電力電子技術(shù)外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)（文檔含中英文對(duì)照即英文原文和中文翻譯）譯文:基于單片機(jī)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源1用途開(kāi)關(guān)電源產(chǎn)品在工業(yè)自動(dòng)化控制、軍工設(shè)備、科研設(shè)備、LED照明、工控設(shè)備、通訊設(shè)備、電力設(shè)備、儀器儀表、醫(yī)療設(shè)備、半導(dǎo)體制冷制熱、空氣凈化器，電子冰箱，液晶顯示器，LED燈具，通訊設(shè)備，視聽(tīng)產(chǎn)品，安防，電腦機(jī)箱，數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品和儀器類(lèi)等領(lǐng)域中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。2簡(jiǎn)介隨著電力電子技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，電力電子設(shè)備與人們的工作、生活的關(guān)系日益密切，而電子設(shè)備都離不開(kāi)可靠的電源，進(jìn)入80年代計(jì)算機(jī)電源全面實(shí)現(xiàn)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源化，率先完成計(jì)算機(jī)的電源換代，進(jìn)入90年代開(kāi)關(guān)電源相繼進(jìn)入各種電子、電器設(shè)備領(lǐng)域，程控交換機(jī)、通訊、電子檢測(cè)設(shè)備電源、控制設(shè)備電源等都已廣泛地使用了開(kāi)關(guān)電源，更促進(jìn)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展。開(kāi)關(guān)電源是利用現(xiàn)代電力電子技術(shù)，控制開(kāi)關(guān)晶體管開(kāi)通和關(guān)斷的時(shí)間比率，維持穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的一種電源，開(kāi)關(guān)電源一般由脈沖寬度調(diào)制（PWM）控制IC和開(kāi)關(guān)器件（MOSFET、BJT等）構(gòu)成。開(kāi)關(guān)電源和線性電源相比，二者的成本都隨著輸出功率的增加而增長(zhǎng)，但二者增長(zhǎng)速率各異。線性電源成本在某一輸出功率點(diǎn)上，反而高于開(kāi)關(guān)電源。隨著電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新，使得開(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)在不斷地創(chuàng)新，這一成本反轉(zhuǎn)點(diǎn)日益向低輸出電力端移動(dòng)，這為開(kāi)關(guān)電源提供了廣泛的發(fā)展空間。開(kāi)關(guān)電源高頻化是其發(fā)展的方向，高頻化使開(kāi)關(guān)電源小型化，并使開(kāi)關(guān)電源進(jìn)入更廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，特別是在高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，推動(dòng)了高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的小型化、輕便化。另外開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用在節(jié)約能源、節(jié)約資源及保護(hù)環(huán)境方面都具有重要的意義。3分類(lèi)現(xiàn)代開(kāi)關(guān)電源有兩種：一種是直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源；另一種是交流開(kāi)關(guān)電源。這里主要介紹的只是直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源，其功能是將電能質(zhì)量較差的原生態(tài)電源（粗電），如市電電源或蓄電池電源，轉(zhuǎn)換成滿足設(shè)備要求的質(zhì)量較高的直流電壓（精電）。直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源的核心是DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。因此直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類(lèi)是依賴(lài)DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器分類(lèi)的。也就是說(shuō)，直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類(lèi)與DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器的分類(lèi)是基本相同的，DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器的分類(lèi)基本上就是直流開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類(lèi)。直流DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器按輸入與輸出之間是否有電氣隔離可以分為兩類(lèi)：一類(lèi)是有隔離的稱(chēng)為隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器;另一類(lèi)是沒(méi)有隔離的稱(chēng)為非隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器也可以按有源功率器件的個(gè)數(shù)來(lái)分類(lèi)。單管的DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器有正激式（Forward）和反激式（Feedback）兩種。雙管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器有雙管正激式（DoubleTransistorForwardConverter），雙管反激式（DoubleTransistorFeedbackConverter）、推挽式（Push-PullConverter）和半橋式（Half-BridgeConverter）四種。四管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器就是全橋DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器（Full-BridgeConverter）。非隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器，按有源功率器件的個(gè)數(shù)，可以分為單管、雙管和四管三類(lèi)。單管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器共有六種，即降壓式（Buck）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器，升壓式（Boost）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器、升壓降壓式（BuckBoost）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器、CukDC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器、ZetaDC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器和SEPICDC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。在這六種單管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器中，Buck和Boost式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器是基本的，Buck-Boost、Cuk、Zeta、SEPIC式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器是從中派生出來(lái)的。雙管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器有雙管串接的升壓式（Buck-Boost）DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器。四管DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器常用的是全橋DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器（Full-BridgeConverter）。隔離式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器在實(shí)現(xiàn)輸出與輸入電氣隔離時(shí)，通常采用變壓器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，由于變壓器具有變壓的功能，所以有利于擴(kuò)大轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出應(yīng)用范圍，也便于實(shí)現(xiàn)不同電壓的多路輸出，或相同電壓的多種輸出。在功率開(kāi)關(guān)管的電壓和電流定額相同時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出功率通常與所用開(kāi)關(guān)管的數(shù)量成正比。所以開(kāi)關(guān)管數(shù)越多，DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器的輸出功率越大，四管式比兩管式輸出功率大一倍，單管式輸出功率只有四管式的1/4。非隔離式轉(zhuǎn)換器與隔離式轉(zhuǎn)換器的組合，可以得到單個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換器所不具各的一些特性。按能量的傳輸來(lái)分，DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器有單向傳輸和雙向傳輸兩種。具有雙向傳輸功能的DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器，既可以從電源側(cè)向負(fù)載側(cè)傳輸功率，也可以從負(fù)載側(cè)向電源側(cè)傳輸功率。DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器也可以分為自激式和他控式。借助轉(zhuǎn)換器本身的正反饋信號(hào)實(shí)現(xiàn)開(kāi)關(guān)管自持周期性開(kāi)關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)換器，叫做自激式轉(zhuǎn)換器，如洛耶爾（Royer）轉(zhuǎn)換器就是一種典型的推挽自激式轉(zhuǎn)換器。他控式DC/DC轉(zhuǎn)換器中的開(kāi)關(guān)器件控制信號(hào)，是由外部專(zhuān)門(mén)的控制電路產(chǎn)生的。4開(kāi)關(guān)電源的分類(lèi)人們?cè)陂_(kāi)關(guān)電源技術(shù)領(lǐng)域是邊開(kāi)發(fā)相關(guān)電力電子器件，邊開(kāi)發(fā)開(kāi)關(guān)變頻技術(shù)，兩者相互促進(jìn)推動(dòng)著開(kāi)關(guān)電源每年以超過(guò)兩位數(shù)字的增長(zhǎng)率向著輕、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開(kāi)關(guān)電源可分為AC/DC和DC/DC兩大類(lèi)，也有AC/ACDC/AC如逆變器DC/DC變換器現(xiàn)已實(shí)現(xiàn)模塊化，且設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)工藝在國(guó)內(nèi)外均已成熟和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，并已得到用戶的認(rèn)可，但AC/DC的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進(jìn)程中，遇到較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)和工藝制造問(wèn)題。以下分別對(duì)兩類(lèi)開(kāi)關(guān)電源的結(jié)構(gòu)和特性作以闡述。自激式：是無(wú)須外加信號(hào)源能自行振蕩，自激式完全可以把它看作是一個(gè)變壓器反饋式振蕩電路。它激式：則完全依賴(lài)于外部維持振蕩，在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中它激式應(yīng)用比較廣泛。根據(jù)激勵(lì)信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)分類(lèi)；可分為脈沖調(diào)寬和脈沖調(diào)幅兩種，脈沖調(diào)寬是控制信號(hào)的寬度，也就是頻率，脈沖調(diào)幅控制信號(hào)的幅度，兩者的作用相同都是使振蕩頻率維持在某一范圍內(nèi)，達(dá)到穩(wěn)定電壓的效果。變壓器的繞組一般可以分成三種類(lèi)型，一組是參與振蕩的初級(jí)繞組，一組是維持振蕩的反饋繞組，還有一組是負(fù)載繞組。比如在家用電器中使用的上海正藝科技生產(chǎn)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源，將220V的交流電經(jīng)過(guò)橋式整流，變換成300V左右的直流電，濾波后進(jìn)入變壓器后加到開(kāi)關(guān)管的集電極進(jìn)行高頻振蕩，反饋繞組反饋到基極維持電路振蕩，負(fù)載繞組感應(yīng)的電信號(hào)，經(jīng)整流、濾波、穩(wěn)壓得到的直流電壓給負(fù)載提供電能。負(fù)載繞組在提供電能的同時(shí)，也肩負(fù)起穩(wěn)定電壓的能力，其原理是在電壓輸出電路接一個(gè)電壓取樣裝置，監(jiān)測(cè)輸出電壓的變化情況,及時(shí)反饋給振蕩電路調(diào)整振蕩頻率，從而達(dá)到穩(wěn)定電壓的目的，為了避免電路的干擾，反饋回振蕩電路的電壓會(huì)用光電耦合器隔離。5技術(shù)發(fā)展動(dòng)向開(kāi)關(guān)電源高頻化是其發(fā)展的方向，高頻化使開(kāi)關(guān)電源小型化，并使開(kāi)關(guān)電源進(jìn)入更廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，特別是在高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，推動(dòng)了開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展前進(jìn),每年以超過(guò)兩位數(shù)字的增長(zhǎng)率向著輕、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開(kāi)關(guān)電源可分為AC/DC和DC/DC兩大類(lèi)，DC/DC變換器現(xiàn)已實(shí)現(xiàn)模塊化，且設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)工藝在國(guó)內(nèi)外均已成熟和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，并已得到用戶的認(rèn)可，但AC/DC的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進(jìn)程中，遇到較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)和工藝制造問(wèn)題。另外，開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用在節(jié)約能源、節(jié)約資源及保護(hù)環(huán)境方面都具有重要的意義。開(kāi)關(guān)電源中應(yīng)用的電力電子器件主要為二極管、IGBT和MOSFET。SCR在開(kāi)關(guān)電源輸入整流電路及軟啟動(dòng)電路中有少量應(yīng)用，GTR驅(qū)動(dòng)困難，開(kāi)關(guān)頻率低，逐漸被IGBT和MOSFET取代。開(kāi)關(guān)電源的發(fā)展方向是高頻、高可靠、低耗、低噪聲、抗干擾和模塊化。由于開(kāi)關(guān)電源輕、小、薄的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是高頻化，因此國(guó)外各大開(kāi)關(guān)電源制造商都致力于同步開(kāi)發(fā)新型高智能化的元器件，特別是改善二次整流器件的損耗，并在功率鐵氧體材料上加大科技創(chuàng)新，以提高在高頻率和較大磁通密度（Bs）下獲得高的磁性能，而電容器的小型化也是一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)oSMT技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使得開(kāi)關(guān)電源取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展，在電路板兩面布置元器件，以確保開(kāi)關(guān)電源的輕、小、薄。開(kāi)關(guān)電源的高頻化就必然對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的PWM開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新，實(shí)現(xiàn)ZVS、ZCS的軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)已成為開(kāi)關(guān)電源的主流技術(shù)，并大幅提高了開(kāi)關(guān)電源的工作效率。對(duì)于高可靠性指標(biāo)，美國(guó)的開(kāi)關(guān)電源生產(chǎn)商通過(guò)降低運(yùn)行電流，降低結(jié)溫等措施以減少器件的應(yīng)力，使得產(chǎn)品的可靠性大大提高。模塊化是開(kāi)關(guān)電源發(fā)展的總體趨勢(shì)，可以采用模塊化電源組成分布式電源系統(tǒng)，可以設(shè)計(jì)成N+1冗余電源系統(tǒng)，并實(shí)現(xiàn)并聯(lián)方式的容量擴(kuò)展。針對(duì)開(kāi)關(guān)電源運(yùn)行噪聲大這一缺點(diǎn)，若單獨(dú)追求高頻化其噪聲也必將隨著增大，而采用部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換電路技術(shù)，在理論上即可實(shí)現(xiàn)高頻化又可降低噪聲，但部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用仍存在著技術(shù)問(wèn)題，故仍需在這一領(lǐng)域開(kāi)展大量的工作，以使得該項(xiàng)技術(shù)得以實(shí)用化。電力電子技術(shù)的不斷創(chuàng)新，使開(kāi)關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。要加快我國(guó)開(kāi)關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展速度，就必須走技術(shù)創(chuàng)新之路，走出有中國(guó)特色的產(chǎn)學(xué)研聯(lián)合發(fā)展之路，為我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。1955年美國(guó)羅耶（Roger）發(fā)明的自激振蕩推挽晶體管單變壓器直流變換器，是實(shí)現(xiàn)高頻轉(zhuǎn)換控制電路的開(kāi)端，1957年美國(guó)查賽JenSen）發(fā)明了自激式推挽雙變壓器，1964年美國(guó)科學(xué)家們提出取消工頻變壓器的串聯(lián)開(kāi)關(guān)電源的設(shè)想，這對(duì)電源向體積和重量的下降獲得了一條根本的途徑。到了1969年由于大功率硅晶體管的耐壓提高，二極管反向恢復(fù)時(shí)間的縮短等元器件改善，終于做成了25千赫的開(kāi)關(guān)電源。目前，開(kāi)關(guān)電源以小型、輕量和高效率的特點(diǎn)被廣泛應(yīng)用于以電子計(jì)算機(jī)為主導(dǎo)的各種終端設(shè)備、通信設(shè)備等幾乎所有的電子設(shè)備，是當(dāng)今電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)飛速發(fā)展不可缺少的一種電源方式。目前市場(chǎng)上出售的開(kāi)關(guān)電源中采用雙極性晶體管制成的100kHz、用MOS—FET制成的500kHz電源，雖已實(shí)用化，但其頻率有待進(jìn)一步提高。要提高開(kāi)關(guān)頻率，就要減少開(kāi)關(guān)損耗，而要減少開(kāi)關(guān)損耗，就需要有高速開(kāi)關(guān)元器件。然而，開(kāi)關(guān)速度提高后，會(huì)受電路中分布電感和電容或二極管中存儲(chǔ)電荷的影響而產(chǎn)生浪涌或噪聲。這樣，不僅會(huì)影響周?chē)娮釉O(shè)備，還會(huì)大大降低電源本身的可靠性。其中，為防止隨開(kāi)關(guān)啟-閉所發(fā)生的電壓浪涌，可采用R-C或L-C緩沖器，而對(duì)由二極管存儲(chǔ)電荷所致的電流浪涌可采用非晶態(tài)等磁芯制成的磁緩沖器。不過(guò)，對(duì)1MHz以上的高頻，要采用諧振電路，以使開(kāi)關(guān)上的電壓或通過(guò)開(kāi)關(guān)的電流呈正弦波，這樣既可減少開(kāi)關(guān)損耗，同時(shí)也可控制浪涌的發(fā)生。這種開(kāi)關(guān)方式稱(chēng)為諧振式開(kāi)關(guān)。目前對(duì)這種開(kāi)關(guān)電源的研究很活躍，因?yàn)椴捎眠@種方式不需要大幅度提高開(kāi)關(guān)速度就可以在理論上把開(kāi)關(guān)損耗降到零，而且噪聲也小，可望成為開(kāi)關(guān)電源高頻化的一種主要方式。當(dāng)前，世界上許多國(guó)家都在致力于數(shù)兆Hz的變換器的實(shí)用化研究。6原理簡(jiǎn)介開(kāi)關(guān)電源的工作過(guò)程相當(dāng)容易理解，在線性電源中，讓功率晶體管工作在線性模式，與線性電源不同的是,PWM開(kāi)關(guān)電源是讓功率晶體管工作在導(dǎo)通和關(guān)斷的狀態(tài),在這兩種狀態(tài)中，加在功率晶體管上的伏-安乘積是很小的（在導(dǎo)通時(shí)，電壓低，電流大；關(guān)斷時(shí)，電壓高，電流小）/功率器件上的伏安乘積就是功率半導(dǎo)體器件上所產(chǎn)生的損耗。與線性電源相比，PWM開(kāi)關(guān)電源更為有效的工作過(guò)程是通過(guò)“斬波”，即把輸入的直流電壓斬成幅值等于輸入電壓幅值的脈沖電壓來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。脈沖的占空比由開(kāi)關(guān)電源的控制器來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)。一旦輸入電壓被斬成交流方波，其幅值就可以通過(guò)變壓器來(lái)升高或降低。通過(guò)增加變壓器的二次繞組數(shù)就可以增加輸出的電壓組數(shù)。最后這些交流波形經(jīng)過(guò)整流濾波后就得到直流輸出電壓。控制器的主要目的是保持輸出電壓穩(wěn)定，其工作過(guò)程與線性形式的控制器很類(lèi)似。也就是說(shuō)控制器的功能塊、電壓參考和誤差放大器，可以設(shè)計(jì)成與線性調(diào)節(jié)器相同。他們的不同之處在于，誤差放大器的輸出（誤差電壓）在驅(qū)動(dòng)功率管之前要經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)電壓/脈沖寬度轉(zhuǎn)換單元。開(kāi)關(guān)電源有兩種主要的工作方式：正激式變換和升壓式變換。盡管它們各部分的布置差別很小，但是工作過(guò)程相差很大，在特定的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合下各有優(yōu)點(diǎn)。7電路原理所謂開(kāi)關(guān)電源，顧名思義，就是這里有一扇門(mén)，一開(kāi)門(mén)電源就通過(guò)，一關(guān)門(mén)電源就停止通過(guò)，那么什么是門(mén)呢，開(kāi)關(guān)電源里有的采用可控硅，有的采用開(kāi)關(guān)管，這兩個(gè)元器件性能差不多，都是靠基極、（開(kāi)關(guān)管）控制極（可控硅）上加上脈沖信號(hào)來(lái)完成導(dǎo)通和截止的，脈沖信號(hào)正半周到來(lái)，控制極上電壓升高，開(kāi)關(guān)管或可控硅就導(dǎo)通，由220V整流、濾波后輸出的300V電壓就導(dǎo)通，通過(guò)開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器傳到次級(jí)，再通過(guò)變壓比將電壓升高或降低，供各個(gè)電路工作。振蕩脈沖負(fù)半周到來(lái)，電源調(diào)整管的基極、或可控硅的控制極電壓低于原來(lái)的設(shè)置電壓，電源調(diào)整管截止，300V電源被關(guān)斷，開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器次級(jí)沒(méi)電壓，這時(shí)各電路所需的工作電壓，就靠次級(jí)本路整流后的濾波電容放電來(lái)維持。待到下一個(gè)脈沖的周期正半周信號(hào)到來(lái)時(shí)，重復(fù)上一個(gè)過(guò)程。這個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器就叫高頻變壓器，因?yàn)樗墓ぷ黝l率高于50HZ低頻。那么推動(dòng)開(kāi)關(guān)管或可控硅的脈沖如何獲得呢，這就需要有個(gè)振蕩電路產(chǎn)生，我們知道，晶體三極管有個(gè)特性，就是基極對(duì)發(fā)射極電壓是0.65-0.7V是放大狀態(tài)，0.7V以上就是飽和導(dǎo)通狀態(tài)，-0.1V--0.3V就工作在振蕩狀態(tài)，那么其工作點(diǎn)調(diào)好后，就靠較深的負(fù)反饋來(lái)產(chǎn)生負(fù)壓，使振蕩管起振，振蕩管的頻率由基極上的電容充放電的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短來(lái)決定，振蕩頻率高輸出脈沖幅度就大，反之就小，這就決定了電源調(diào)整管的輸出電壓的大小。那么變壓器次級(jí)輸出的工作電壓如何穩(wěn)壓呢，一般是在開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器上，單繞一組線圈，在其上端獲得的電壓經(jīng)過(guò)整流濾波后，作為基準(zhǔn)電壓，然后通過(guò)光電耦合器，將這個(gè)基準(zhǔn)電壓返回振蕩管的基極，來(lái)調(diào)整震蕩頻率的高低，如果變壓器次級(jí)電壓升高，本取樣線圈輸出的電壓也升高，通過(guò)光電耦合器獲得的正反饋電壓也升高，這個(gè)電壓加到振蕩管基極上，就使振蕩頻率降低，起到了穩(wěn)定次級(jí)輸出電壓的穩(wěn)定，太細(xì)的工作情況就不必細(xì)講了，也沒(méi)必要了解的那么細(xì)的，這樣大功率的電壓由開(kāi)關(guān)變壓器傳遞，并與后級(jí)隔開(kāi)，返回的取樣電壓由光耦傳遞也與后級(jí)隔開(kāi)，所以前級(jí)的市電電壓，是與后級(jí)分離的，這就叫冷板，是安全的，變壓器前的電源是獨(dú)立的，這就叫開(kāi)關(guān)電源。8DC/DC變換DC/DC變換是將固定的直流電壓變換成可變的直流電壓，也稱(chēng)為直流斬波。斬波器的工作方式有兩種，一是脈寬調(diào)制方式Ts不變，改變ton（通用），二是頻率調(diào)制方式，ton不變，改變Ts（易產(chǎn)生干擾）。其具體的電路由以下幾類(lèi)：Buck電路一一降壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓U0小于輸入電壓Ui,極性相同。Boost電路一一升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓開(kāi)關(guān)電源及電路圖U0大于輸入電壓Ui，極性相同。Buck-Boost電路一一降壓或升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓U0大于或小于輸入電壓Ui，極性相反，電感傳輸。Cuk電路一一降壓或升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電 壓U0大于或小于輸入電壓Ui,極性相反，電容傳輸。上述為非隔離型電路，隔離型電路有正激電路、反激電路、半橋電路、全橋電路、推挽電路。 當(dāng)今軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)使得DC/DC發(fā)生了質(zhì)的飛躍，美國(guó)VICOR公司設(shè)計(jì)制造的多種ECI軟開(kāi)關(guān)DC/DC變換器，其最大輸出功率有300W、600W、800W等,相應(yīng)的功率密度為（6.2、10、17）W/cm3,效率為（80?90）%。日本NemicLambda公司最新推出的一種采用軟開(kāi)關(guān)技術(shù)的高頻開(kāi)關(guān)電源模塊RM系列，其開(kāi)關(guān)頻率為（200?300）kHz,功率密度已達(dá)到27W/cm3，采用同步整流器（MOSFET代替肖特基二極管），使整個(gè)電路效率提高到90%。9AC/DC變換AC/DC變換是將交流變換為直流，其功率流向可以是雙向的，功率流由電源流向負(fù)載的稱(chēng)為“整流”功率流由負(fù)載返回電源的稱(chēng)為“有源逆變”AC/DC變換器輸入為50/60Hz的交流電，因必須經(jīng)整流、濾波，因此體積相對(duì)較大的濾波電容器是必不可少的，同時(shí)因遇到安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（如UL、CCEE等）及EMC指令的限制（如IEC、、FCC、CSA）,交流輸入側(cè)必須加EMC濾波及使用符合安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的元件，這樣就限制AC/DC電源體積的小型化，另外，由于內(nèi)部的高頻、高壓、大電流開(kāi)關(guān)動(dòng)作，使得解決EMC電磁兼容問(wèn)題難度加大，也就對(duì)內(nèi)部高密度安裝電路設(shè)計(jì)提出了很高的要求，由于同樣的原因，高電壓、大電流開(kāi)關(guān)使得電源工作損耗增大，限制了AC/DC變換器模塊化的進(jìn)程，因此必須采用電源系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法才能使其工作效率達(dá)到一定的滿意程度。AC/DC變換按電路的接線方式可分為，半波電路、全波電路。按電源相數(shù)可分為,單相、三相、多相。按電路工作象限又可分為一象限、二象限、三象限、四象限。開(kāi)關(guān)電源在輸入抗干擾性能上，由于其自身電路結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)（多級(jí)串聯(lián)），一般的輸入干擾如浪涌電壓很難通過(guò)，在輸出電壓穩(wěn)定度這一技術(shù)指標(biāo)上與線性電源相比具有較大的優(yōu)勢(shì)，其輸出電壓穩(wěn)定度可達(dá)（0.5~1）%。開(kāi)關(guān)電源模塊作為一種電力電子集成器件，要注意選擇。原文：ThedesignBasedonsinglechipswitchingpowersupplyUsesTheswitchingpowersupplyproductsarewidelyusedinindustrialautomationandcontrol,militaryequipment,scientificequipment,LEDlighting,industrialequipment,communicationsequipment,electricalequipment,instrumentation,medicalequipment,semiconductorcoolingandheating,airpurifiers,electronicrefrigerator,LCDmonitor,LEDlighting,communicationsequipment,audio-visualproducts,security,computerchassis,digitalproductsandequipmentandotherfields.IntroductionWiththerapiddevelopmentofpowerelectronicstechnology,powerelectronicsequipmentandpeople'swork,therelationshipoflifebecomeincreasinglyclose,andelectronicequipmentwithoutreliablepower,intothe1980s,computerpowerandthefullrealizationoftheswitchingpowersupply,thefirsttocompletethecomputerPowernewgenerationtoentertheswitchingpowersupplyinthe1990shaveenteredintoavarietyofelectronic,electricaldevices,program-controlledswitchboards,communications,electronictestingequipmentpowercontrolequipment,powersupply,etc.havebeenwidelyusedinswitchingpowersupply,butalsotopromotetherapiddevelopmentoftheswitchingpowersupplytechnology.Switchingpowersupplyistheuseofmodernpowerelectronicstechnologytocontroltheratiooftheswitchingtransistortoturnonandofftomaintainastableoutputvoltagepowersupply,switchingpowersupplyisgenerallycontrolledbypulsewidthmodulation(PWM)ICsandswitchingdevices(MOSFET,BJT)composition.Switchingpowersupplyandlinearpowercomparedtoboththecostandgrowthwiththeincreaseofoutputpower,butthetwodifferentgrowthrates.Apowerpoint,linearpowersupplycosts,buthigherthantheswitchingpowersupply.Withthedevelopmentofpowerelectronicstechnologyandinnovation,makingtheswitchingpowersupplytechnologytocontinuetoinnovate,theturningpointsofthiscostisincreasinglymovetothelowoutputpowerside,theswitchingpowersupplyprovidesabroadspacefordevelopment.Thedirectionofitsdevelopmentisthehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupply,highfrequencyswitchingpowersupplyminiaturization,andswitchingpowersupplyintoawiderrangeofapplicationareas,especiallyinhigh-techfields,andpromotetheminiaturizationofhigh-techproducts,lightof.Inaddition,thedevelopmentandapplicationoftheswitchingpowersupplyintermsofenergyconservation,resourceconservationandenvironmentalprotectionareofgreatsignificance.3、ClassificationModernswitchingpowersupply,therearetwo:oneistheDCswitchingpowersupply;theotheristheACswitchingpowersupply.IntroducesonlyDCswitchingpowersupplyanditsfunctionispoorpowerqualityoftheoriginaleco-power(coarse)-suchasmainspowerorbatterypower,convertedtomeettheequipmentrequirementsofhigh-qualityDCvoltage(Varitronix).ThecoreoftheDCswitchingpowersupplyDC/DCconverter.DCswitchingpowersupplyclassificationisdependentontheclassificationofDC/DCconverter.Inotherwords,theclassificationoftheclassificationoftheDCswitchingpowersupplyandDC/DCconverteristheclassificationofessentiallythesame,theDC/DCconverterisbasicallyaclassificationoftheDCswitchingpowersupply.DC/DCconverterbetweentheinputandoutputelectricalisolationcanbedividedintotwocategories:oneisisolatedcalledisolatedDC/DCconverter;theotherisnotisolatedasnon-isolatedDC/DCconverter.IsolatedDC/DCconvertercanalsobeclassifiedbythenumberofactivepowerdevices.ThesingletubeofDC/DCconverterForward(Forward),Feedback(Feedback)two.Thedouble-barreleddouble-barreledDC/DCconverterForward(DoubleTransistorForwardConverter),twin-tubefeedback(DoubleTransistorFeedbackConverter),Push-Pull(PushthePullConverter)andhalf-bridge(Half-BridgeConverter)four.FourDC/DCconverteristhefull-bridgeDC/DCconverter(Full-BridgeConverter).Non-isolatedDC/DCconverter,accordingtothenumberofactivepowerdevicescanbedividedintosingle-tube,doublepipe,andfourthreecategories.SingletubetoatotalofsixoftheDC/DCconverter,step-down(Buck)DC/DCconverter,step-up(Boost)DC/DCconverters,DC/DCconverter,boostbuck(BuckBoost)deviceofCuktheDC/DCconverter,theZetaDC/DCconverterandSEPIC,theDC/DCconverter.DC/DCconverters,theBuckandBoosttypeDC/DCconverteristhebasicbuck-boostofCuk,Zeta,SEPIC,typeDC/DCconverterisderivedfromasingletubeinthissix.Thetwin-tubecascadeddouble-barreledboost(buck-boost)DC/DCconverterDC/DCconverter.FourDC/DCconverterisused,thefull-bridgeDC/DCconverter(Full-BridgeConverter).IsolatedDC/DCconverterinputandoutputelectricalisolationisusuallytransformertoachievethefunctionofthetransformerhasatransformer,soconducivetotheexpansionoftheconverteroutputrangeofapplications,butalsoeasytoachievedifferentvoltageoutput,oravarietyofthesamevoltageoutput.Powerswitchvoltageandcurrentrating,theconverter'soutputpowerisusuallyproportionaltothenumberofswitch.Themorethenumberofswitch,thegreatertheoutputpoweroftheDC/DCconverter,fourtypethanthetwooutputpoweristwiceaslarge,single-tubeoutputpowerofonlyfour1/4.Acombinationofnon-isolatedconvertersandisolatedconverterscanbeasingleconverterdoesnothavetheirowncharacteristics.Energytransmissionpoints,one-waytransmissionandtwo-waytransmissionoftwoDC/DCconverter.DC/DCconverterwithbi-directionaltransmissionfunction,eithersideofthetransmissionpowerfromthepoweroflateralloadpowerfromtheload-lateralsideofthetransmissionpower.DC/DCconvertercanbedividedintoself-excitedandseparatelycontrolled.Withthepositivefeedbacksignalconvertertoswitchtoself-sustainingperiodicswitchingconverter,calledself-excitedconverter,suchasthetheLuoYeer(Royer,)converterisatypicalpush-pullself-oscillatingconverter.ControlledDC/DCconverterswitchingdevicecontrolsignalisgeneratedbyspecializedexternalcontrolcircuit.4、Theswitchingpowersupply.Peopleinthefieldofswitchingpowersupplytechnologysideofthedevelopmentofpowerelectronicdevices,whilethedevelopmentoftheswitchinginvertertechnology,thetwopromoteeachothertopromotetheswitchingpowersupplyannualgrowthrateofmorethantwodigitstowardthelight,small,thin,low-noise,highreliability,thedirectionofdevelopmentofanti-jamming.SwitchingpowersupplycanbedividedintoAC/DCandDC/DCtwocategories,AC/ACDC/AC,suchasinverters,DC/DCconverterisnowmodulardesigntechnologyandproductionprocessesathomeandabroadhavealreadymaturedandstandardization,andhasbeenrecognizedbytheuser,butAC/DCmodular,itsowncharacteristicsmakethemodularprocess,encountermorecomplextechnologyandmanufacturingprocess.Hereinaftertoillustratethestructureandcharacteristicsofthetwotypesofswitchingpowersupply.Self-excited:noexternalsignalsourcecanbeself-oscillation,completelyself-excitedtoseeitasfeedbackoscillationcircuitofatransformer.Separateexcitation:entirelydependentonexternalsustainoscillations,excitedusedwidelyinpracticalapplications.Accordingtotheexcitationsignalstructureclassification;canbedividedintopulse-width-modulatedandpulseamplitudemodulatedtwopulsewidthmodulatedcontrolthewidthofthesignalisfrequency,pulseamplitudemodulationcontrolsignalamplitudebetweenthesameeffectaretheoscillationfrequencytomaintainwithinacertainrangetoachievetheeffectofvoltagestability.Thewindingofthetransformercangenerallybedividedintothreetypes,onegroupisinvolvedintheoscillationoftheprimarywinding,agroupofsustainedoscillationsinthefeedbackwinding,thereisagroupofloadwinding.SuchasShanghaiisusedinhouseholdappliancesarttechnologicalproductionofswitchingpowersupply,220VACbridgerectifier,changingtoabout300VDCfilteraddedtothecollectoroftheswitchintothetransformerforhighfrequencyoscillation,thefeedbackwindingfeedbacktothebasetomaintainthecircuitoscillatingloadwindinginductionsignal,theDCvoltagebytherectifier,filter,regulatortoprovidepowertotheload.Loadwindingtoprovidepoweratthesametime,takeuptheabilitytovoltagestability,theprincipleisthevoltageoutputcircuitconnectedtoavoltagesamplingdevicetomonitortheoutputvoltagechanges,andtimelyfeedbacktotheoscillatorcircuittoadjusttheoscillationfrequency,soastoachievestablevoltagepurposes,inordertoavoidtheinterferenceofthecircuit,thefeedbackvoltagebacktotheoscillatorcircuitwithoptocouplerisolation.5、technologydevelopmentsThehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyisthedirectionofitsdevelopment,high-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyminiaturization,andswitchingpowersupplyintothebroaderfieldofapplication,especiallyinhigh-techfields,andpromotethedevelopmentandadvancementoftheswitchingpowersupply,anannualmorethantwo-digitgrowthratetowardthelight,small,thin,lownoise,highreliability,thedirectionoftheanti-jamming.SwitchingpowersupplycanbedividedintoAC/DCandDC/DCtwocategories,theDC/DCconverterisnowmodulardesigntechnologyandproductionprocessesathomeandabroadhavealreadymaturedandstandardized,andhasbeenrecognizedbytheuser,butmodularAC/DC,becauseofitsowncharacteristicsmakesthemodularprocess,encountermorecomplextechnologyandmanufacturingprocess.Inaddition,thedevelopmentandapplicationoftheswitchingpowersupplyintermsofenergyconservation,resourceconservationandenvironmentalprotectionareofgreatsignificance.Theswitchingpowersupplyapplicationsinpowerelectronicdevicesasdiodes,IGBTandMOSFET.SCRswitchingpowersupplyinputrectifiercircuitandsoftstartcircuit,asmallamountofapplications,theGTRdrivedifficult,lowswitchingfrequency,graduallyreplacetheIGBTandMOSFET.Directionofdevelopmentoftheswitchingpowersupplyisahigh-frequency,highreliability,lowpower,lownoise,jammingandmodular.Small,thin,andthekeytechnologyisthehighfrequencyswitchingpowersupplylight,soforeignmajorswitchingpowersupplymanufacturershavecommittedtosynchronizethedevelopmentofnewintelligentcomponents,inparticular,istoimprovethesecondaryrectifierloss,andthepowerofironOxygenmaterialstoincreasescientificandtechnologicalinnovationinordertoimprovethemagneticpropertiesofhighfrequencyandlargemagneticfluxdensity(Bs),andcapacitorminiaturizationisakeytechnology.SMTtechnologyallowstheswitchingpowersupplyhasmadeconsiderableprogress,thearrangementofthecomponentsinthecircuitboardonbothsides,toensurethatthelightoftheswitchingpowersupply,asmall,thin.High-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyisboundtothetraditionalPWMswitchingtechnologyinnovation,realizationofZVS,ZCSsoft-switchingtechnologyhasbecomethemainstreamtechnologyoftheswitchingpowersupply,andasubstantialincreaseintheefficiencyoftheswitchingpowersupply.Indicatorsforhighreliability,switchingpowersupplymanufacturersintheUnitedStatesbyreducingtheoperatingcurrent,reducingthejunctiontemperatureandothermeasurestoreducethestressofthedevice,greatlyimprovethereliabilityofproducts.Modularityistheoveralltrendofswitchingpowersupply,distributedpowersystemscanbecomposedofmodularpowersupply,canbedesignedtoN+1redundantpowersystem,andtheparallelcapacityexpansion.Forthisshortcomingoftheswitchingpowersupplyrunningnoise,separatethepursuitofhighfrequencynoisewillalsoincrease,whiletheuseofpartoftheresonantconvertercircuittechnologytoachievehighfrequency,intheory,butalsoreducenoise,butsomeThepracticalapplicationoftheresonantconvertertechnology,therearestilltechnicalproblems,itisstillalotofworkinthisfield,sothatthetechnologytobepractical.Powerelectronicstechnologyinnovation,switchingpowersupplyindustryhasbroadprospectsfordevelopment.ToacceleratethepaceofdevelopmentoftheswitchingpowersupplyindustryinChina,itmusttaketheroadoftechnologicalinnovation,outofjointproductionandresearchdevelopmentpathwithChinesecharacteristicsandcontributetotherapiddevelopmentofChina'snationaleconomy.1955U.S.Royer(Roger)inventedtheself-oscillatingpush-pulltransistorsingle-transformerDC-DCconverteristhebeginningofthehigh-frequencyconversioncontrolcircuit1957checkraceJen,Sen,inventedaself-oscillatingpush-pulldualtransformers,1964,U.S.scientistscanceledfrequencytransformerinseriestheideaofswitchingpowersupply,thepowersupplytothesizeandweightofthedeclineinafundamentalway.1969increasedduetothepressureofthehigh-powersilicontransistor,diodereverserecoverytimeshortenedandothercomponentstoimprove,andfinallymadea25-kHzswitchingpowersupply.Atpresent,theswitchingpowersupplytothesmall,lightweightandhighefficiencycharacteristicsarewidelyusedinavarietyofcomputer-orientedterminalequipment,communicationsequipment,etc.Almostallelectronicequipmentisindispensableforarapiddevelopmentoftoday'selectronicinformationindustrypowermode.Bipolartransistormadeof100kHz,500kHzpowerMOS-FETmade,thoughalreadythepracticalswitchingpowersupplyiscurrentlyavailableonthemarket,butitsfrequencytobefurtherimproved.Toimprovetheswitchingfrequency,itisnecessarytoreducetheswitchinglosses,andtoreducetheswitchinglosses,theneedforhigh-speedswitchcomponents.However,theswitchingspeedwillbeaffectedbythedistributionofthechargestoredintheinductanceandcapacitance,ordiodecircuittoproduceasurgeornoise.Thiswillnotonlyaffectthesurroundingelectronicequipment,butalsogreatlyreducethereliabilityofthepowersupplyitself.Which,inordertopreventtheswitchingKai-closedthevoltagesurge,RCorLCbufferscanbeused,andthecurrentsurgecanbecausedbythediodestoredchargeofamorphousandothercoremadeofmagneticbuffer.However,thehighfrequencymorethan1MHz,theresonantcircuittomaketheswitchonthevoltageorcurrentthroughtheswitchwasasinewave,whichcanreduceswitchinglosses,butalsotocontroltheoccurrenceofsurges.Thisswitchiscalledtheresonantswitch.Ofthisswitchingpowersupplyisactive,youcan,intheory,becauseinthiswaydonotneedtogreatlyimprovetheswitchingspeedoftheswitchinglossesreducedtozero,andthenoiseisexpectedtobecomeoneofthehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyThemainways.Atpresent,manycountriesintheworldarecommittedtoseveraltrillionHzconverterutility.6、TheprincipleofIntroductionTheswitchingpowersupplyoftheprocessisquiteeasytounderstand,linearpowersupplies,powertransistorsoperatinginthelinearmodeandlinearpower,thePWMswitchingpowersupplytothepowertransistorturnsonandoffstate,inbothstates,onthepowertransistorV-securityproductisverysmall(conduction,lowvoltage,largecurrent;shutdown,voltage,current)Voltammetricproduct/powerdeviceispowersemiconductordevicesontheloss.Comparedwiththelinearpowersupply,thePWMswitchingpowersupplymoreefficientprocessisachievedby"chopping",thatiscutintotheamplitudeoftheinputDCvoltageequaltotheinputvoltageamplitudeofthepulsevoltage.Thepulsedutycycleisadjustedbytheswitchingpowersupplycontroller.OncetheinputvoltageiscutintotheACsquarewave,itsamplitudethroughthetransformertoraiseorlower.Numberofgroupsofoutputvoltagecanbeincreasedbyincreasingthenumberofprimaryandsecondarywindingsofthetransformer.AfterthelastACwaveformaftertherectifierfiltertheDCoutputvoltage.Themainpurposeofthecontrolleristomaintainthestabilityoftheoutputvoltage,thecourseoftheirworkisverysimilartothelinearformofthecontroller.Thatisthefunctionblocksofthecontroller,thevoltagereferenceanderroramplifiercanbedesignedthesameasthelinearregulator.Theirdifferenceliesintheerroramplifieroutput(errorvoltage)inthedrivebeforethepowertubetogothroughavoltage/pulse-widthconversionunit.SwitchingpowersupplyTherearetwomainwaysofworking:Forwardtransformandboosttransformation.Althoughtheyareallpartofthelayoutdifferenceissmall,butthecourseoftheirworkvarygreatly,haveadvantagesinspecificapplications.7、ThecircuitschematicTheso-calledswitchingpowersupply,asthenameimplies,isadoor,adoorpowerthroughaclosedpowertostopby,thenwhatisthedoor,theswitchingpowersupplyusingSCR,someswitch,thesetwocomponentperformanceissimilar,arerelyingonthebaseswitchcontrolpole(SCR),coupledwiththepulsesignaltocompletetheonandoff,thepulsesignalishalfattentivetocontrolthepolevoltageincreases,theswitchortransistorconduction,thefilteroutputvoltageof300V,220Vrectifierconduction,transmittedthroughtheswitchingtransformersecondarythroughthetransformertothevoltageincreaseordecreaseforeachcircuitwork.Oscillationpulseofnegativesemi-attentivetothepowerregulator,base,orSCRcontrolvoltagelowerthantheoriginalsetvoltagepowerregulatorcut-off,300Vpowerisoff,switchthetransformersecondarynovoltage,theneachcircuitTherequiredoperatingvoltage,dependsonthissecondaryroadrectifierfiltercapacitordischargetomaintain.Repeattheprocessuntilthenextpulsecycleisahalfweekswhenthesignalarrival.Thisswitchtransformeriscalledthehigh-frequencytransformer,becausetheoperatingfrequencyishigherthanthe50HZlowfrequency.ThenpromotethepulseoftheswitchorSCR,whichrequirestheoscillatorcircuit,weknow,thetransistorhasacharacteristic,isthebase-emittervoltageis0.65-0.7Visthezoomstate,0.7VThesearethesaturatedhydraulicconductivitystate-0.1V-0.3Vintheoscillatorystate,thentheoperatingpointafteragoodtune,torelyonthedeepnegativefeedbacktogenerateanegativepressure,sothattheoscillatingtubeonset,thefrequencyoftheoscillatingtubecapacitorcharginganddischargingofthelengthoftimefromthebasetodeterminetheoscillationfrequencyoftheoutputpulseamplitude,andviceversaonthesmall,whichdeterminesthesizeoftheoutputvoltageofthepowerregulator.Transformersecondaryoutputvoltageregulator,usuallyswitchingtransformer,singlearoundasetofcoils,thevoltageatitsupperend,asthereferencevoltageaftertherectifierfilter,thenthroughtheoptocoupler,thisbenchmarkvoltagereturntothebaseoftheoscillatingtubepoletoadjusttheleveloftheoscillationfrequency,訐thetransformersecondaryvoltageisincreased,thesamplingcoiloutputvoltageincreases,thepositivefeedbackvoltageobtainedthroughtheoptocouplerisalsoincreased,thisvoltageisappliedoscillatingtubebase,sothatoscillationfrequencyisreduced,playedastablesecondaryoutputvoltagestability,toosmalldonothavetogointodetail,noritisnecessarytounder