微信掃描二維碼關(guān)注啟航考研（qh_kaoyan）考研自學(xué)平臺(tái)咋學(xué)微信號(hào)：咋學(xué)網(wǎng)（zaxueapp）2016考研資料分享群：2486005112013年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDrUriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecisionmakerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversityadmissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSimonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.1.［A］grants［B］submits［C］transmits［D］delivers2.［A］minor［B］external［C］crucial［D］objective3.［A］issue［B］vision［C］picture［D］moment4.［A］Aboveall［B］Onaverage［C］Inprinciple［D］Forexample5.［A］fond［B］fearful［C］capable［D］thoughtless6.［A］in［B］for［C］to［D］on7.［A］if［B］until［C］though［D］unless8.［A］test［B］emphasize［C］share［D］promote9.［A］decision［B］quality［C］status［D］success10.［A］found［B］studied［C］chosen［D］identified11.［A］otherwise［B］defensible［C］replaceable［D］exceptional12.［A］inspired［B］expressed［C］conducted［D］secured13.［A］assigned［B］rated［C］matched［D］arranged14.［A］put［B］got［C］took［D］gave15.［A］instead［B］then［C］ever［D］rather16.［A］selected［B］passed［C］marked［D］introduced17.［A］below［B］after［C］above［D］before18.［A］jump［B］float［C］fluctuate［D］drop19.［A］achieve［B］undo［C］maintain［D］disregard20.［A］necessary［B］possible［C］promising［D］helpfulSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.Thistopdownconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishworlddescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthreeyearindictmentof“fastfashion.”Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmassmarketlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentreleases,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyleconsciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable—meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat—andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingontrenditemsatdirtcheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijackedfashioncycles,shakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&MtoofferaMYM5.95knitminiskirtinallits2,300plusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlowwageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumeractivistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.“Massproducedclothing,likefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnondurableandwasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear—about64itemsperperson—andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thisexcessleadstowaste.TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumont,whosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes—andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff.Thoughseveralfastfashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment—includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline—Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher［A］lackofimagination.［B］poorbargainingskill.［C］obsessionwithhighfashion.［D］insensitivitytofashion.22.AccordingtoCline,massmarketlabelsurgeconsumersto［A］combatunnecessarywaste.［B］shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.［C］resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.［D］shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.23.Theword“indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto［A］accusation.［B］enthusiasm.［C］indifference.［D］tolerance.24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?［A］Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.［B］Thefastfashionindustryignoressustainability.［C］Pricingisvitaltoenvironmentfriendlypurchasing.［D］Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.25.Whatisthesubjectofthetext?［A］Satireonanextravagantlifestyle.［B］Challengetoahighfashionmyth.［C］Criticismofthefastfashionindustry.［D］Exposureofamassmarketsecret.Text2Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted—thetroubleis,nooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clickonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostlikelytobuy.Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfinegrainedinformation:Shouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission?InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)proposedaddinga“donottrack”(DNT)optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;Google’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandtheDigitalAdvertisingAlliance(DAA)agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.OnMay31stMicrosoftsetofftherow.ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10,theversionduetoappearwithWindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences.Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.“They’llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.”Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracking,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyonadvertising,ithaschosenanindirectmethod:ThereisnoguaranteethatDNTbydefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforWindows8—thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft’schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:“Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”Coulditreallybethatsimple?26.ItissuggestedinParagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto［A］lowertheiroperationalcosts.［B］easecompetitionamongthemselves.［C］avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers.［D］providebetteronlineservices.27.“Theindustry”(Line6,Para.3)refersto［A］onlineadvertisers.［B］ecommerceconductors.［C］digitalinformationanalysts.［D］internetbrowserdevelopers.28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault［A］goesagainsthumannature.［B］failstoaffecttheadindustry.［C］willnotbenefitconsumers.［D］maycutthenumberofjunkads.29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph6?［A］AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT.［B］DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose.［C］DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers.［D］Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads.30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof［A］appreciation.［B］understanding.［C］indulgence.［D］skepticism.Text3Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely—thoughbynomeansuniformly—glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfilmentandopportunityforall.Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears—sowhyshouldn’twe?Takeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LookupHomosapiensinthe“RedList”ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature(IUCN)andyouwillread:“ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline.”Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?Agrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.Forexample,theLongNowFoundationhasasitsflagshipprojectamechanicalclockthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence.Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit’sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelongtermpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomakeevidencebasedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.31.Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby［A］ourdesireforlivesoffulfillment.［B］ourfaithinscienceandtechnology.［C］ourawarenessofpotentialrisks.［D］ourbeliefinequalopportunity.32.TheIUCN’s“RedList”suggeststhathumanbeingsare［A］amisplacedrace.［B］asustainedspecies.［C］theworld’sdominantpower.［D］athreattotheenvironment.33.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5?［A］Theinterestinsciencefictionisontherise.［B］Archelpslimitthescopeoffuturologicalstudies.［C］Technologyofferssolutionstosocialproblems.［D］Ourimmediatefutureishardtoconceive.34.Toensurethefutureofmankind,itiscrucialto［A］drawonourexperiencefromthepast.［B］adoptanoptimisticviewoftheworld.［C］exploreourplanet’sabundantresources.［D］curbourambitiontoreshapehistory.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?［A］UncertaintyaboutOurFuture［B］EvolutionoftheHumanSpecies［C］TheEverbrightProspectsofMankind［D］Science,TechnologyandHumanityText4Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan80defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberately“occupiedthefield,”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederalstateimmigrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJustices—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The80objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower.”TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.TheAdministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.36.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’splanwereoverturnedbecausethey［A］oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw.［B］disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates.［C］deprivedthefederalpoliceofConstitutionalpowers.［D］contradictedboththefederalandstatepolicies.37.OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?［A］States’independencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.［B］Federalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’information.［C］States’legitimateroleinimmigrationenforcement.［D］Congress’sinterventioninimmigrationenforcement.38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs［A］violatedtheConstitution.［B］stoodinfavorofthestates.［C］supportedthefederalstatute.［D］underminedthestates’interests.39.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement［A］outweighsthatheldbythestates.［B］isestablishedbyfederalstatutes.［C］isdependentonthestates’support.［D］rarelygoesagainststatelaws.40.Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?［A］ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.［B］TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.［C］JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.［D］JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministration.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions4145,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistAGtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocialsciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallenges,includingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41)Humanityhasthenecessaryagrotechnologicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.(42)Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchange”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.(43)Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgium,forexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding.(44)Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate.Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45)Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.［A］Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdisciplineorientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisproblemorientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.［B］However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000socialsciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthesekeywords.［C］Theideaistoforcesocialscientiststointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographicchange;foodsecurity;marineresearchandthebioeconomy;clean,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.［D］Thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.［E］Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior:allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovations,aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy.［F］Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEurope,someareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocialscienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincrosscuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.［G］Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds—includinggovernment,highereducation,nonprofitandcorporate—variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasichumanneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanirrepressibleurgetocreate,express,fashion,andbeautifyandthatselfexpressionisabasichumanurge;(46)yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardenscreatedbythehomeless,itstrikesonethat,foralltheirdiversityofstyles,thesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshastodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.(47)Asacredplaceofpeace,howevercrudeitmaybe,isadistinctlyhumanneed,asopposedtoshelter,whichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislacking,asitisfortheseunlikelygardeners,theformerbecomesallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.(48)Thegardensofthehomeless,whichareineffecthomelessgardens,introduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.Insodoingtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand.Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondto,ortoarisefrom,issointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofplants,oftrees,(49)mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesinagardenandfeeltheoppressionvanishasifbymagic.InmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallforththespiritofplantandanimallife,ifonlysymbolically,throughaclumplikearrangementofmaterials,anintroductionofcolors,smallpoolsofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.(50)Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofthewordgarden,thoughina“l(fā)iberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia—ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife—assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Writeanemailofabout100wordstoaforeignteacherinyourcollege,invitinghim/hertobeajudgefortheupcomingEnglishspeechcontest.Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheemail.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)選擇2013年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題答案及解析SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)【命題出處】本文節(jié)選自2012年7月16日《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》（TheEconomist）上一篇題為《一個(gè)關(guān)于判斷的問題：面試官先入為主》（AQuestionofJudgment:InterviewersFavourThoseSeenFirst）的文章。【命題風(fēng)格】2013年完型填空文章選自《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》這本雜志。第一，文章選材的難度在向考研英語的閱讀理解題目靠攏。第二，文章題材仍以說明文和議論文為主。2013年完型的文章話題是心理學(xué)中的做決定的問題，作者的觀點(diǎn)非常鮮明，而且論證特別有條理，作者運(yùn)用了通常的論證手法，比如舉例論證、數(shù)據(jù)論證。第三，題目的設(shè)置以考察實(shí)詞為主。2013年的20個(gè)完型題目中，其中15個(gè)全部考察的是實(shí)詞，考核的重點(diǎn)指向?qū)嵲~的詞義辨析、搭配，以及從整個(gè)語篇的角度理解詞匯的意義，從一定程度上講，測(cè)試了考生整體的理解能力以及對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力。第四，分析答案得出，答案分布規(guī)律比較穩(wěn)固，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)的概率接近百分之五十，這也是考生解題的一個(gè)小技巧所在。【文章導(dǎo)讀】本文主要指出沒有綜觀全局的能力會(huì)使人在做判斷時(shí)產(chǎn)生偏見。【全文精譯】總的說來，人們?cè)谧鰝€(gè)人決定時(shí)不善于考慮背景信息。乍一看，這似乎是一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，這種優(yōu)勢(shì)(1)賦予你不受(2)外界因素的影響而做出客觀判斷的能力。但是，烏里·西蒙松博士推測(cè)，沒有綜觀(3)全局的能力會(huì)使決策者受他們?nèi)粘Ｋ褂玫男畔颖镜挠绊懚a(chǎn)生偏見。(4)例如，他從理論上說明，(7)如果一位(5)擔(dān)心(6)對(duì)犯罪行為表現(xiàn)得太心慈手軟的法官那天已經(jīng)僅判處五六個(gè)其他被告強(qiáng)制社區(qū)服務(wù)，那么他更可能把某人關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。為了(8)驗(yàn)證這一想法，他將注意力轉(zhuǎn)向大學(xué)招生程序。按理說，申請(qǐng)者是否(9)被錄取不應(yīng)該指望同一天隨機(jī)(10)被選中參加面試的少數(shù)其他申請(qǐng)者，但是西蒙松博士懷疑，事實(shí)(11)并非如此。他研究了由31位招生負(fù)責(zé)人(12)進(jìn)行的9323場(chǎng)工商管理碩士（MBA）的面試結(jié)果。面試官按1到5級(jí)為申請(qǐng)者(13)評(píng)定等級(jí)。等級(jí)的評(píng)定(14)考慮了多種因素。(15)然后，等級(jí)評(píng)定分?jǐn)?shù)會(huì)與申請(qǐng)者的管理研究生入學(xué)考試［簡(jiǎn)稱GMAT，一種(16)滿分為800分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試］的分?jǐn)?shù)一起用以決定他或她是否被錄取。西蒙松博士發(fā)現(xiàn)，每天一連串的面試者中，如果前一個(gè)申請(qǐng)者的分?jǐn)?shù)比其(17)前面的面試者的分?jǐn)?shù)高0.75分或更高，那么下一個(gè)申請(qǐng)者的分?jǐn)?shù)會(huì)平均(18)減少0.075分。這個(gè)分值聽起來很小，但是申請(qǐng)者要想(19)消除減少的這個(gè)分值帶來的影響，其GMAT分?jǐn)?shù)要比原本(20)需要的分?jǐn)?shù)再多30分。【邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)】開篇部分：開篇點(diǎn)題，引入全文要論證的觀點(diǎn)。正文部分：指出烏里·西蒙松博士為驗(yàn)證自己的觀點(diǎn)而進(jìn)行的研究及發(fā)現(xiàn)。【答案精解】1.【答案】［A］【解析】語義銜接+詞義辨析題。文章首句指出一種普遍現(xiàn)象：人們?cè)谧鰝€(gè)人決定時(shí)不善于考慮背景信息。第2句承接首句，指出表面上看，這似乎是一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，其后that引導(dǎo)的定語從句指出這一優(yōu)勢(shì)…做出判斷的能力。瀏覽四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有［A］grants能與后面的theability形成合理的動(dòng)賓搭配，表示“賦予做出判斷的能力”，符合文意，故答案為［A］。將［B］submits，