2022年山西省大同市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級真題一卷(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

FromtheinformationgiveninPara.2,thecombinedpopulationoftheU.S.andCanadais______.

2.

______workswhenpatientstalkfreelyaboutthingstroublingthemandthenlearntocontroltheirfears.

3.

StephenWinstonwasthefirstprofessionalorganizer.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Americanhighschoolstudentssinkalmosttothebottominasurveyofmathandscienceliteracybecausetoomanyofthehighschool______inAmericaarenotqualified.

5.

ForChristians,Eastereggssymbolize______.

6.

TheDreamertypeneverspendslonghoursinfrontofadesk.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

Politicalandeconomicmotivationsbelongtotheessentialnatureofsportsinthehistoryofsports.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.

Thisgivesusgoodreasontohopethatifweacttosolvetheenvironmentalproblemsthatstillremain,wewill______.

9.

Withoutthethermalblanketingofthenaturalgreenhouseeffect,mostlivingorganismswoulddie.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.AirPollution

Whenpeoplethinkaboutairpollution,theyusuallythinkaboutsmog,acidrain,CFC's,andotherformsofoutdoorairpollution.Butdidyouknowthatairpollutionalsocanexistinsidehomesandotherbuildings?Itcan,andeveryyear,thehealthofmanypeopleisaffectedbychemicalsubstancespresentintheairwithinbuildings.

Agreatdealofresearchonpollutionisbeingconductedatlaboratoriesanduniversities.Thegoalsoftheresearcharetofindsolutionsandtoeducatethepublicabouttheproblem.TwoplaceswherethistypeofworkisbeingdoneareLBNLandtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Let'stakeacloserlookatthevarioustypesofairpollution,theeffectsthattheyhaveonpeople,andwhatisbeing(ornotbeing)donetocorrecttheproblem.

WhatisAirPollution?

Airistheoceanwebreathe.Airsuppliesuswithoxygenwhichisessentialforourbodiestolive.Airsuppliesuswithoxygenwhichisessentialforourbodiestolive.Airis99.9%nitrogen(氮氣),oxygen,watervaporandinert(惰性的)gases.Humanactivitiescanreleasesubstancesintotheair,someofwhichcancauseproblemsforhumans,plants,andanimals.

Thereareseveralmaintypesofpollutionandwell-knowneffectsofpollutionwhicharecommonlydiscussed.Theseincludesmog,acidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,and"holes"intheozonelayer.Eachoftheseproblemshasseriousimplicationsforourhealthandwell-beingaswellasforthewholeenvironment.

Onetypeofairpollutionisthereleaseofparticles(微粒)intotheairfromburningfuelforenergy.Dieselsmoke(柴油煙)isagoodexampleofthisparticulatematter.Theparticlesareverysmallpiecesofmattermeasuringabout2.5micronsorabout.0001inches.Thistypeofpollutionissometimesreferredtoas"blackcarbon"pollution.Theexhaustfromburningfuelsinautomobiles,homes,andindustriesisamajorsourceofpollutionintheair.Someauthoritiesbelievethateventheburningofwoodandcharcoal(木炭)infireplacesandbarbequescanreleasesignificantquantitiesofsoot(油煙)intotheair.

Anothertypeofpollutionisthereleaseofnoxiousgases,suchassulfurdioxide,carbonmonoxide,nitrogenoxides,andchemicalvapors.Thesecantakepartinfurtherchemicalreactionsoncetheyareintheatmosphere,formingsmogandacidrain.

Pollutionalsoneedstobeconsideredinsideourhomes,offices,andschools.Someofthesepollutantscanbecreatedbyindooractivitiessuchassmokingandcooking.IntheUnitedStates,wespendabout80-90%ofourtimeinsidebuildings,andsoourexposuretoharmfulindoorpollutantscanbeserious.Itisthereforeimportanttoconsiderbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.

OutdoorAirPollution

Smogisatypeoflarge-scaleoutdoorpollution.Itiscausedbychemicalreactionsbetweenpollutantsderivedfromdifferentsources,primarilyautomobileexhaustandindustrialemissions.Citiesareoftencentersofthesetypesofactivities,andmanysufferfromtheeffectsofsmog,especiallyduringthewarmmonthsoftheyear.AdditionalinformationaboutsmoganditseffectsareavailablefromtheAirQualityManagementDistrict(AQMD)insouthernCalifornia.

Foreachcity,theexactcausesofpollutionmaybedifferent.Dependingonthegeographicallocation,temperature,windandweatherfactors,pollutionisdisperseddifferently.However,sometimesthisdoesnothappenandthepollutioncanbuilduptodangerouslevels.Atemperatureinversionoccurswhenairclosetotheearthiscoolerthantheairaboveit.Undertheseconditionsthepollutioncannotriseandbedispersed.Citiessurroundedbymountainsalsoexperiencetrappingofpollution.Inversioncanhappeninanyseason.Winterinversionsarelikelytocauseparticulateandcarbonmon

A.YB.NC.NG

11.

Theauthor____________________that"piesarethebestcomfortfoodever".

12.AccordingtoMr.deWahl,whyisJoostignoringthetwobusinessmodels?

A.AllpeoplearenotfondofsimplywatchingTV.

B.TheyareirrelatedwithpleasuresderivedfromwatchingTV.

C.TheyarethesameasthepracticesthatTVhaslongbeenusing.

D.JoostwantsaninnovativebusinessmodeldifferentfromYouTube.

13.

Ifthedoctorsdecidetooperateonapatientafterthediagnosis,theywillaskthepatientto______forpermission.

14.

Fullerwon______in1954forhisachievementinthe42-footcardboardshelter.

15.

AsissuggestedbyWilliamA.Banks,______isespeciallygoodforpeoplewithjointproblemsorobesity.

16.

Aftershegotanewjob,LisaPerezregrettedthatshehadnotdonevolunteeringworkearlier.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

AlargesumofmoneymustbespentonLyubomirsky'sresearchbecauseitneedstotracealotofpeople______.

18.LauraBush:ASecondLookattheFirstLady

ATeacherandEducator

WhenLauraBushwalkedintotheroomwearingastunningtangerine(橘紅色)suit,Iwantedtosay—justthewayIwouldtoafriend—"Haveyoubeenworkingout?""Haveyouchangedyourhairstyle?"ShelookedslimmerandevenyoungerthanthewomanIinterviewedalittlelessthanfouryearsago,onthedaybeforetheworldchanged.Backthen,onSeptember10,2001,Washington,stillreelingfromanelectionthatrestedonamere537votesinFlorida,wasrecoveringfromcultureshock.TheBushesranaverydifferentWhiteHousethantheClintons.Theywereontimeforappointments,theyspentquieteveningswithintimatefriends,andtheywenttobedearly.NotexactlyahipHollywoodlifestyle.ButtheFirstLady—atitleshestillthinksofastooloftyandinauthentictodescribeher—waswinningheartsandminds.Sheis,afterall,ateacherandeducator.ShetaughtelementaryschoolinHoustonandAustinforseveralyears,andproducedanoutstandingbookfairinWashingtonwithsomeofAmerica'sgreatestauthorspopulating(聚集于)vastlawnsfilledwithtents,talkingtothrongsabouttheirworks.LauraBush'sloveofreadingispartlywhatdefinesher.Ialwayswonderedifbooksweresubstitutesforthebrothersandsistersshedidn'thavegrowingupinMidland,Texasiftheykeptherfromfeelinglonely.

WhyShe'sSoPopular

OnthedayofourvisitlastJanuary,asmycolleagueBillBeamanandIsatinaroomwaitingfortheFirstLady,wenoticedawallfullofchildren'sbooks,andthoughttheymightbesomeofherfavorites.Theroomwasplain,rathercozy,andunder-decorated.WeweretoldtheinterviewwouldtakeplaceinMrs.Bush'soffice,andassumedthiswasawaitingroom.Wrong.ThiswasLauraBush'soffice:childcentricartandliterature,asimpledesk,asmallsittingarea,andthat'sit.Howtruetoherstyle,Irememberthinking.Thetangerinesuitwasacompromisetotheroleofpoliticalwife.Theofficewasn'tyoucouldimagineherinjeansandaworkshirt.ThereasonLauraBushisperhapsthemostpopularFirstLadysincehermother-in-law,BarbaraBush,isbecauseofthejeansandwork-shirtattitudesheprojectstothecountry.

NotExactlya"DesperateHousewife"

Tohercritics,LauraBush'ssolidandconsistentbehavior.translatesasdull,boring,she'sbeencalledaStepfordwife,obedientandriskopposing.Butafter9.11,somebegantoseehertruevalue.LauraBushhadbecomethe"nurturer-in-chief",offeringthekindofcompassionandrhetorictothe9.11families—andthecountry—thatyoucan'tfake.Sheemergedfromthattragedyasatruebelieverinthefightagainstterrorism.Butherwarwouldbewagedintheclassroom.

SgraminAfghanistanthatwouldallowwomentoattendschoolforthefirsttime."Womenwerenotempowered(授權(quán)力),andtheresultwasthatone-halfofthepopulationcouldcontributetosociety,"shesays."WearebuildinganAmericanschoolinKabul,wherewomenteacherscanbetrainedandhaveasafeplacetolive...ateachers'institute,sotheycangobacktotheirprovincesandteach."

LauraBush'scommitmenttoeducationandliteracyhasgonewellbeyondchairingtheoccasionalbenefitfund-raiser,orofferingphotosasshetoursschools."MywholelifeI'vebeeninterestedineducationandchildren.I'vedonealotofworkwithteachingrecruitmentorganizations,likeTroopstoTeachersandTeachforAmerica.I'dliketoencouragepeopletochooseteachingasacareerbecauseit'ssoimportant."ShetaughtunderprivilegedkidsinAustin,whereshewasalibrarian.Laura'sdaughterJenna,arecentgraduateoftheUniversityofTexas,hasfollowedinhermother'sfootstepsandisteachingataWashington,D.C.,publicschool.

GrowingupanonlychildinMidlandandhav

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

Mr.Bellavancecashedouthispension,soldhishouseandunloadedthingshedidn'tneedatgaragesalesafterlosinghisjobinorderto______.

20.TheScienceofLastingHappiness

ThedayImeetSonjaLyubomirsky,shekeepsgettingcallsfromherToyotaPriusdealer.Whenshefinallypicksup,sheisexcitedbythenews:shecanbuythecarshewantsintwodays.Lyubomirskywondersifherenthusiasmmightcomeacrossasmaterialism,butIunderstandthatsheisbuyinganexperienceasmuchasapossession.Twoweekslater,inlateJanuary,the40-year-oldLyubomirsky,whosmilesoftenandseemstoapproachlifewithzestandgoodhumor,reportsthatsheis"totallylovingthePrius."Butwillthefeelingwearoffsoonafterthenew-carsmell,orwillitlast,makinganaturallyhappypersonevenmoreso?

ThePossibilityofLastingHappiness

Anexperimentalpsychologistinvestigatingthepossibilityoflastinghappiness,Lyubomirskyunderstandsfarbetterthanmostofusthefollyofpinningourhopesonanewcar—oronanygoodfortunethatcomesourway.Wetendtoadapt,quicklyreturningtoourusuallevelofhappiness.Theclassicexampleofsuch"hedonicadaptation"(享樂適應(yīng))comesfroma1970sstudyoflotterywinners,whoayearaftertheirwindfall(意外橫財)endedupnohappierthannonwinners.Hedonicadaptationhelpstoexplainwhyevenchangesinmajorlifecircumstances—suchasincome,marriage,physicalhealthandwherewelive—dosolittletoboostouroverallhappiness.Notonlythat,butstudiesoftwinsandadopteeshaveshownthatabout50percentofeachperson'shappinessisdeterminedfrombirth.This"geneticsetpoint"alonemakesthehappinessglasslookhalfempty,becauseanyupwardswinginhappinessseemsdoomedtofallbacktonearyourbaseline."There'sbeenatensioninthefield,"explainsLyubomirsky'smaincollaborator,psychologistKennonM.SheldonoftheUniversityofMissouri-Columbia."Somepeoplewereassumingyoucanaffecthappinessif,forexample,youpickedtherightgoals,buttherewasallthisliteraturethatsuggesteditwasimpossible,thatwhatgoesupmustcomedown."

TheHappinessPie

Lyubomirsky,Sheldonandanotherpsychologist,DavidA.SchkadeoftheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,puttheexistingfindingstogetherintoasimplepiechartshowingwhatdetermineshappiness.Halfthepieisthegeneticsetpoint.Thesmallestsliceiscircumstances,whichexplainonlyabout10percentofpeople'sdifferencesinhappiness.Sowhatistheremaining40percent?"Becausenobodyhadputittogetherbefore,that'sunexplained,"Lyubomirskysays.Butshebelievesthatwhenyoutakeawaygenesandcircumstances,whatisleftbesideserrormustbe"intentionalactivity,"mentalandbehavioralstrategiestocounteractadaptation'sdownwardpull.

Lyubomirskyhasbeenstudyingtheseactivitiesinhopesoffindingoutwhetherandhowpeoplecanstayabovetheirsetpoint.Intheory,thatispossibleinmuchthesamewayregulardietandexercisecankeepathletes'weightbelowtheirgeneticsetpoints.ButbeforeLyubomirskybegan,therewas"ahugevacuumofresearchonhowtoincreasehappiness,"shesays.Thelotterystudyinparticular"madepeopleshyawayfrominterventions,"explainseminentUniversityofPennsylvaniapsychologistMartinE.P.Seligman,thefatherofpositivepsychologyandamentortoLyubomirsky.Whensciencehadscrutinized(細(xì)察)happinessatall,itwasmainlythroughcorrelationalstudies,whichcannottellwhatcamefirst—thehappinessorwhatitislinkedto—letalonedeterminethecauseandeffect.Findingoutthatindividualswithstrongsocialtiesaremoresatisfiedwiththeirlivesthanloners,forexample,begsthequestionofwhetherfriendsmakeushappierorwhetherhappypeoplearesimplylikeliertoseekandattractfriends.

Lyubomirsky'sResearch

Lyubomirskybeganstudyinghappinessasagraduatestudentin1989afteranintriguingconversationwithheradviser,StanfordUniversitypsychologistLeeD.Ross,

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：W:Themapshowsthatthisstreetgoesdowntown.

M:Yes,butwhatwewanttoknowishowtogettothepark.

Q:Whatdoesthemanwanttoknow?

(18)

A.Wherethedowntownareais.

B.Howtoparkhiscar.

C.Wheretoparkhiscar.

D.Thelocationofthepark.

22.

【B2】

23.(35)

A.Thepercentageishigh.

B.Thepercentageislow.

C.Theamountofthepopulationisnotsolow.

D.Itisnotmentionedinthepassage.

24.(29)

A.Supportingthesoil.

B.Providingshadeforanimals.

C.Looseningsoilstructure.

D.Protectingthesoilfromwindandraindamage.

25.聽力原文：W:Howwasthejobinterview?Ithinkyou'llmakeagoodjournalist.Irememberyouasthebestwriterintheclass.

M:Well,infact,myapplicationwasturneddown.Theywerelookingforpeoplewithexperienceintheprofession.

Q:Whydidn'tthemangetthejob?

(16)

A.Hedoesn'twritewellenough.

B.Heisnotaprofessionalwriter.

C.Hehasn'tgotanyprofessionalexperience.

D.Hedidn'tperform.wellintheinterview.

26.(34)

A.Theydeveloptheiridentitieswithinpeergroups.

B.Theyreceiveinformaleducation.

C.Theyperform.voluntarycommunityservices.

D.Theyparticipateinallkindsofextracurricularactivities.

27.聽力原文：M:IwishIcouldgetusedtothisAmericancustomofusingfirstnames.

W:Iusuallycalljustmygoodfriendsbytheirfirstnames.

Q:What'sthemancomplainingabout?

(16)

A.Notgettingwhathewants.

B.Acustomthatisnewtohim.

C.Callingupcustomer.

D.Someofhisgoodfriends.

28.(24)

A.Forafewweeks.

B.Forafewmonths.

C.Forafewdays.

D.Foralmostayear.

29.

【B9】

30.聽力原文：W:Didyoupackthecar?

M:Yes,Iputinourbathingsuits,sometowels,thesuntanlotion,andourtwolibrarybooks.

Q:Wherearetheygoing?

(14)

A.Tothelibrary.

B.Picnickinginthewoods.

C.Skiinginthemountain.

D.Tothebeach.

31.(25)

A.Ithasabeautifulcampus.

B.Itisinanurbansetting.

C.Thetuitionfeesarenottooexpensive.

D.Allcoursesaretaughtbyprofessors.

32.(47)

33.聽力原文：M:Iseealltheincomingflightsarelistedontheboard.Dotheyhaveanarrivalgatenumberlisted?

W:No,they'llprobablylistitabouttenminutesbeforearrival.

Q:Wheredidthisconversationmostlikelytakeplace?

(17)

A.Inarailwaystation.

B.Attheairport.

C.Onthedocks.

D.Atabus-stop.

34.(36)

A.Thebillbecomeslawimmediately.

B.Thebillcan'tbecomelawunlessthewholeprocessbeginsagain.

C.Lawmakersmustreviewthebillwithintendays.

D.ThePresidentmustsignthebillifit'spassedagain.

35.聽力原文：W:Gee,thisafternoonProfessorSmith'slecturewilllastthreehours.Goingtohislecturesislikegoingtothedentist.Whatapain!

M:Why?Youcanhardlyfindabetterlecturerinthisdepartment!Don'tyoufindhislecturesbothinformativeandinstructive?

Q:Whatdowelearnabouttheman?

(18)

A.Heagreeswiththewoman.

B.Heisagoodlecturerhimself.

C.HeisfondofProfessorSmith.

D.Hepartlyagreeswiththewoman.

36.(42)

37.聽力原文：W:Tony,whoarethestreetpeople?Howdidtheygettobelivinginthestreet?

M:Well,someofthemlosttheirjobs,someofthemhavementalproblems,andsomeofthemdrink.

Q:WhichofthefollowingfactorsisNOTmentionedasacauseofbecomingstreetpeople?

(16)

A.Unemployment.

B.Familybreakup.

C.Mentalproblems.

D.Drinking.

38.(44)

39.(21)

A.Ithassomanyusefulwebsitestoclassify.

B.ChattingontheNetreallytakesalotoftime.

C.Usefulwebsitesarenotavailableinasearch.

D.Toomanyuseless'sitesmakeitlongertofindthings.

40.聽力原文：M:I'dliketoborrowthatbookafteryou'vefinishedit．

W:Sure,butIpromisedittoJanefirst.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanintendtodo?

(15)

A.IntroducethemantoJanesoon,

B.LetthemanhavethebookafterJane.

C.AskJanewhatshethoughtofthebook.

D.FinishingwritingtoJaneassoonaspossible.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

【C10】

42.

Whatcanyouinferfromthesentence"Thereisalsothesameexuberanceandunpredictabilityinsuddenfadswitches"inParagraph4?

A.Theremayariseunexpectedemergenceoffashionoutofthetrend.

B.Theteenagers'pursuitof"idols"maynotbeconsistentandrational.

C.Notalltheyouthworshipthe"pop"performersintheentertainmentfield.

D.Theyoutharealwaysclingingtothetrendledbythepopsingers.

43.Thetelecityisacitywhoselife,direction,andfunctioningarelargelyshapedbytelecommunications.Inthetwenty-firstcentury,citieswillbebasedmoreandmoreonaneconomythatisdependentonservicesandintellectualproperty.Telecommunicationsandinformationnetworkswilldefineacity'sarchitecture,shape,andcharacter.Proximityinthetelecitywillbedefinedbythespeedandbandwidthofnetworksasmuchasbygeographicalpropinquity.Intheageofthetelecity,NewYorkandSingaporemaybecloserthan,say,NewYorkandArkadelphia,Arkansas.

Telecitieswillsupersedemegacitiesforseveralreasons,includingthedrivetowardcleanair,reducingpollution,energyconservation,morejobsbasedonservices,andcopingwiththehighcostofurbanproperty.Nowwemustaddtheneedtocopewithterroristthreatsinahigh-technologyworld.

Westernmind-setswereclearlyjoltedinthewakeoftheterroristattackontheWorldTradeCentreinNewYorkCityandattacksinIndonesia,SaudiArabia,andelsewhere.Buttherisksposedbytwentieth-centurypatternsofurbanizationandarchitecturehaveyettoregisterfullywithpoliticalfiguresandleadersofindustry.ThePentagon,forexample,hasbeenrebuiltinsituationratherthandistributedtomultiplelocationsandconnectedbysecurelandlinesandbroadbandwirelesssystems.Likewise,thereconstructionoftheWorldTradeCentrecomplexstillrepresentsamassiveconcentrationofhumanityandinfrastructure.Thisisaremarkablyshortsightedanddangerousvisionofthefuture.

Thesecurityrisks,economicexpenses,andenvironmentalhazardsofovercentralizationareeverywhere,andtheydonotstopwithskyscrapersandlargegovernmentalstructures.Therearerisksalsoatseaportsandairports,infoodandwatersupplies,atnuclearpowerplantsandhydroelectricturbinesatmajordams,intransportationsystems,andininformationandcommunicationsystems.

Thisvulnerabilityappliesnotonlytoterroristthreatsbutalsotohumanerror,suchassystem-wideblackoutsinNorthAmericainAugust2003andinItalyinSeptember2003,andnaturaldisasterssuchastyphoons,hurricanes,floods,andearthquakes.Leadersandplannersareonlyslowlybecomingawarethatovercentralizedfacilitiesarethemostvulnerabletoattackorcatastrophicdestruction.

Thereisalsogrowingawarenessthenewbroadbandelectronicsystemnowallowgovernmentsandcorporationstosafeguardtheirkeyassetsandpeopleinnewandinnovativeways.Sofar,corporationshavebeenquickesttoadjusttothesenewrealities,andsomegovernmentshavebeguntoadjustaswell.

Whatwillbecrucialtotheeconomyofthecitiesinthetwenty-firstcentury?

A.Services.

B.Telecommunications.

C.Intellectualproperty.

D.bothAandB.

44.

WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthewolvesaccordingtothepassage?

A.Thewolvesdonotstartattackinghumansunlessirritatedbyhumans.

B.Thewolvesgohuntingatnightandgobacktothedensatdawn.

C.Thewolvesdonotrelyontheirsighttorecognizeboundaries.

D.Thewolvesmarktheirfamilyboundariesbymeansofwater.

45.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

AllR&Dexecutiveshavetwomajorresponsibilities:(1)theymustensurethatthecompanyissuppliedwithtechnicallysuccessfulprojects,and(2)theymustselectthemostpromisingschemesandideasfortheexpenditureofR&Dresources.Thisworkiscomplicatedbynumerousuncertainties,inasmuchascommercialresearchanddevelopmentmustbebasedonmarketforecasts.

IfR&Dmanagementcanprovidearegularflowofnewandupdatedproducts,thecompanywillbenefitinanumberofways.Firstofall,itwillbeabletomakefulluseofexpensivedepartmentalresources,developmentengineeringandavailablemarketingcapacity.Inadditiontothat,aflowofnewmarketwinnerswillprovidethebusinesswithsteadygrowthincomeandprofits.Thiscanalsobeimportantpsychologically,foritisoftenonthisbasisthatthoseoutsidethecompanyassessthequalityofitsmanagement.

TheR&Ddepartment'sjobismademoredifficultbecauseofthelengthoftimerequiredtocompleteitsresearch.Inthechemicalandpharmaceutical(制藥的)industries,forexample,itmaytakefivetotenyearsbeforeaproductisatechnicalsuccessandafurthersixtoeightyearsbeforeitreachesfullcommercialpotential.

Toachieveresults,R&Dmustdefineboththeareasthatshouldbeinvestigatedandtheobjectivesthatshouldbeachievedineacharea.Forthisreason,theR&Ddepartmentmusttakeaninterestinallaspectsofdesign,application,efficiency,anduseofappropriatematerials.Thereisadifference,however,betweenthedevelopmentofnewconsumerproductsandthedevelopmentofnewindustrialones.Inconsumermarkets,thesearchforanewproductoftenbeginsafterastatementofaspecificneed,anddevelopmentistailoredtomeetit.Inmanyindustrialmarkets,productdevelopmentistheresultofworkdownintheresearchlaboratory.Thisworkisoftenaimedatageneralneed,suchasanewkindofmedicineorhigheroperatingspeedsformachines.Whenthenewindustrialprojecthasbeendeveloped,itsperformancecanbeanalyzedintermsofcustomerneeds.

Inordertodevelophiscompany,theR&.Dmanagershouldhaveasenseof______.

A.psychologicalcommunication

B.marketprediction

C.managementdistribution

D.departmentalresourcesdevelopment

46.Bysayingnodocumentissafeanymore,theauthorprobablymeans______.

A.affordableprintersmakesitpossibleforanyonetoforgedocuments

B.theAmericanSecretServicewillbeabletotraceanydocument

C.everyprinteddocumentwillbesecretlymarkedoutthroughhigh-tech

D.counterfeitershavemoreadvancedtechnologytouse

47.

Accordingtotheauthor,thewarinNorthernIrelandisnotforreligiousreasons,butforthe______.

48.

Whatdoes"stalwart"in"EvenGreatBritain,moststalwartofnations…"(line5,paragraph2)mostlikelymean?

A.forgivingB.helpfulC.firmandsteadfastD.understanding

49.

【C4】

50.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.Onlyasmallpercentageofthegrainisdirectlyconsumedbymanintheworld.

B.Eatingmeatmightbeasymbolofrichnessinthefuture.

C.Humanscanlivewithoutmeat.

D.Manyregionsfacetheproblemoffreshwatershortage.

51.Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehavior.isevidenceofanobviousbutremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehavior.demandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.

Practice(orreview)tenstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgottenandtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionarypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.

Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer.Forexample,learnedbehavior.thatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittle