摩擦discrimination/differentiation/prejudice區(qū)別suspend/postpone推遲escalate/grow增長push/promotion促進consequences/results結(jié)果divergent/different不同的pose/present擺姿勢procurement/purchasing購買bargains/arrangements協(xié)議stall/postpone延期bullied/threatened恐嚇embrace/acceptance接納sanctions/penalties制裁underpinnings/support基礎(chǔ)，支柱underpinned/strengthened加強單詞短語翻譯貿(mào)易制裁tradesanctions政府采購governmentprocurement銀行兼并mergerofbanks貿(mào)易（談判）代表traderepresentative以美元標價的dollar-dominated出口導(dǎo)向export-oriented強硬政策toughpolicy金融危機financialcrisis貿(mào)易壁壘tradebarrier商會chamberofcommerce段落翻譯Consumerpricespostedtheirsmallestincreaseinmorethan50yearsin2008.Agovernmentreporttoday(Friday)saidthesaggingeconomyiskeepinginflationincheck,andslashingdemandforenergy.SeriousU.S.economicproblemsareatthetopofPresident-electBarackObama’sagendaashetriestorallypublicsupportforaplantostimulatetheeconomywithgovernmentspendingandtaxcuts.Mr.Obamahassaidhehopestocreatehalfamillionjobswithinvestmentsincleanenergyprojects.2008年的消費價格增長為50多年來的最小幅度。今天(星期五)公布的一份政府報告說，疲軟的經(jīng)濟得以遏制通貨膨脹，導(dǎo)致能源需求大大降低，美國嚴重的經(jīng)濟問題是當選總統(tǒng)奧巴馬工作日程上的當務(wù)之急。奧巴馬正努力爭取公眾支持一項包括政府開支和減稅的刺激經(jīng)濟計劃。奧巴馬曾表示，他希望通過在潔凈能源項目上的投資創(chuàng)造50萬個工作崗位。2011,dubbed(被稱為)the“yearofglobalindignation,”revealedthreemajorsocialproblemsofthecurrentworld.First,thefinancialcrisishascausedrisingincomedisparities.Livingstandardsofthemiddleclasswereseverelyimpactedastheirwealthshrankbyawidemargin.Second,rapidlydevelopinginformationtechnologyandglobalizationhavebroughtpeopletogether.Withthehelpofnewmediaandnon-stateactors,turmoilinonecountrycaneasilyspreadtoothercountries.Third,theunbalancedpopulationandemploymentstructurehaveaggravatedsocialtensions.Thelong-termunemploymentofyoungpeoplehasmade“youngmalcontents(不滿現(xiàn)狀者)”acommonproblemofthewholeworld.2011年被稱為“全球憤怒的一年”，主要反映了當前全球的三大社會問題。首先，金融危機導(dǎo)致收入差異增大。中等階層的生活水平因為財富的大量縮水而受到嚴重影響。第二，高速增長的信息科技和全球化使得人們聯(lián)系更緊密。新媒體和無國別的演員們使得一個國家的動亂能夠輕易傳播到另一國家。第三，人口和就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的不平衡分布加重了社會矛盾。年輕人的長期失業(yè)使得他們成為“年輕的心懷不滿者”，這成為全球的一個通病。第六章TheDevelopmentofEU★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）backlash/resistance抵制moribund/dying/stagnant垂死的justifications/reasons理由skidding/sliding降低imposedaban/shutoutimports關(guān)閉進口slash/remarkabledrop顯著的下降traverses/goesthrough渡過anticipate/expect預(yù)料rough/difficult困難的excess/surplus過量的blueprint/detailedplan計劃soured/worsened惡化breach/violation違反languishing/weak無力的debut/firstappearance首次露面windup/endup完成，停止單詞短語翻譯反傾銷anti-dumping市場份額marketshare自由市場（無壁壘市場）barrier-freemarket兼并merger撤銷管制規(guī)定deregulation自由貿(mào)易區(qū)freetradezone進口配額制importquotasystem金融自由化financialderegulation歐洲一體化Europeanintegration乘飛機外出度假的人holidayfliers段落翻譯MonetaryUnion,warnsMalcolmRifkind,theBritishforeignsecretary,willbearadicalanddivisivedeparturefrom40yearsofcommonPolicies."Europewillbedividedbetweenthosecountriesthatarepartofeconomicandmonetaryunion,andthosecountriesthatarenot,"hesaid."Thisisnotwhatthefoundingfathershadinmind."HintsofapotentialrupturearealreadyapparentinthestrainedrelationsbetweenGermanyandsouthernEUmembers.WhilemanyGermansfeartheinclusionoftheliraandthepesetawillproduceaweakeuro,leadersofItaly,SpainandPortugalhavesteppeduptheircampaigntojoinmonetaryunionattheoutset.英國外交大臣MalcolmRifkind警告說，貨幣聯(lián)盟將是一種激進的、分裂的政策，偏離40年的共同政策。“歐洲將被劃分為屬于經(jīng)濟和貨幣聯(lián)盟的國家和不屬于這一聯(lián)盟的國家兩部分。”他說，“這可不是創(chuàng)立者們的想法。”在德國和歐盟成員國之間的緊張關(guān)系中，潛在的破裂跡象已經(jīng)顯而易見。盡管許多德國人擔心里拉和比塞塔的加入會導(dǎo)致歐元疲軟，但意大利、西班牙和葡萄牙的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在一開始就加緊了加入貨幣聯(lián)盟的行動。December11,2011marksthetenthanniversaryofanevent,whichprofoundlychangedtheglobaleconomy:China’saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization.Itisdifficultnottooverstatetheeffectsofthisaccession,certainlyonChina,butalsoonChina’stradingpartnersandontheglobaltradingsystemitself.Byintegratingfullyintotheglobaleconomy,Chinahasbecomethelargestexporterofmanufacturedgoodsandthesecondlargesteconomyintheworld.ThisremarkabletradeexpansionhascontributedsignificantlytoChina’sgrowthanddevelopmentandhashelpedliftsome500millionpeopleoutofpoverty.2011年12月11日標志著中國入世十周年，這一事件深刻地改變了全球經(jīng)濟。中國入世對于中國及其貿(mào)易伙伴，以至于全球貿(mào)易體系都產(chǎn)生了不容低估的影響。中國全面融入了全球經(jīng)濟，成為最大的制成品出口國，世界第二大經(jīng)濟體。這種顯著的貿(mào)易擴張極大地促進了中國的發(fā)展，幫助近五億人民擺脫了貧困。第七章OnJapan’sPositiononTrade★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）reckon/estimate估計bilateral/two-sided雙邊的opposed/objected反對patently/obviously顯然gearedto/suitablefor適合ofitsownaccord/willingly自愿thrust/point要點strengthening/growing增長capitulate/succumb/yield屈服ingenuous/innocent天真的adamant/unyielding堅定的languish/beneglected忽視amplified/exaggerated使...擴大withstood/resisted承受reckon/calculate估算move/influence影響，改變dispute/quarrel爭論tariff/tax稅金單詞短語翻譯貿(mào)易差額tradebalance貿(mào)易赤字/貿(mào)易逆差tradedeficit貿(mào)易盈余/貿(mào)易順差tradesurplus管理貿(mào)易managedtrade財政一攬子計劃fiscalpackages宏觀經(jīng)濟因素macroeconomicfactors制成品manufacturedgoods操縱價格的/壟斷價格的price-rigging批發(fā)商wholesaler白皮書WhitePaper出口驅(qū)動的export-driven既得利益vestedinterests失常/失調(diào)outofkilter貿(mào)易報復(fù)tradereprisal行政部門civilservice段落翻譯Once,whenJapanfacedpressurefromabroad,itwouldeithergiveinreluctantlyorkeepquietandhopethatthefusswoulddiedown.Nolonger,itseems.TheClintonadministrationstronglybelievesinexertingsuchpressure.ItspolicyistoopensomeJapanesemarketsbysettingimporttarget—anapproachtotradepolicythatsupporterscall“results-oriented”.Thisuglytermforeshadowsuncertainconsequences.FarfromcapitulatingtothisnewthrustofAmericantradepolicy,Japanistakingastandthatcouldleadtoatrans-Pacificconfrontation.從前，當日本面對來自國外的壓力時，它或者會勉強屈服，或者會保持安靜，并且希望那些騷擾會逐漸消失。但看起來日本現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再采取這種態(tài)度。克林頓政府熱衷于施加這樣的壓力。其政策旨在用設(shè)定進口指標的方法打開一些日本市場——擁護者將這一處理貿(mào)易政策的方法稱之為“結(jié)果導(dǎo)向法”。這一令人生厭的術(shù)語預(yù)示了許多不確定的結(jié)果。日本非但沒有向美國新推行的貿(mào)易政策屈服，反而采取了一種可能導(dǎo)致跨太平洋沖突的立場。AnalysisexplainstherecentriseinJapan’stradesurplusasfollows:becauseoftherecessionathome,Japanhasseenadeclineinexpensiveimportsofluxuries,whichwereenormouslyfashionableduringthesecondhalfofthe1980s.Thiseffecthasbeencompounded,thankstoslowgrowthelsewhere,bylowpricesfortheinternationalcommoditiesthatJapaneseindustrydependsupon.ExportsofJapanesemachinery,ontheotherhand,withstoodthedownturnquitewellbecausetheAsianeconomiesthatbuythemcontinuedtoboom.分析解釋了近期日本貿(mào)易順差增長的原因：由于日本國內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟衰退，昂貴奢侈品的進口有所下降，而這些產(chǎn)品在19世紀80年代后期是相當時髦的。因為其他地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟增長緩慢，同時日本工業(yè)所依賴的國際商品價格低廉，使得這種效果很明顯。另一方面，由于亞洲國家的經(jīng)濟持續(xù)高速增長，日本的機械產(chǎn)品出口成功地承受了這次經(jīng)濟衰退的考驗。第八章SouthKorea&OtherFCountries—TheirProgressandProblems★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）comeupwith/bringforth提出auto/automobile汽車edge/advantage優(yōu)勢insolvent/bankrupt破產(chǎn)的fledgling/inexperienced缺乏經(jīng)驗的poised/prepared準備好的churningout/producing生產(chǎn)sweat/effort艱苦的勞動onthemove/inprogress在進行中boost/promote促進emergence/appearance出現(xiàn)passed/filtered透過rivals/competitors競爭者intrude/trespass侵入revamping/reconstructing翻新clout/influence影響surging/rising上升，激增bolstered/strengthened加強vulnerable/susceptible/easilyattackedby易受影響的reinin/control控制單詞短語翻譯智囊團braintrust傾銷dumping市場力量marketforces時髦詞語buzzword新興工業(yè)fledglingindustries高技術(shù)經(jīng)濟high-techeconomy股權(quán)式合資企業(yè)equityjointventure普遍優(yōu)惠制generalizedsystemofpreferences財源/繁榮bonanza暴發(fā)戶nouveauriche轉(zhuǎn)讓人licenser一個閉關(guān)自守的國家ahermitnation無償還能力insolvency總部headquarters資金短缺的cash-strappedTheprimarymessageforpeoplewhoareinterestedtoinvestinthestockmarketisthatthey段落翻譯shouldignoremarkettimingandbuystocksforthelongterm.Thisstrategyissimpleandyeteffectivebecausestocksgivegoodreturnsoveralongperiodoftime.ThesimpleststrategyistheBuy—&—Holdstrategy.Onedoesnotneedtodoanythingnomatterwhathappensaftertheinitialinvestmentismade.Forexample,youhave$100andyouthendecidetokeep$60insavingsandusetheremaining$40tobuystocks.Whetherthestockmarketgoesupordown,youdonotuseyoursavingstobuymorestocksorsellstockstoputmoneybackintosavings.對投資股票感興趣的人，有一個基本信息要傳達給他們：不要理會進場的時機，買入股票做長期投資。這是個簡單、有效的投資策略，因為股票能在長期帶來不錯的回報。最簡單的策略就是買入股票并長期持有。買入股票后，不管發(fā)生什么都把它擱置一旁。舉例說，你有100美元，把60美元儲蓄起來，其余40美元用來買股票。不管股市是起是落，你都不會用你的儲蓄買入更多的股票，或是賣掉股票把錢再存起來。第九章Newly—EmergingTradingStars★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）legitimacy/lawfulness合理性compromise/settlement妥協(xié)reaped/earned掙得thin/small小的provision/arrangement提供，安排seesaw/back-and-forth搖擺discrepancy/difference差異buoyant/rising攀升lucrative/profitable贏利的supreme/highestinrankorposition最高的forthright/straightforward直率的reasonable/fair合理的phase/stage階段booming/flourishing繁榮nominees/candidates候選人neutralize/stop使無效resumes/continues持續(xù)prospect/possibility可能性summon/call傳喚plethora/excess過量keepingabreastof/beinginformedabout跟上weight/importance重要awareness/consciousness認識單詞短語翻譯中國出口商品交易會ChineseExportCommoditiesFair石油輸出國組織OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries海灣地區(qū)Gulfregion有形貿(mào)易visibletrade進口配額importquotas毛利潤profitmargin產(chǎn)地證明書certificateoforigin公開招標publictender招標tender雙重稅carbontax附加稅surcharge主權(quán)爭端sovereigntydisputeThelocalArabicpresshasgivenfullcoveragetothecouncil'sdebatesandtoaseriesofinformalmajlisdiscussionsheldweeklyduringRamadan.Inthelatter,theissuesofyouthunemployment,drugs,theroleofwomenandthesizeoftheimmigrantpopulationwere段落翻譯freelydiscussed.However,observerssayWestern-styledemocracyisnotonthepoliticalagendaasthemajlissystemenjoyslegitimacyandappearswell-suitedtothetribaltraditionsofGulfsociety.當?shù)氐陌⒗襟w全面報導(dǎo)了議會的辯論，報道了一系列齋月每周一次的議會非正式辯論。非正式辯論會上可以自由討論青年失業(yè)、毒品、婦女地位和移民人口數(shù)量等問題。然而，觀察家說，當議會制度享受其合法性并顯得非常適合海灣社會的部落傳統(tǒng)時，西方式的民主并沒有進入政治日程。Itisnocoincidencethatgovernmentdepartmentsinthevariousemiratesarewelcomingbidsfromconsultantsthatarenewtothearea.Easilyluredawayfromtherecession-hitWestbythenotionthatthestreetsofAbuDhabiandDubaiarepavedwithgold,thesecompaniesaretendingtosubmitverylowofferstogainafootholdinthearea.WhilethereundoubtedlyisworkaboutandtheoutlookfortheUAEisbright,theeverincreasingcompetitionamongconsultantsandcontractorsmeansthatmarginsarebeingsqueezed.Intheopinionofonemajorlocalconsultant,theonlywayforwardistodiversify:"Diversificationintoprojectmanagementintheoilandgassectoristheonlywaytosecurecontinuityofworkandrevenuesandkeepinternationalcalibreconsultantsontheground."各酋長國的政府部門都很歡迎許多對該地區(qū)還很陌生的公司進行投標，這絕非巧合。受經(jīng)濟衰退打擊的西方很容易被阿布扎比和迪拜的街道鋪滿黃金的想法吸引來，他們傾向于以很低的報價在該地區(qū)獲得立足點。阿聯(lián)酋無疑有工程可做而且前途光明，但投標者和承包商之間不斷的竟爭意味著利潤下降。在當?shù)匾晃恢饕稑苏呖磥恚矍拔ㄒ坏某雎肥墙?jīng)營多樣化：“確保繼續(xù)有活干、有收入并使國際承包商立于不敗之地的唯一辦法是兼營油氣行業(yè)的項目管理。”第十章OnGATT——WTO★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）spurred/stimulated刺激wreck/destroy破壞inprospect/expected預(yù)期的block/obstruct妨礙detached/separated獨立的jurisdiction/authority管轄contains/includes包含settle/stop解決爭端bedeviled/troubled使困惑單詞短語翻譯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)intellectualpropertyright據(jù)粗略估計ataroughestimate自由貿(mào)易freetrade反補貼稅countervailingduty不平等貿(mào)易unfairtrade多邊貿(mào)易multilateraltrade段落翻譯Topromotetradeandinnovation,thedraftagreementoffersnewsafeguardstoownersofintellectualproperty.ItbringstradeinservicesintotheGATTforthefirsttime,openingnewforeignmarketstoefficientproducersofservicesinAmericaandEurope.America'sambitiousearlygoalsforfarm-tradeliberalizationwillnotbefullymetbythecompromisethatisnowwithinreach;buteveninfarming,ahalf-successfulroundwilldelivergreatbenefits.Andifthispackagecanbebanked,futureroundswillbeobligedtoargueoverhowmuchtocutfarmprotection,notwhether——anachievementinitself.為了促進貿(mào)易和創(chuàng)新，協(xié)議草案為知識產(chǎn)權(quán)所有者提供了新的保障。它首次將服務(wù)貿(mào)易納入關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定，給美洲和歐洲的高效服務(wù)提供者打開了新的外國市場。美國最初的野心勃勃的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易自由化目標，在即將達成的妥協(xié)中將不能完全實現(xiàn)。但即使在農(nóng)業(yè)方面，一輪成敗參半的談判仍會帶來巨大的利益。如果這個一攬子計劃有所指望的話，未來的多輪談判必將討論削減多少農(nóng)業(yè)保護（措施而不是是否要削減——這本身就是一個成就。第十一章BarterStillinUse★★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）crude/raw粗制的creditors/loaners債權(quán)人steer/guide指導(dǎo)debtor/borrower債務(wù)人prohibited/forbidden禁止issubjectto/isgovernedby由...支配distributor/seller銷售者contest/competition競賽locates/situates位于purchaser/buyer買主proceed/income收入convertible/negotiable/exchangeable可協(xié)商的antiquated/outdated過時的flourish/growvigorously繁榮expertise/knowledge知識equivalent/same相等的finance/providemoney資金province/field范圍單詞短語翻譯利息付款debtservice/interestpayment可兌換貨幣convertiblecurrency補償協(xié)議compensationagreement雙邊條約bilateralpacts貨幣升值appreciationofcurrency商品交易所commodityexchanges制成品manufacturedgoods注冊資本registeredcapital服務(wù)貿(mào)易tradeinservices附屬國clientstate取得所有權(quán)taketitle對等價值equivalentvalue清算協(xié)議clearingagreement原材料rawmaterials易貨貿(mào)易barter段落翻譯Thenextchallengewillbetoassisttradeinservices,whichisgrowingmorequicklythantradeingoods.Afreshroundofservicestalksisduetostartin2000.Theaimwillbetostrengthenlastyear’sagreementsontelecoms,financialservicesandIT,aswellascompletinganaccordonaccountancyserviceswhichiscurrentlybeingnegotiated.Richcountrieswantfirmrulesongovernmentprocurement,toreplacethevagueexistingcode.Somecountries,butnotAmerica,arealsokeentotackleothersubjectsthateludedagreementinearliertalks,suchasshipping.Thesewillprovethorny,too,asanyglobaltalkswillhavetocopewithbilateralagreementsdatingbackdecades.下一項挑戰(zhàn)是助推服務(wù)貿(mào)易，其增長速度快于商品貿(mào)易。新一輪服務(wù)貿(mào)易談判將于2000年開始，目的是完善去年關(guān)于電信、金融服務(wù)和信息技術(shù)方面的協(xié)議，并完成目前正在談判中的會計服務(wù)協(xié)議。在政府采購方面，富裕國家想以嚴格的規(guī)則取代現(xiàn)有模糊不清的法規(guī)。一些國家，但不包括美國，也熱衷于解決先前談判中未能達成協(xié)議的其他議題，如航運問題。這些問題很棘手，因為任何全球性談判都必須要應(yīng)對幾十年來的雙邊協(xié)議。U.S.governmentofficialsworrythattheexplosivegrowthincountertradewillweakentheworldtradingsystem.Byconcealingtherealpricesandcostsoftransactions,saysoneU.Straderepresentative,thevariousformsofbartermayconcealandhelpperpetuateeconomicinefficienciesinthemarketplace.Bartercanalsoberiskybusiness.“Manycompanies,”saysDavidYoffie,“sufferlossesbecausethey’restuckwithproductsofpoorqualityorwiththewrongspecifications.”Internationaltradebybarteris,accordingtosomeexperts,aninefficientandexpensivemeansofdoingbusinesscomparedtotradingwithmoney.Ontheotherhand,someotherexpertsassertthattheriseofcountertradeprovidespracticalsolutionstothedebtproblemsoftheinternationalmonetarysystem.美國政府官員擔心，反向貿(mào)易的猛增會削弱世界貿(mào)易體系。一位美國貿(mào)易代表說，通過隱瞞交易的實際價格和成本，各種形式的易貨貿(mào)易可能會掩蓋并助長市場經(jīng)濟效率的長期低下。易貨貿(mào)易還可能是有風險的交易。DavidYoffie說：“許多公司因無法擺脫他們的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量低劣或存在規(guī)格不符的產(chǎn)品（的狀況）而遭受損失。”根據(jù)一些專家的觀點，與使用貨幣進行貿(mào)易相比，通過易貨進行國際貿(mào)易實際上是一種效率低下且成本高昂的貿(mào)易方式。另一方面，一些專家認為，反向貿(mào)易的興起為國際貨幣體系的債務(wù)問題提供了切實可行的解決方案。第十二章MarketCompetition★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）nichemarkets/targetablemarkets目標市場segment/divide劃分concentrating/focusing專注flavor/taste味道promotion/encouragement促進hiked/raised上升brands/trademarks商標fluctuation/volatility波動unstable/unsteady不穩(wěn)定的state-runenterprises國營企業(yè)單詞短語翻譯獨家經(jīng)銷合同exclusivecontract國營企業(yè)state-runenterprises試銷市場testmarket試銷testmarketing生育高峰期出生的人baby-boomers特許專營權(quán)franchise/franchiserights經(jīng)紀業(yè)brokerage商務(wù)顧問commercialcounselor國際品牌internationalbrand報復(fù)性制裁retaliatorysanction贈券coupon第十三章MarketAnalysis★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）monopolize/dominate壟斷accountedfor/took/amountedto占…比例dominate/control控制facilitating/easing/makeeasy便利alternative/choice選擇unique/unusual不尋常的competitiveness/capabilityofcompetition競爭能力expand/enlarge擴大constitute/compose構(gòu)成packinglist裝箱單單詞短語翻譯market壟斷monopoly主要供應(yīng)商majorsuppliers裝箱單packinglist推銷商品promotesales第十四章CommoditiesMarket★★★知識點名稱知識點內(nèi)容單選題（同義詞替換）bewildering/amazing驚異的,困惑的sluggish/inactive不活躍的glut/surplus過剩offset/balance抵消forecast/foreshadowed預(yù)示impending/upcoming即將發(fā)生liquidassets/currentassets/easilychangedintocash流動資產(chǎn)rally/recovery恢復(fù)tumble/fall暴跌precipitous/fallingsharply急劇下降commodities/products商品boost/push推動，增長spur/stimulate刺激subsequent/following相繼而來的complex/complicated復(fù)雜的rigid/stiff僵硬的accelerating/speedingup加速volatility/unpredictability不可預(yù)測性tookitstollon/causedlossesto損失currency/money貨幣speculators/opportunists投機者inventories/commoditiesofferedforsale庫存rollercoaster/upsanddowns起伏softcommodity軟商品單詞短語翻譯流動資產(chǎn)liquidassets有價證券securitie