南京大學·2015年·博士入學英語考試真題與答案解析————————————————————————————————————————題型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.Chinese-EnglishTranslationStructureandVocabulary1．Shoesofthiskindare______tosliponwetground.A．feasibleB．approprateC．aptD．fitting正確答案：C解析：近義詞辨析。feasible“可行的”；appropriate“適當的，恰當的”；apt“恰當的，有……傾向的”；fitting“適合的，適宜的”。根據語義“這樣的鞋子在濕地上很容易打滑。”可知，C選項意為“有……傾向的”，符合句意，因此本題選C。2．Iboughtanalarmclockwitha(n)______dialwhichcanbeseenclearlyinthedark.A．supersonicB．luminousC．audibleD．amplified正確答案：B解析：形容詞詞義辨析。supersonic“超音速的，超聲波的”；luminous“發光的，明亮的”；audible“聽得見的”；amplified“放大的，擴充的”。根據空格后部分“在黑夜里也可以看得很清楚”可以判斷空格處應填入與光亮相關的詞，故答案為B。3．Herjewelry______underthespotlightsandshebecamethedominantfigureattheball.A．glaredB．glitteredC．blazedD．glowed正確答案：B解析：近義詞辨析。四個選項都有“發光”的意思，但glare強調發炫光，發耀眼的強光，通常指光亮平滑的表面發出的光；glitter指閃閃地發光，發光點較小；blaze指猛烈燃燒所發出強烈的光；glow多指像冶煉鐵和鋼時發出的紅光。句中提及珠寶發出的光亮，只有glitter符合題意。故答案為B。4．Putondarkglassesorthesunwill______youandyouwon’tbeabletosee.A．discernB．distortC．distractD．dazzle正確答案：D解析：形近詞詞義辨析。discern“辨別，看清楚”；distort“扭曲，曲解”；distract“轉移，分心”；dazzle“使……目眩，使……眼花”。句意為：戴上墨鏡，否則太陽光會耀眼，讓你什么也看不見，只有D選項符合題意。故答案為D。5．Inspiteofthe______economicforecasts,manufacturingoutputhasrisenslightly.A．gloomyB．miserableC．shadowyD．obscure正確答案：A解析：近義詞辨析。句中后半部分提及制造業的產量略有上漲。從句inspiteof表示轉折，由此可知，空格處所填的單詞應為“蕭條，不景氣”的意思。選項中只有gloomy“慘淡”符合句意。miserable“悲慘的，痛苦的”；shadowy“模糊的”；obscure“晦澀的，不清楚的”。因此答案選A。6．Thefuelofthecontinentalmissileissupposedtobe______bythisdevice.A．ignitedB．lightedC．firedD．inspired正確答案：A解析：近義詞辨析。根據句意判斷空格處所填內容應為引燃洲際導彈的動詞，選項ignite，light，fire均有“點燃，著火”之意。ignite多用于科技文，指用火花使易燃物迅速燃燒起來；light指點燃易燃物，使其發光；fire指將某物點燃，使其燃燒起來；而inspire則強調靈感的點燃，根據句意可知ignite為最佳選項。故答案為A。7．Oftensuchargumentshavetheeffectof______ratherthanclarifyingtheissuesinvolved.A．obscuringB．prejudicingC．tacklingD．blocking正確答案：A解析：近義詞辨析。根據ratherthan判斷空格處所填單詞應與clarify(闡明)意義相反。選項中符合語義和語境的只有obscure，意為“使……含糊”。prejudice“使……有偏見”；tackle“阻礙”；block“阻塞”，均與題意不符。故答案為A。8．His______directionsconfusedus;wedidnotknowwhichofthetworoadstotake.A．ambiguousB．complicatedC．arbitraryD．intricate正確答案：A解析：形容詞詞義辨析。ambiguous“模糊不清的”；complicated“復雜的”；arbitrary“任意的，武斷的，專制的”；intricate“復雜的，錯綜的”。分析句意可知，只有ambiguous符合題意，故答案為A。9．Thelawondrinkinganddrivingis______stated.A．extravagantlyB．empiricallyC．exceptionallyD．explicitly正確答案：D解析：形近詞詞義辨析。extravagantly“揮霍無度地”；empirically“以經驗為主地”；exceptionally“特殊地，例外地”；explicitly“明確地，明白地”。句意：法律對駕駛和飲酒有明確的規定。故答案為D。10．Weshallprobablyneverbeableto______theexactnatureofthesesub-atomicparticles.A．assertB．impartC．ascertainD．notify正確答案：C解析：動詞詞義辨析。句意為：我們可能永遠都不可能確定這種亞原子粒子的真正本質。assert“維護，主張”；impart“給予，傳授”；ascertain“確定，查明”；notify“通知，公布”。因此，C選項符合題意。11．Asa______actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.A．flexibleB．versatileC．sophisticatedD．productive正確答案：B解析：形容詞詞義辨析。句意為：他是個多才多藝的演員，他會演戲，唱歌，跳舞，還會彈奏幾種樂器。flexible“靈活的，柔韌的”；versatile“多才多藝的”；sophisticated“世故的”；productive“高產的”。故答案為B。12．Mr.Smithbecamevery______whenitwassuggestedthathehadmadeamistake.A．ingeniousB．empiricalC．objectiveD．indignant正確答案：D解析：形容詞詞義辨析。ingenious“有獨創性的，機靈的”；empirical“經驗主義的”；objective“客觀的”；indignant，根據句意只有indignant“憤憤不平的”符合語境，故答案為D。13．Pleasedonotbe______byhisoffensiveremarkssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.A．distractedB．disregardedC．irritatedD．intervened正確答案：A解析：動詞詞義辨析。根據句意可知，空格處所填單詞應與attract意義相反。選項中只有distract“轉移，分心”符合句意。disintegrate“使分解，使瓦解”；irritate“激怒”；intervene“干涉”，均不符合句意。故答案為A。14．Grainproductionintheworldis______,butstillmillionsgohungry.A．staggeringB．shrinkingC．soaringD．suspending正確答案：C解析：動詞詞義辨析。根據句中but之后內容“成百萬的人仍在忍受饑餓”推知，空格處的單詞應表達糧食產量上漲。選項soar“高漲”符合句意。stagger“蹣跚，使交錯”；shrink“收縮”；suspend“延緩，推遲”，均不符合題意。故答案為C。15．Competition,theybelieve,______thenationalcharacterthancorruptit.A．enforcesB．confirmsC．intensifiesD．strengthens正確答案：D解析：近義詞辨析。根據句意判斷，空格處應填入“加強，增強”的同義詞。strengthen和intensify都有此意。strengthen強調力量的增強，鞏固關系，相當于tobecomeensify常指使變得更強烈、劇烈，加劇，相當于tobecomemoreintenseorintensive。句中指的是加強民族性，strength更符合句意。enforce“強迫，強制”，confirm“確定”，與句意不符。故答案為D。16．Therepublicationofthepoet’smostrecentworkswillcertainly______hisnationalreputation.A．magnifyB．strengthenC．enlargeD．enhance正確答案：D解析：近義詞辨析。根據句意可知，答案在選項B和選項D中選擇。enhance多指“價值、品質、吸引力”等的增強，強調的是價值內在的提高。句中指聲譽的提高，可知答案D符合語境。17．Themusicarousedan______feelingofhomesicknessinhim.A．intentionalB．intermittentC．intenseD．intrinsic正確答案：C解析：形近詞詞義辨析。四個單詞均有int一詞綴，但意義不一樣。intentional“故意的”；intermittent“間歇的，斷斷續續的”；intense“強烈的”；intrinsic“本質的，固有的”。根據句意可知答案為C，意為“強烈的思鄉之情”。18．Themedicine______hispainbutdidnotcurehisillness.A．activatedB．alleviatedC．mediatedD．deteriorated正確答案：B解析：動詞詞義辨析。根據句意可知，空格處單詞應為“減輕”之意。選項中只有alleviate“減輕，緩和”符合語境。activate“刺激，激活”；mediate“調停”；deteriorate“惡化”，均不符合題意。故答案為B。19．Theworkintheofficewas______byaconstantstreamofvisitors.A．confusedB．hamperedC．reversedD．perplexed正確答案：B解析：動詞詞義辨析。句意為：辦公室的工作因為不斷的來訪者受到阻礙。confuse“使混亂，使困惑”；hamper“妨礙，束縛”；reverse“顛倒，倒轉”；perplex“使……困惑，使……為難”。根據句意，只有B選項符合語境。故答案為B。20．Avisitortoamuseumtodaywouldnotice______changesinthewaymuseumsareoperated.A．cognitiveB．rigorousC．conspicuousD．exclusive正確答案：C解析：形容詞詞義辨析。句意為：今天到博物館的參觀者將會注意到博物館運營模式發生了顯著變化。cognitive“認知的”；rigorous“嚴格的，嚴厲的”；conspicuous“顯著的”；exclusive“唯一的，獨有的”。根據句意可知答案為C。ClozeAdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide—thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthat【C1】______doesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessinvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positive【C2】______thatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Actually,therearereasonstobe【C3】______.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmore【C4】______,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess—afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotential【C5】______thereare.Moreandmoreenterprises,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleft【C6】______,wanttospreadinternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolfor【C7】______worldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave,Butithasbigpotential.To【C8】______advantageofthistool,somepoorcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudices【C9】______respecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryof【C10】______(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure—concerningroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon—werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.21．【C1】A．divideB．informationC．worldD．lecture正確答案：A解析：上下文語義。從指示代詞that可知此處所填單詞應為前面出現的名詞中心詞，而so-calleddigitaldivide中的divide為中心詞，故選項A正確。22．【C2】A．forcesB．obstaclesC．eventsD．surprises正確答案：A解析：上下文語義。從修飾語positive推斷空格處所填單詞應是積極意義的名詞，選項B與D可排除，而從語境可知force比events更為合適。故答案為A。23．【C3】A．negativeB．optimisticC．pleasantD．disappointed正確答案：B解析：上下文語義。前文提及有對抗數字化鴻溝的積極力量，第二段首句提及技術因素有望縮小數字化鴻溝。故可知答案應為選項B。24．【C4】A．developedB．centralizedC．realizedD．commercialized正確答案：D解析：上下文語義。從下文中的theinterestofbusiness可知空格處應填入“商業化”之意，故答案為D。25．【C5】A．usersB．producersC．customersD．citizens正確答案：C解析：上下文語義。上文中在討論business，commercialize，空格處應為與商業貿易有關的詞匯，由此可知customer符合語境。故答案為C。26．【C6】A．awayB．forC．asideD．behind正確答案：D解析：固定搭配。此處的語境應為企業擔心自己的國家會落后，leavebehind為固定搭配。故答案為D。27．【C7】A．containingB．preventingC．keepingD．combating正確答案：D解析：動詞詞義辨析。選項Combat做及物動詞有“戰斗，與……做斗爭”之意，符合語境。故答案為D。28．【C8】A．bringB．keepC．holdD．take正確答案：D解析：固定搭配。takeadvantageof意為“利用”。故答案為D。29．【C9】A．atB．withC．ofD．for正確答案：B解析：固定搭配。withrespectto意為“關于，至于”。故答案為B。30．【C10】A．constructionB．facilityC．infrastructureD．institution正確答案：C解析：詞匯釋義。從空格后括號內的注釋可知空格處的單詞意為“社會基本建筑基礎”。故答案為C。ReadingComprehensionDoyouthinkthatallhumanbeingshavea“comfortzone”regulatingthedistancetheystandfromsomeonewhentheytalk?Thisdistancevariesininterestingwaysamongpeopleofdifferentcultures.Greeks,othersoftheEasternMediterranean,andmanyofthosefromSouthAmericanormallystandquiteclosetogetherwhentheytalk,oftenmovingtheirfacesevencloserastheywarmupinaconversation.NorthAmericansfindthisawkwardandoftenbackawayafewinches.Studieshavefoundthattheytendtofeelmostcomfortableatabout21inchesapart.InmuchofAsiaandAfrica.thereisevenmorespacebetweentwospeakersinconversation.Thisgreaterspacesubtlylendsanairofdignityandrespect.Thismaterofspaceisnearlyalwaysunconscious,butitisinterestingtoobserve.Thisdifferenceappliesalsototheclosenesswithwhichpeoplesittogether,theextenttowhichtheyleanoveroneanotherinconversation,howtheymoveastheyargueormakeanemphaticpoint.IntheUnitedStates,forexample,peopletrytokeeptheirbodiesaparteveninacrowdedelevator,inParistheytakeitasitcomes!AlthoughNorthAmericanshavearelativelywide“comfortzone”fortalking,theycommunicateagreatdealwiththeirhands—notonlywithgesturebutalsowithtouch.Theyputasympathetichandonaperson’sshouldertodemonstratewarmthoffeelingoranarmaroundhiminsympathy;theynudgeamanintheribstoemphasizeafunnystory;theyputanarminreassuranceorstrokeachild’sheadinaffection;theyreadilytakesomeone’sarmtohelphimcrossastreetordirecthimalonganunfamiliarroute.Tomanypeople—especiallythosefromAsiaortheMoslemcountries—suchbodilycontactisunwelcome,especiallyifinadvertentlydonewiththelefthand.ThelefthandcarriesnospecialsignificanceintheU.S.ManyAmericansaresimplyleft-handedandusethathandmore.31．Intermsofbodilydistance,NorthAmericans______.A．aresimilartoSouthAmericansB．standfarthestapartC．feelillateasewhentoocloseD．movenearerduringconversations正確答案：C解析：信息推斷題。文中第二段第二句中findthisawkward與B選項中feelillatease“不自在”意義相近。故答案為C。32．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinacrowdedelevator,aFrenchmen______.A．wouldbehaveinthesamewayasanAmericanwouldB．wouldmakenoparticularefforttodistancehimselfC．wouldbeafraidofbodilycontactD．woulddohisbesttoleave正確答案：B解析：信息推斷題。文中第三段末句提及在美國，人們在擁擠的電梯也要保持距離，而在巴黎，人們則會順其自然。由此可知，B選項中提及“法國人不會刻意去保持距離”與原文意義一致。故答案為B。33．AnAmericanputshishandonanotherman’sshoulder______.A．toshowapathyB．toshowpassionC．toshowfriendlinessD．todisguisehisfeeling正確答案：C解析：信息推段題。文中末段第二句提及美國人會把他們的手搭在別人的肩膀上以示安慰，表達溫暖之情。warmthoffeelings與選項C中的friendliness意義一致。故C選項符合語義。34．Thepassagemainlyconcerns______.A．distanceandcontactB．bodylanguageC．culturaldifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestD．handsignals正確答案：C解析：主旨思想題。文章首段提及“舒適區域”以及不同文化的人對距離的理解不同。在隨后的段落里具體說明亞洲人和北美、南美人對于距離感的認知區別，由此可知，本文主要討論東西方文化的差異。故答案為C。Untilmeninventedwaysofstayingunderwaterformorethanafewminutes,thewondersoftheworldbelowthesurfaceoftheseawerealmostunknown.Themainproblem,ofcourse,liesinair.Howcouldairbesuppliedtoswimmersbelowthesurfaceofthesea?Picturesmadeabout2,900yearsagoinAsiashowmenswimmingunderthesurfacewithairbagstiedtotheirbodies.Apipefromthebagcarriedairintotheswimmer’smourn.Butlittleprogresswasachievedintheinventionofdivingdevicesuntilabout1490,whenthefamousItalianpainter,LeonardodaVinci,designedacompletedivingsuit.In1680,anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbagwithaglasswindowtobewornoverthediver’shead.To“clean”theairabreathingpipewentfromtheairbag,throughanotherbagtoremovemoisture,andthenagaintothelargeairbag.Theplandidnotwork,butitgavelaterinventorstheideaofmovingairaroundindivingdevices.In1819,aGerman,AugustusSiebe,developedawayofforcingairintothehead-coveringbyamachineoperatedabovethewater.Finally,in1837,heinventedthe“hard-hatsuit”wastobeusedfornearlyacentury.Ithadametalcoveringfortheheadandanairpipeattachedtoamachineabovethewater.Italsohadsmallopeningstoremoveunwantedair.Butmereweretwodangerstothediverinsidethe“hard-hatsuit”.Onewasthesuddenrisetothesurface,causedbyatoogreatsupplyofair.Theotherwasmecrushingofthebody,causedbyasuddendivingintodeepwater.Thesuddenrisetothesurfacecouldkillmediver;asuddendivecouldforcehisbodyupintothehelmet,whichcouldalsoresultindeath.Graduallythe“hard-hatsuit”wasimprovedsomatthedivercouldbegivenaconstantsupplyofair.Thedivercouldmenmovearoundundermeoceanwithoutworryingabouttheairsupply.Duringthe1940sdivingunderwaterwithoutaspecialsuitbecamepopular.Instead,diversusedabreamingdeviceandasmallcoveringmadeofrubberandglassoverpartsoftheface.Toimprovetheswimmer’sspeedanothernewinventionwasused:apieceofrubbershapedlikeagiantfoot,whichwasattachedtoeachofmediver’sownfeet.Themanufactureofrubberbreathingpipesmadeitpossiblefordiverstofloatonthesurfaceofthewater,observingthemarinelifeunderneamthem.Aspecialrubbersuitenabledthemtostayincoldwaterforlongperiods,collectingspecimensofanimalandvegetablelifemathadneverbeenobtainedinthepast.Themostimportantadvance,however,wastheinventionofaself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus,whichiscalleda“sucba”.InventedbytwoFrenchmen,JacquesCousteauandEmileGagnan,thescubaconsistsofamouthpiecejoinedtooneortwotanksofcompressedairwhichareattachedtomediver’sback.Thescubamakesitpossibleforadiver-scientisttowork200feetunderwaterorevendeeperforseveralhours.Asaresult,scientistscannowmovearoundfreelyatgreatdepths,learningaboutmewondersofthesea.35．ThemainprogressmentionedinthispassagewasA．anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbag.B．meninventedthebestdivingdevices.C．anItalianpainterdesignedacompletedivingsuit.D．anairbag.正確答案：B解析：信息推斷題。文章作者在首段提及，直到1490年，潛水裝備的發明都沒有大的進步。隨后的文章作者按照時間順序介紹了不同潛水裝備的發明。由第二段首句中“invented”，第三段首句中“developed”，第四段首句中“improved”以及第六段的“themostimportantadvance”可知，文章主要介紹人類發明最好的潛水裝備的過程。故答案為B。36．AninventionofanItalianprofessorA．workedoutverywell.B．can“clean”theair.C．inspiredlaterinventions.D．wasusedtoremovemoisture.正確答案：C解析：事實細節題。信息定位在文章第二段最后一句，其中givethelaterinventortheidea與C選項中的inspire同義。故答案為C。37．Siebes’inventionwasnotaperfectone,becauseA．toosmallasupplyofaircouldresultinasuddenrisetothesurface.B．asuddendiveintodeepwatercouldcausethecrushingofthebody.C．theairpipeattachedtoamachinecouldbeabovethesurface.D．bothAandB正確答案：B解析：事實細節題。信息定位在文章第三段最后三句。其中提及twodangers。Onewasthe…theotherwasthe…，A選項中提及toosmallsupply與文中toogreatsupply意義截然相反。選項B與文章原意相符。由此可知，答案為B。38．Theword“seuba”isA．acertaindiver’sname.B．anoriginalEnglishword.C．namedbytheinventor.D．anacronym.正確答案：D解析：事實細節題。定位在文章倒數第二段，由此可知scuba是self-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus的首字母縮略詞，即acronym。故答案為D。Inrecentyears,therehasbeenasteadyassaultonsaltfromthedoctors:Saltisbadforyou—regardlessofyourhealth.Politiciansalsogotonboard.“Thereisadirectrelationship”,USConqressmanNealSmithnoted,“betweentheamountofsodiumapersonconsumesandheartdisease,circulatorydisorders,strokeandevenearlydeath”.Frightening,iftrue!Butmanydoctorsandmedicalresearchersarenowbeginningtofeelthesaltscarehasgonetoofar.“Allthishueandcryabouteatingsaltisunnecessary,”Dr.Dustaninsists.“Formostofusitprobablydoesn’tmakemuchdifferencehowmuchsaltweeat.“Dustan’smostrecentshort-termstudyof150peopleshowedthatthosewithnormalbloodpressureunderwentnochangeatallwhenplacedonanextremelylow-saltdiet,orlaterwhensaltwasreintroduced.Ofthehypertensivesubjects,however,halfofthoseonthelow-saltdietdidexperienceadropinbloodpressure,whichreturnedtoitspreviouslevelwhensaltwasreintroduced.“Anadequatetosomewhatexcessivesaltintakehasprobablysavedmanymorelivesthanithascostinthegeneralpopulation”,notesDr.JohnH.Laragh.“Soarecommendationthatthewholepopulationshouldavoidsaltmakesnosense.“Medicalexpertsagreethateveryoneshouldpracticereasonable“moderation”insaltconsumption.Foranaverageperson,amoderateamountmightrunfromfourtotengramsaday,orroughly1/2to1/3ofateaspoon.Theequivalentofonetotwograwrsofthissaltallowancewouldcomefromthenaturalsodiuminfood.Therestwouldbeaddedinprocessing,preparationoratthetable.Thosewithkidney,liverorheartproblemsmayhavetolimitdietarysalt,iftheirdoctoradvises.Buteventheveryvocal“lowsalt“exponent,Dr.ArthurHullHayes,Jr.admitsthat“wedonotknowwhetherincreasedsodiumconsumptioncauseshypertension”.Infact,thereisincreasingscientificevidencethatotherfactorsmaybeinvolved:deficienciesincalcium,potassium,perhapsmagnesium;obesity(muchmoredangerousthansodium);genericpredisposition;stress.“Itisnotyourenemy,”saysDr.Laragh,“SaltistheNo.1naturalcomponentofallhumantissue,andtheideathatyoudon’tneeditiswrong.Unlessyourdoctorhasproventhatyouhaveasalt-relatedhealthproblem,thereisnoreasontogiveitup.“39．Accordingtosomedoctorsandpoliticians,theamountofsaltconsumedA．exhibitsasanaggravatingfactortopeopleinpoorhealth.B．curesdiseasessuchasstrokeandcirculatorydisorders.C．correlateshighlywithsomediseases.D．isirrelevanttopeoplesufferingfromheartdisease.正確答案：C解析：事實細節題。文章首段末句提及個人所消耗的鈉與心臟病、循環紊亂、中風甚至早天都有直接的關系。首段第三句中的directrelationship與選項C中的correlateshighly意義一致。由此可知答案為C。40．FromDr.Dustan’sstudywecaninferthatA．alow-saltdietmaybeprescribedforsomepeople.B．theamountofsaltintakehasnothingtodowithone’sbloodpressure.C．thereductionofsaltintakecancureahypertensivepatient.D．anextremelylow-saltdietmakesnodifferencetoanyone.正確答案：A解析：信息推斷題。信息定位在文章中第二段。其中提及血壓正常的人在低鹽飲食和正常食鹽的情況下，血壓沒有明顯變化，而對于實驗中的一半人數的高血壓患者在低鹽飲食時血壓有所降低，由此可推知，低鹽飲食應該可以作為高血壓患者的處方。故答案為A。41．Inthethirdparagraph,Dr.LaraghimpliesthatA．peopleshouldnotbeafraidoftakingexcessivesalt.B．doctorsshouldnotadvisepeopletoavoidsalt.C．anadequatetoexcessivesaltintakeisrecommendedforpeopleindisease.D．escessivesaltintakehasclaimedsomevictimsinthegeneralpopulation.正確答案：D解析：信息推斷題。信息定位在第三段，其中提及充足的或者稍微過量的鹽攝入量拯救的人或許比害死的人多，而建議所有人群都禁用食鹽是無稽之談。言外之意，過度的鈉鹽攝入量只會危害一部分人的健康。由此可推知，答案為D。42．Whatisthemainmessageofthistext?A．Thatthesaltscareisnotjustified.B．Thattheoriginofhypertensionisnowfound.C．Thatthemoderateuseofsaltisrecommended.D．Thatsaltconsumptionistobepromoted.正確答案：C解析：信息歸納題。選項B和D在上下文中并沒有體現。A選項中指出食鹽恐慌論沒有得到證實，與文中第二段首句只是提及該種論調有點過火的內容不符。由此可知，答案為C。Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowno,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetomakewaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomeprimaryquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.Wouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenorm?Wouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletowork?Shouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselves,ratherthanforanemployer?Shouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhood,aswellasthefactoryandtheoffice,ascentersofproductionandwork?Theindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanend,andsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.But,infact,itcouldprovidetheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemployment,asitshistoryshows,hasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoftheland,andthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.Later,astransportationimproved,firstbyrailandthenbyroad,peoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntil,eventually,manypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplaceinwhichtheylived.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtime,menandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemployment,leavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes.Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered,asemploymentbecamethedominantformofwork,youngpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnow,asmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforall,totheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfulltimejobs.43．ResearchcarriedoutintherecentopinionpollsshowsthatA．availableemploymentshouldberestrictedtoasmallpercentageofthepopulation.B．newjobsmustbecreatedinordertorectifyhighunemploymentfigures.C．availableemploymentmustbemorewidelydistributedamongtheunemployed.D．thenowadayshighunemploymentfiguresareatruthoflife.正確答案：D解析：信息推理題。定位在文章第一段，其中probablyheretostay與選項D中atruthoflife信息一致。故答案為D。44．ThearrivaloftheindustrialageinourhistoricalevolutionmeantthatA．universalemploymentvirtuallyguaranteedprosperity.B．economicfreedomcamewithineveryone’scontrol.C．patternsofworkwerefundamentallychanged.D．people’sattitudestoworkhadtobereversed.正確答案：C解析：信息推斷題。文章第三段someofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbrought提及工業時代帶來了工作模式的變化，第四段指出工業時代thefactorysystem摧毀了thecottageindustries(家庭手工業)，并且迫使人們去離家很遠的地方工作，可見patternsofwork發生了根本的改變，選項C正確。45．TheeffectsofalmostuniversalemploymentwereoverwhelminginthatA．thehouseholdandvillagecommunitydisappearedcompletely.B．mennowtraveledenormousdistancestotheirplacesofwork.C．theworkstatusofthosenotinpaidemploymentsuffered.D．youngandoldpeoplebecamesuperfluouscomponentsofsociety.正確答案：C解析：事實細節題。信息定位在倒數第二段，不光是婦女的工作地位會受到威脅，在校的學生和退休的老人也同樣受到威脅。C選項中thosenotinpaid與在校生和退休老人指代相同。故答案為C。46．ThearticleconcludesthatA．thecreationofjobsforallisanimpossibility.B．oureffortsandresourrcesintermsoftacklingunemploymentareinsufficient.C．peopleshouldbeginsupportingthemselvesbylearningapracticalskill.D．weshouldhelpthosewhosejobsareonlypart-time.正確答案：D解析：事實細節題。信息定位在末段最后一句，其中withoutfull—timejob與選項D中的onlypart—time對應。故答案為D。ToproducetheupheavalintheUnitedStatesthatchangedandmodernizedthedomainofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880’s,threeprimarycausesinteracted.Theemergenceofahalf-dozenleadersineducationprovidedthepersonalforcethatwasneeded.Moreover,anoutcryforafresher,morepractical,andmoreadvancedkindofinstructionaroseamongthealumniandfriendsofnearlyalloftheoldcollegesandgrewintoamovementthatoverrodeallconservativeopposition.Theaggressive“YoungYale”movementappeared,demandingpartialalumnicontrol,amoreliberalspirit,andabroadercourseofstudy.ThegraduatesofHarvardUniversitysimultaneouslyralliedtorelievetheUniversity’spovertyanddemandnewenterprise.EducationwaspushingtowardhigherstandardintheEastbythrowingoffchurchleadershipeverywhere,andintheWestbyfindingawiderrangeofstudiesandanewsenseofpublicduty.Theold-styleclassicaleducationreceiveditsmostcrushingblowinthecitadelofHarvardUniversity,whereDr.CharlesElliot,ayoungcaptainofthirty-five,sonofaformertreasurerofHarvardledtheprogressiveforces.FiverevolutionaryadvancesweremadeduringthefiveyearsofDr.Elliotadministration.Theyweretheelevationandamplificationofentrancerequirements,theenlargementofthecurriculumandthedevelopmentoftheelectivesystem,therecognitionofgraduatestudyintheliberalarts,theraisingofprofessionaltraininginlaw,medicine,andengineeringtoapostgraduatelevel,andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentlife.Standardsofadmissionweresharplylevel,andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentlife.Standardsofadmissionweresharplyadvancedin1872-1873and1876-1877.Bytheappointmentofadeantotakechargeofstudentaffairs,andawisehandlingofdiscipline,theundergraduateswereledtoregardthemselvesmoreasyounggentlementandlessasyounganimals.Onenewcourseofstudyoranotherwasopenedup—science,music,thehistoryofthefinearts,advancedSpanish,politicaleconomy,physics,classicalphilosophy,andinternationallaw.47．ThepassagemainlydealswithA．innovationsintheUnitedStates’higheredcationinthelate1800s.B．HarvardUniversitygraduates’success.C．thedevelopmentofHarvardUniversity.D．theaggressive“YongYale”movement.正確答案：A解析：信息推斷題。文章第一段首句提到，從19世紀60年代中期到19世紀80年代中期，有三個互相作用的因素改變了美國高等教育并使其發生現代化的激變。由此可知，文章要討論美國高等教育界的革新。故答案為A。48．Accordingtothepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutHarvardUniversitybeforetheinnovations?A．Coursesweremorepractical.B．Educatorslaidgreatstressonthematurityinstudentlife.C．Admissionstandardswerehigher.D．Studentswereyounger.正確答案：B解析：信息推斷題。信息定位在第二段。段中“andthefosteringofgreatermaturityinstudentslife”是革新的內容，提及促進學生生活的更加成熟，比較級“greater”說明在改革之前就已經促進學生生活的成熟。由此可知，答案為B。49．Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutold-styleclassicaled