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閱讀部分1、PassageOneSustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat(棲息地)lossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反兩方面)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?A)ByitsproductivityC)ByitsimpactontheenvironmentB)ByitssustainabilityD)ByitscontributiontoeconomicgrowthpollutingAmerica’sbloodstream.Butonceagainwearewonderingwhetherwehavetoomanyofthewrongsortnewcomers.Theirloudestcriticsarguethatthenewwaveofimmigrantscannot,andindeeddonotwantto,fitinaspreviousgenerationsdid.Wenowknowthattheseracistviewswerewrong.Intime,Italians,Romaniansandmembersofotherso-calledinferiorracesbecameexemplaryAmericansandcontributedgreatly,inwaystoonumeroustodetail,tothebuildingofthismagnificentnation.Thereisnoreasonwhythesenewimmigrantsshouldnothavethesamesuccess.AlthoughchildrenofMexicanimmigrantsdobetter,intermsofeducationalandprofessionalattainment,thantheirparentsUCLAsociologistEdwardTelleshasfoundthatthegainsdon’tcontinue.Indeed,thefouthgenerationismarginallyworseoffthanthethirdJamesJackson,oftheUniversityofMichigan,hasfoundasimilartrendamongblackCaribbeanimmigrants,TellsfearsthatMexican-AmericansmaybefatedtofollowinthefootstepsofAmericanblacks-thatlargepartsofthecommunitymaybecomemired(陷入)inaseeminglypermanentstateofpovertyandUnderachievement.LikeAfrican-Americans,Mexican-Americansareincreasinglyrelegatedto(降入)segregated,substandardschools,andtheirdropoutrateisthehighestforanyethnicgroupinthecountry.Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic/racialinferiority.ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall.IamnottalkingaboutrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways;thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown,butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail,wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation,abouthowtoensurethatpeople,onceoutsiders,don’tforeverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores.Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers,orhowbesttosecuretheborder,anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations.Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelatestwareofwould-beAmericans.Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright.1.HowwereimmigrantsviewedbyU.S.Congressinearlydays?A)Theywereofinferiorraces.B)TheywereaSourceofpoliticalcorruption.C)Theywereathreattothenation’ssecurity.D)Theywerepartofthenation’sbloodstream.2.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthenewimmigrants?A)TheywillbeadynamicworkforceintheU.S.B)Theycandojustaswellastheirpredecessors.C)Theywillbeverydisappointedonthenewland.D)Theymayfindithardtofitintothemainstream.3.WhatdoesEdwardTelles’researchsayaboutMexican-Americans?A)Theymayslowlyimprovefromgenerationtogeneration.B)Theywilldobetterintermsofeducationalattainment.C)TheywillmeltintotheAfrican-Americancommunity.D)Theymayforeverremainpoorandunderachieving.4.Whatshouldbedonetohelpthenewimmigrants?A)Ridthemoftheirinferioritycomplex.B)UrgethemtoadoptAmericancustoms.C)Preventthemfrombeingmarginalized.D)TeachthemstandardAmericanEnglish.5.Accordingtotheauthor,theburningissueconcerningimmigrationis_______.A)HowtodealwithpeopleenteringtheU.S.withoutdocumentsB)HowtohelpimmigrantstobetterfitintoAmericansocietyC)HowtostopillegalimmigrantsfromcrossingtheborderD)HowtolimitthenumberofimmigrantstoentertheU.S.4、PassageFourEarlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarⅡ,anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...demandsthatwemakeconsumptionourwayoflife,thatweconvertthebuyinganduseofgoodsintorituals,thatweseekourspiritualsatisfaction,ouregosatisfaction,inconsumption.Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate."
AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow'scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.Consumptionhasbecomeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld'stwolargesteconomics-JapanandtheUnitedStates-showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingevermoreprevalent.
Overconsumptionbytheworld'sfortunateisanenvironmentalproblemunmatchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate.
Ironically,highconsumptionmaybeamixedblessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofintegrityofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeensacrificedintherushtoriches.
Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow,thatmisledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings.
Ofcourse,theoppositeofoverconsumption,poverty,isnosolutiontoeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessed(被剝奪得一無所有的)peasantsslash,andburntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民族)turntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert.
Ifenvironmentaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.Whatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupport?Whendosehavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction?
1.TheemergenceoftheaffluentsocietyafterWorldWarII.A)ledtothereformoftheretailingsystem
B)resultedintheworshipofconsumerism
C)gaverisetothedominanceofthenewegoism
D)gavebirthtoanewgenerationofupperclassconsumers2.Apartfromenormousproductivity,anotherimportantimpetustohighconsumptionisA)thepeople'sdesireforariseintheirlivingstandards
B)theconceptthatone'ssuccessismeasuredbyhowmuchtheyconsume
C)theimbalancethathasexistedbetweenproductionandconsumption
D)theconversionofthesaleofgoodsintorituals3.Whydoestheauthorsayhighconsumptionisamixedblessing?
A)Becausepovertystillexistsinanaffluentsociety.
B)Becauseoverconsumptionwon'tlastlongduetounrestrictedpopulationgrowth.
C)Becausetraditionalritualsareoftenneglectedintheprocessofmodernization.
D)Becausemoralvaluesaresacrificedinpursuitofmaterialsatisfaction.4.Accordingtothepassage,consumeristculture.
A)willnotalleviatepovertyinwealthycountries
B)willnotaggravateenvironmentalproblemsC)cannotthriveonafragileeconomy
D)cannotsatisfyhumanspiritualneeds5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.
A)humanspiritualneedsshouldmatchmaterialaffluence
B)whetherhighconsumptionshouldbeencouragedisstillanissue
C)howtokeepconsumptionatareasonablelevelremainsaproblem
D)thereisneveranendtosatisfyingpeople'smaterialneeds5、PassageFiveFewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft—allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostsandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat____.A.peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestorealityB.theblindcouldbehappierthanthesightedC.over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthingsD.fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesightInparagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto____.A.areasshortofelectricityB.damswithoutpowerstationsC.poorcountriesaroundIndiaD.commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamareaWhatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?Theybringinmorefertilesoil.B.Theyhelpdefendthecountry.C.Theystrengtheninternationalties.D.Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas____.“It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk”B.“Morehaste,lessspeed”C.“Lookbeforeyouleap”D.“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”6、PassageSixIfambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition—ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisaheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped—withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs—thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontherightstupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif____.itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrificesitisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpoweritsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterialitissharedbytherichandthefamousThelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis____.customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwordstoolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletoutdishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoalimpracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambitionSomepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause____.theythinkofitasimmoraltheirpursuitsarenotfameorwealthambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefitstheydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptibleFromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained____.secretlyandvigorouslyB.openlyandenthusiasticallyC.easilyandmomentarilyD.verballyandspiritually7、PassageSevenImaginewakingupandfindingthevalueofyourassetshasbeenhalved.No,you'renotaninvestorinoneofthosehedgefundsthatfailedcompletely.Withthedollarslumpingtoa26-yearlowagainstthepound,already-expensiveLondonhasbecomequiteunaffordable.AcoffeeatStarbucks,justasunavoidableinEnglandasitisintheUnitedStates,runsabout$8.Theonceall-powerfuldollarisn'tdoingaTitanicagainstjustthepound.Itissittingatarecordlowagainsttheeuroandata30-yearlowagainsttheCanadiandollar.EventheArgentinepesoandBrazilianrealarethrivingagainstthedollar.Theweakdollarisasourceofhumiliation,foranation'sself-esteemrestsinpartonthestrengthofitscurrency.It'salsoapotentialeconomicproblem,sinceadecliningdollarmakesimportedfoodmoreexpensiveandexertsupwardpressureoninterestrates.AndyettherearesubstantialsectorsofthevastU.S.economy-fromgiantcompanieslikeCoca-Colatomom-and-poprestaurantoperatorsinMiami-forwhichtheweakdollarismostexcellentnews.ManyEuropeansmayviewtheU.S.asanarrogantsuperpowerthathasbecomehostiletoforeigners.ButnothingmakespeoplethinkmorewarmlyoftheU.S.thanaweakdollar.ThroughApril,thetotalnumberofvisitorsfromabroadwasup6.8percentfromlastyear.Shouldthetrendcontinue,thenumberoftouriststhisyearwillfinallytopthe2000peak?ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheU.S.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexico-asacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty,allwhileignoringthefactthatthepoorerlocalscan'taffordtojointhemerrymaking.Themoneytouristsspendhelpsdecreaseourchronictradedeficit.Sodoexports,whichthanksinparttotheweakdollar,soared11percentbetweenMay2006andMay2007.Forfirstfivemonthsof2007,thetradedeficitactuallyfell7percentfrom2006.IfyouownsharesinlargeAmericancorporations,you'reawinnerintheweak-dollargamble.LastweekCoca-Cola'sstickbubbledtoafive-yearhighafteritreportedafantasticquarter.Foreignsalesaccountedfor65percentofCoke'sbeveragebusiness.OtherAmericancompaniesprofitingfromthistrendincludeMcDonald'sandIBM.Americantourists,however,shouldn'texpectanyreliefsoon.Thedollarloststrengththewaymanymarriagesbreakup-slowly,andthenallatonce.Andcurrenciesdon'tturnonadime.Soifyouwanttoavoidthepaininflictedbytheincreasinglypatheticdollar,cancelthatsummervacationtoEnglandandlooktoNewEngland.There,thedollarisstilltreatedwithalittlerespect.52.WhydoAmericansfeelhumiliated?
A)TheireconomyisplungingB)Theycan'taffordtripstoEurope
C)TheircurrencyhasslumpedD)Theyhavelosthalfoftheirassets.53.HowdoesthecurrentdollaraffectthelifeofordinaryAmericans?
A)TheyhavetocanceltheirvacationsinNewEngland.
B)Theyfinditunaffordabletodineinmom-and-poprestaurants.
C)Theyhavetospendmoremoneywhenbuyingimportedgoods.
D)Theymightlosetheirjobsduetopotentialeconomicproblems.54HowdomanyEuropeansfeelabouttheU.Swiththedevalueddollar?
A)TheyfeelcontemptuousofitB)Theyaresympatheticwithit.
C)Theyregarditasasuperpoweronthedecline.D)Theythinkofitasagoodtouristdestination.55whatistheauthor'sadvicetoAmericans?
A)TheytreatthedollarwithalittlerespectB)Theytrytowinintheweak-dollargamble
C)TheyvacationathomeratherthanabroadD)Theytreasuretheirmarriagesallthemore.56Whatdoestheauthorimplybysaying“currenciesdon'tturnonadime”(Line2,Para7)?
A)Thedollar'svaluewillnotincreaseintheshortterm.
B)Thevalueofadollarwillnotbereducedtoadime
C)Thedollar'svaluewilldrop,butwithinasmallmargin.
D)FewAmericanswillchangedollarsintoothercurrencies.8、PassageEightIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“On,that'sGod,"camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.
Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.
41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould__________[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners.
42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare___________[A]impolitetonewarrivals.[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.[C]entitledtosomeprivileges.[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours.43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices__________[A]havebenefitedmanypeople.[B]arethefocusofpublicattention.[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.
44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered_________[A]inwell-wordedlanguage.[B]asawkwardlyaspossible.[C]inexaggeratedstatements.[D]ascasuallyaspossible.
45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe__________[A]UseHumorEffectively.[B]VariousKindsofHumor.[C]AddHumortoSpeech.[D]DifferentHumorStrategies.參考答案BDCADACDBBABDCBBBDDCCDDCACDBCCDCACBDDA完形填空部分PassageOneBy1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million__1__ofthesenationslooked__2__tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence__3__theideasofrepresentativegovernment,careers__4__totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the__5__toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety,__6__therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya__7__setoflaws.
Ontheissueof__8__ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch,__9__,therewaslessagreement__10__theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone__11__bytheSpanishcrown,__12__mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism__13__theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe__14__ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying__15__fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad__16__inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain's__17__colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch__18__becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies__19__Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas__20__self-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals
2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully
3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected
4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted
5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return
6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally
7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical
8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform
9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover
10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by
11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded
12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While
13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against
14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence
15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish
16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised
17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original
18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher
19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred
20.[A]puzzledby[B
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