說明：05-09年詞匯題型目前不在故已刪去。翻譯題從2010年開始只段落翻譯，劃線翻譯不在。試卷題號是原題號。【，勿必外傳】 英語知識運用和閱讀理解A節、B節的答案填涂在答題卡簽字筆在答題卡2上作答。字跡要清楚。

SectionⅠUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10point)TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconJune11,2009.Itisthefirstworldwideepidemic1bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert2anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising3inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepidemicis“4”inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theorganization’sdirectorgeneral,5theoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,ofteninthe6ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametoglobal7inlateApril2009,whenMexicannotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas11fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe12testedarethenewswineflu,alsoknown(A),notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,ithas13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials14Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is16aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose17doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heatdiseaseorseveralother19.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroups:healthcareworkers,people20infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.[D]cover Section ReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEEET1.(40points)Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever,atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleItwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm–doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherIntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMr.Hirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoswhohadcedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearebuyersinthemarket.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs–death,debtanddivorce–stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeeaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst’ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory” theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionoftheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestitwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancial Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketpeoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromartcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatworksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTSalesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007toTheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinTheartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousSomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraph contemporaryfactorspromotingartworkThemostappropriatetitleforthistestcould FluctuationofArtArtMarketinIwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom–awomen’sgroupthathandinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Towardtheendoftheevening,Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycominthattheirhusbandsdon’ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,”She’sthetalkerinourfamily.”Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt.“It’strue,”heexined.“WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn’tkeeptheconversationgoing,we’dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.’ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.AndthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriageThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed–butonlyafewofthemen–gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear–avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearch,comintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertopanyahusbandtohis,orngfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cookingandsocialarrangements.Instead,theyfocusedoncommunication:“Hedoesn’tlistentome.”“Hedoesn’ttalktome.”Ifound,asHackerobservedyearsbefore,thatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobe,firstandforemost,Inshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.Whatismostwives’mainexpectationoftheirTalkingtoSupportingtheirSharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans generatingexertingcausingcreatingAllofthefollowingaretrue mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthannearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedwomenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweenafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbyMarriagebreak-upstems HusbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirConversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeareInthefollowingpartimmedia yafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson avividaccountofthenewbookadetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalotherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheabriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors–habits–amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacksorwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”saidDr.Curtis,thedirectoroftheHygieneCenterattheLondonSchoolofHygiene﹠TropicalMedicine.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto–Procter﹠ Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever–hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday–chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins–areresultsofmanufacturedhabitsAcenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofshrewdadvertisingandpublichealthns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesa-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter﹠Gamble,the thatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughruthlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith shouldbefurthershouldbechangedaredeeplyrootedinarebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggumandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto revealtheirimpactonpeople’sshowtheurgentneedofdailyindicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuyingmanifestthesignificantroleofgoodWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’s Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumers’habitsaredevelopeddue perfectedartofautomaticbehaviorcommercialscientificTheauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabits ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandlicyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.ThejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracyInadirectdemocracy,citizenstakeerningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestoernforButasrecentlyasin1968,juryselectionproceduresedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedto sofsupposedlysuperiorinligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlessthey askedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionServiceAct,Usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclareddiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearn both teand tepeoplecanserveondefendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirnoagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryjudgmentshouldconsidertheopinionoftheThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968 theinadequacyofantidiscriminationtheprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertaintheingidealsinjuryselectionthearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960swomenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatestheywereautomaticallybannedbystatetheyfelfarshortoftherequiredtheyweresupposedtoperformdomestictheytendedtoevadepublicAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwas discriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeeducationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirestatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejuryIndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenters itsnatureanditscharacteristicsanditsproblemsandtheiritstraditionandPartBReadthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthestatementistrueorFifthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftBothandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft,the787andA350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatSanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeaorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluse,anditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation–aV-shape–expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips,aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthatformationof25birdsmightenjoyarangeincreaseof71%.Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngels,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formation,occasionallychangecessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaThereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnautical,andwouldnotbeintheintimategrousfavouredbydisyteamsliketheRedArrows.Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheothernes. regulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmoreefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,thenes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwilldiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurtherItmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,inContrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflights.Asithappens,America’sarmedsareonthecasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncednstopaytoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated.“MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin.”Headds.Soheshouldknow.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewandAirbusaircraft.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellas.FormationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherTherolethatweatherysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlyIthasbeen edthatduringWorldWarⅡ,America’sarmed soncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.SectionⅢInthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.Translateitinto.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)“Sustainability”has eapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshave almeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthrougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthroughthedotcomboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagencyItdidn’tgowell.“Itwasareallybadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable.IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’llturnthecorner,giveitsometime.”’Part

SectionⅣYouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleaguetoexpressyourthanksforhis/herwarmehim/hertovisitindueDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangDonotwriteyouraddress.(10PartInthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshouldinterpretthechartgiveyourYoushouldwriteatleast150WriteyouressayonANSWERSHEET2.(1520101-10DCBAABDCBA11-20CDDAC21-30 31-40 41-45 SectionⅡCloze(10Directions：Foreachnumberedblankinthefolowingpa sage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestoneandblackenthecorespondingleterontheIn1999,thepriceofoilhoveredaround$16abarrel.By2008,ithad 21the$100abarrelmark.Thereasonsforthesurge 22fromthedramaticgrowthoftheeconomiesof towidespread23 inoil-producingregions,includingIraqandNgeria'sdeltaregion.Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpoliticalmapoftheworld,25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-richnationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities,26major and,hometoathirdoftheworld'spopulation--27risingeconomicandsocialcosts.Managingthisneworderisfast ingacentral28ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachotherto29scarces,andarewillingtodealwithanyernment,30howunpleasant,todoit.Inmanypoornationswithoil,theprofitsarebeing,losttocorruption,31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.Andoilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyernments,32someinthewestseeasanewCountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewelldwithrisingoil33,achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeignpolicies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereabenefits,34costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35itimportsvirtuallyallitsoil,ithasprosperedfromextensivetradewithaboomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates,asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof2008,theissuecroppedupintheialn,withSenatorsMcCainandObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeaksummerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39,assalesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.21.A. B. C. D.22.A.B.C.D.23.A.B.C.D.24.A.B.C.D.25.A.B.C.D.26.A.B.C.D.27.A.C.D.28.A.B.C.D.29.A.lookB.lockC.sendD.keep30.A.noB.whatC.onlyD.inspite31.A.B.C.D.32.A.B.C.D.33.A.B. D.34.A.asmanyB.asgoodC.asfarD.aswellB.C.D.36.A.B.C.D.37.A.B.C.D.38.A.B.CD.39.A.B.C.D.40.A.B.C.D.Direction:Thereare4pasagesinthispart.Eachpasageisfolowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.ThenblackenthecorespondingleterontheQuestions41to45arebasedonthefollowingHenricIbsen,authorofthey"ADoll'sHouse",inwhichapretty,helplesshousewifeabandonsherhusbandandchildrentoseekamoreseriouslife,wouldsurelyhaveapproved.FromJanuary1st,2008,allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelaw,whichwaspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsarestilltoomalefortheernment'sliking.TheywillshortlyreceivealetterinformingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoact,orfacethelegalconsequenceswhichcouldincludebeingdissolved.Beforethelawwasproposed,about7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywerefemale,accordingtotheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.Thatisfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeorAmerica's15%fortheFortune500.Norway'sstockexchangeanditsmainbusinesslobbyopposethelaw,asdomanybusinessmen."Iamagainstquotasforwomenormenasamatterofprinciple,"saysSverreMunck,headofinternationaloperationsatamediafirm."Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosensolelyonthebasisofmeritandexperience,"besays.Severalfirmshaveevengivenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw.Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1,000womeninfouryears.Manycominthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseofthissomeofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach,andareknownnNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthe"goldenskirts".OnereasonforthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegiancompaniestheyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularlyhardforfirmsintheoil,technologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomenwithaenoughSomepeopleworrythattheirrelativelackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboards,andthatinturncouldmeanthatboardsmight elessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.RecenthistoryinNorway,however,suggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors."Womenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheir,"saysMsRekstenSkaugen,whowasvotedNorway'schairmanoftheyearfor2007,"andwecanaffordtoaskthehardquestions,becausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknowtheanswers."TheauthormentionsIbsen'syinthefirstparagraphinorder depictwomen'sdilemmaatexinthenewlypassedsupportNorwegianintroducethetopicunderApublicthatfailstoobeythenewlawcouldbed payaheavyclosedownitschangetoaprivatesignapromisingtoTowhichofthefollowingisSverreMunckmostlikelytoA.AsetratioofwomeninaboardisB.AreasonablequotaforwomenatworkneedstobeC.AcommonprincipleshouldbefollowedbyallD.AninexperiencedbusinessmanisnotsubjecttothenewTheauthorattributesthephenomenonof"goldenskirts" thesmallnumberofqualifiedfemalesintheover-recruitmentoffemalemanagersinpublictheadvantagewomenenjoywhencompetingforseniorthediscriminationtowardwomeninNorwegianbusinessThemainideaofthepassagemight femalepowerandliberationinthesignificanceofHenricIbsen'swomen'sstatusinNorwegiantheconstitutionofboardmembersinQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingWhilethere'sneveragoodagetogetcancer,peopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolatedTheaverageageofacancerpatientatdiagnosisis67.Childrenwithcanceroftenaretreatedatpediatric(小兒科的)cancercenters,butyoungadultshaveatoughtimefindingpeers,oftensittingside-by-sideduringtreatmentswithpeoplewhocouldbetheirInhernewbookCrazyyCancerTips,writerKrisCarrlooksatcancerfromtheofayoungadultwhoconfrontsdeathjustasshe'sdiscoveringlife.Ms.Carrwas31whenshewasdiagnosedwithararefromofcancerthathadgeneratedtumorsonherliverandMs.Carrreactedwiththenormalfeelingsofshockandsadness.Shecalledherparentsandstockeduponorganicfood,determinedto ea"full-timehealingaddict."Thenshepickedupthephoneandcalledeveryoneinheraddressbook,askingiftheyknewotheryoungwomenwithcancer.Theresultwasherownal"cancerposse":arockconcerttourmanager,amodel,afashionmagazineeditor,acartoonistandaMTVcelebrity,tonameafew.Thisclubof"cancerbabes"offeredsupport,adviceandfashiontips,amongotherthings.Ms.CarrputhercancerexperienceinarecentLearningChannelary,andshehaswrittenapracticalguideabouthowshecoped.Cancerisn'tfunny,butMs.Carroftenis.Sheswears,shemakesupnamesforthepeoplewhotreather(Dr.FabulousandDr.Guru),andsheevenmakessecondsoundfun("cancerroadtrips,"shecallsthem).Sheleav