汽車專業(yè)英語

SpecialtyEnglishforAutomobile陳長梅BodyBraking制動EngineSuspension懸掛Steering轉(zhuǎn)向Powertrain動力系統(tǒng)ElectricalsystemChassisUnit1AutomotiveBasicsWhat’sthemainpartsofanautomobile?Today’saveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscanbegroupedintofourmajorcategories:body,engine,chassisandelectricalequipment

。現(xiàn)在的車輛一般都由15000多個分散、獨立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動機、底盤和電氣設(shè)備。1.1BodyAnautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahoodandatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovideaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengersandcargo.汽車車身由金屬薄板外殼和窗戶、車門、發(fā)動機罩、行李箱蓋等組成。汽車車身為發(fā)動機、乘員和貨物提供了保護。Hood：發(fā)動機罩bonnet軟帽Trunkdeck：行李箱蓋

Trunk/boot：行李箱靴子Luggage：行李baggageCargo：貨物

goodsThebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernsappearanceforthevehicle.汽車車身的設(shè)計還應(yīng)該保證乘員的安全舒適。車身的造型（款式）使得汽車看起來漂亮迷人、色彩斑斕、時尚前衛(wèi)。ThreepointsseatbeltinacarFivepointsharnessinaracingcar鎧甲甲胄Airbag1885Benz1927FordmodelT1934Citro?nTractionAvant1953MorrisMinorSeries2MinicooperAsedanhasanenclosedbodywithamaximumof4doorstoallowaccesstothepassengercompartment.Thedesignalsoallowsforstorageofluggageorothergoods.Asedancanalsobereferredtoasasaloonandtraditionallyhasafixedroof.Therearesoft-topversionsofthesamebodydesignexceptforhaving2doors,andthesearecommonlyreferredtoasconvertibles.轎車車身為封閉式，乘員通過車門進出，轎車最多有4個車門。另外車身的設(shè)計還應(yīng)考慮行李和貨物的存放。傳統(tǒng)的轎車都是硬頂車身。活頂乘用車（敞篷車）的車頂是軟頂，車身設(shè)計與普通轎車類似，但只有兩個車門。行李箱行李==？發(fā)動機//發(fā)動機罩Trunk/bootLuggage/baggageEngine//hook/bonnetTheutilityorpick-upcarriesgoods.Usuallyithasstrongerchassiscomponentsandsuspensionthanasedantosupportgreatergrossvehiclemass.皮卡一般用來運載貨物。為能承載更大的總質(zhì)量，皮卡的底盤和懸架比轎車更結(jié)實。utility/pick-up:

皮卡Grossvehiclemass：車輛總質(zhì)量Curbweight汽車整備重量Lightvehiclevanscanbebasedoncommonsedandesignsorredesignssothatmaximumcargospaceisavailable.輕型貨車一般是基于普通轎車設(shè)計的，或是重新設(shè)計使可用載貨空間最大化。Avanisakindofvehicleusedfortransportinggoodsorgroupsofpeople.Itisusuallyabox-shapedvehicleonfourwheels,aboutthesamewidthandlengthasalargeautomobile,buttallerandusuallyhigherofftheground,alsoreferredtoasalightcommercialvehicleorLCV.However,inNorthAmerica,thetermmaybeusedtorefertoanytruckwitharigidcargobodyfixedtothecab,evenuptolargesizes.Thebodyofcommercialvehiclesthattransportgoodsaredesignedforthatspecificpurpose.Tankerstransportfluids,tipperscarryearthorbulkgrains,flatbedsandvansareusedforgeneralgoodstransport.用于運輸貨物的商用車車身必須滿足具體要求，例如運輸液體的油罐車、運輸泥土或散裝谷物的自卸車、運輸一般貨物的平板車或貨車。nosidesorroofBusesandcoachesareusually4-wheelrigidvehicles,butalargenumberofwheelsandaxlescanbeused.Sometimesarticulatedbusesareusedtoincreasecapacity.Busesandcoachescanbesingle-deckordouble-deck.Busesarecommonlyusedincitiesascommutertransportswhilecoachesaremoreluxurioususedforlongdistances.客車和長途汽車一般有4個車輪，車架為整體式，也能配備更多的車輪和車橋。為了增加客車的載客量往往使用由鉸鏈連接的客車。公共汽車和長途汽車有單層和雙層兩種。公共汽車一般用城市內(nèi)公共交通，而長途汽車一般用于長距離的旅行。single-deckbus單層巴士double-decker雙層公交車Articulatedbus通道式公交車Coach長途客車1.2EngineTheengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasoline(alsocalledaspark-ignitionengine)anddiesel(alsocalledacompression-ignitionengine).Bothenginesarecalledheatengines;theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothepowertrain.發(fā)動機//內(nèi)燃機//汽油（點燃式）//柴油（壓燃式）//熱力發(fā)動機//動力傳動系發(fā)動機作為動力設(shè)備，常見的類型是內(nèi)燃機，其原理是通過發(fā)動機缸內(nèi)的液體燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)生能量。發(fā)動機可分為兩類：汽油機（點燃式）和柴油機（壓燃式），都屬于熱力發(fā)動機。燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量使缸內(nèi)氣壓上升，產(chǎn)生的能量驅(qū)動軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，并傳遞給動力傳動系。Thewayenginecylindersarearrangediscalledengineconfiguration.In-lineengineshavethecylindersinaline.Thedesigncreatesasimplycastengineblock.Invehiclesapplications,thenumberofcylindersisnormallyfrom2upto6.Usually,thecylindersarevertical.Asthenumberofthecylindersincrease,thelengthoftheblockandcrankshaftcanbecomeaproblem.OnewaytoavoidthisiswithaVconfiguration.Thedesignmakestheenginesblockandcrankshaftshorterandmorerigid.發(fā)動機的布置即發(fā)動機氣缸的排列方式。發(fā)動機缸體按直線排列的即直列式，這種布置使得發(fā)動機缸體結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。汽車發(fā)動機一般為2~6缸，通常氣缸是垂直放置的，但氣缸數(shù)量的增加會導(dǎo)致缸體和曲軸的長度過大，解決問題的措施之一就是采用V型布置，這種布置方式可以使發(fā)動機缸體和曲軸長度尺寸更短，從而大大增加剛度。Thefourbasiccylinderarrangementsofadieselorgas-burningengineare:cylinder-in-line;V-arrangementandFlat.Anenginelocatedatthefrontcanbemountedlongitudinallyandcandriveeitherthefrontortherearwheels.Rearenginevehicleshavetheenginemountedbehindtherearwheels.Theenginecanbetransverseorlongitudinalandusuallydrivetherearwheelsonly.前置發(fā)動機可以縱向布置，能夠驅(qū)動前輪或后輪。后置發(fā)動機布置在后輪后側(cè)，發(fā)動機即可縱向布置又可橫向布置，一般只能驅(qū)動后輪。Internalcombustionengine:內(nèi)燃機、

外燃機Cylinder:汽缸圓柱體Gasoline//diesel：汽油柴油

Ignition：點燃igniteShaft//Crankshaft:軸曲軸Transmission傳送裝置Configuration配置構(gòu)造Longitudinal：縱向Transverse：橫向車身轎車車廂發(fā)動機罩鉸接式客車皮卡行李箱蓋造型、外形貨物行李bodySedan//salooncompartmentHood//bonnetArticulatedbusPick-up//utilityTrunkdeck/lidstylingcargoLuggage//baggage1.3ChassisPowertrainsystem:conveysthedrivetothewheelsSteeringsystem:controlsthedirectionofmovementSuspensionsystem(runninggear):absorbstheroadshocksBrakingsystem:slowsdownthevehicle底盤總成是由作為汽車主要運行部分的各系統(tǒng)組成，包括動力傳動系、轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)、懸架和制動系統(tǒng)。1.3.1Powertrainsystem:Clutch(torqueconverter/fluidcoupling)離合器（液力變矩器）Transmission變速箱Driveshaft驅(qū)動軸finaldrive主減速器

differentialgear差速器drivingaxle驅(qū)動橋Topandsideviewofatypicalmanualtransmission,inthiscaseaFord"Toploader",usedincarswithtypicalexternalgearshifter.

driveshaftFinaldrive//DifferentialDrivingaxles

傳動系把發(fā)動機輸出的扭矩傳遞給驅(qū)動輪。傳動系包括離合器（對應(yīng)機械變速器）或液力變矩器（對應(yīng)液力自動變速器）、變速器、驅(qū)動軸、主減速器、差速器和驅(qū)動橋。有些傳動系采用由變速器、主減速器和差速器組成的一體式的變速驅(qū)動橋。（有時采用一個獨立的變速驅(qū)動橋，即變速器……在同一個箱體內(nèi)。）

傳統(tǒng)的汽車采用前置發(fā)動機、后輪驅(qū)動，因此需要傳動軸把動力從變速器傳遞給主減速器。主減速器的作用就是在把動力傳遞給驅(qū)動輪之前，降低轉(zhuǎn)速并增加扭矩。對于前置后驅(qū)的汽車，主減速器還將驅(qū)動的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向改變90度。主減速器內(nèi)的差速器齒輪副，把動力分給兩個驅(qū)動軸，并允許兩邊車輪在轉(zhuǎn)向時具有不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。動力最終由驅(qū)動軸傳遞給車輪。后輪驅(qū)動汽車的驅(qū)動橋應(yīng)能滿足懸架的運動，可以是剛性的或包含運動副。為滿足懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向的要求，前輪驅(qū)動汽車驅(qū)動軸上需安裝萬向節(jié)。

自動變速器或自動變速驅(qū)動橋的功能和機械式基本類似，區(qū)別在于檔位的選擇是液力或電力控制的。液力自動變速器采用液力變矩（耦合）器傳遞動力。1.3.2Steeringsystem:轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)Thedirectionmotionofvehicleiscontrolledbyasteeringsystem.Abasicsteeringsystemhas3mainparts:asteeringboxconnectedtothesteeringwheel,thelinkageconnectingthesteeringboxtothewheelassemblyatthefrontwheelsandfrontsuspensionpartstoletthewheelassembliespivot.Whenthedriverturnsthesteeringwheel,ashaftfromthesteeringcolumnturnsthesteeringgear.Thesteeringgearmovestie-rodsthatconnecttothefrontwheels.Thetie-rodsmovethefrontwheelstoturnthevehiclerightorleft.轉(zhuǎn)向系控制汽車行駛方向，一般由三部分組成：與轉(zhuǎn)向盤相連的轉(zhuǎn)向器、連接車輪和轉(zhuǎn)向器的傳動結(jié)構(gòu)、允許車輪轉(zhuǎn)動的前懸架部件。當駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤時，轉(zhuǎn)向柱內(nèi)的軸帶動轉(zhuǎn)向器運動，然后通過轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)來轉(zhuǎn)動車輪，從而使得汽車向左或向右行駛。1.3.3suspensionsystem:懸架系統(tǒng)緩沖減震傳力導(dǎo)向FordmodelsuspensionMacPhersonstrut整個懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路面的沖擊和振動對車身的影響，防止傳遞給乘員和貨物。另外不論路面如何，懸架系統(tǒng)都應(yīng)該保持輪胎和路面接觸。懸架系統(tǒng)的基本組成包括彈性元件、車橋、減震器