(7-8)Language:languageisasystemofarbitrary任意的vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(Languageisasystem;languageisarbitrary;languageisvocal;languageishuman-specific.)(15)phonetics語音學:abranchoflinguistics語言學whichisstudiesthecharacteristicofspeechsounds語音andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.(62)semantics語義學:itcanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaningwhichiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.(77)pragmatics語用學:thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffect產生，弓|起successfulcommunication.(It’salsothestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication,thestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning.)(42)syntax:isabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformation結構，組成ofsentences.(31)morphology形態學:itreferstothestudyoftheinternal內部的structureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.(66)synonymy同義詞:referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.(66)reference指稱:meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,真實physicalworld物質;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworld(非語言世界，艮口real,physicalworld)ofexperience.(66)sense詞義:isconcernedwiththeinherent固有的，內在的meaningofalinguisticform,thecollection集合ofallitsfeatures(語言形式所有特征的集合)；it’sabstractandde-contextualized去情景化.It’stheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilers編輯者areinterestedin.(9)duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Alargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwordsarefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thedualityofstructureoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.?11.(112-113)dialect:dialectsvary.Aregionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.Socialdialecthastodowithseparationbroughtaboutbydifferentsocialconditions.?12.(114)accent:it’sanimportantmarkerofsociolect.RegionalaccentsandRPtookonsocialimplications,becomingineffectsocialaccents.?13.(87)conversationalmaxim會話準貝U:Ithas4maxims:themaximofquantity(makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired;don’tmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired),themaximofquality(don’tsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse;don’tsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence),themaximofrelation(berelevant)andthemaximofmanner(avoidobscurityofexpression;abvoidambiguity;bebrief;beorderly).?14.(78-79)context:itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.(Contextdeterminesthespeaker’suseoflanguageandalsothehearer’sinterpretationofwhatissaidtohim.)15.(5)competence:it’stheideal(best)user’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(5)performance:it’stheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.(117)register語域:referstoavarietyoflanguagedefinedaccordingtoitsuseinsocialsituations,sucharegisterofmedicalEnglish,legalEnglish.(81)locutionaryact言外行為:istheactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteral字面meaningbymeansofsyntax,句法lexicon詞匯andphonology.音韻學(69)hyponymy:下義關系，上下義referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusive寬泛wordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate上義詞,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.下義詞(22)phonology:音位學itrelatestothestudyofsoundandaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.(照片)speechcommunity:thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialsociolinguisticstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.(17-18)transcription:itincludesthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyandthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Theformeriscalledbroadtranscriptonwhichisnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.Thelatteriscallednarrowtranscriptionwhichisneededandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.(33)boundmorpheme黏著詞素:amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitselfiscalledafreemorpheme,whereasamorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneisaboundmorpheme.(24-25)minimalpair:whentwodifferentformsareidentical完全一致ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegment一個音段whichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.(27)stress:thesyllableconsistsofthreeparts:onset起音，peak,coda收尾.？26.(38)compounding:it’sanewwaytoformnewwords,orcompoundwords,andisbystringwordstogether.(百度)affixation詞綴:it’stheprocesswherebynewwordsareformedfromexistingwordsorbases.(23-24)allophone音位變體:thephonescanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentso(24)complementarydistribution互補分布:it’soneofthewaystoobservephoneticallysimilarsounds.Theallophonesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Iftheallophonesareofthesamephoneme,thentheydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,theyoccurindifferentphoneticenvironment.(100)conversion轉換生成法:wordsmayshiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithouttheadditionofaffixes,whichiscalledconversion.?31.(55)deepstructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewith根據thehead’s中心詞subcategorization次范疇化properties特性,iscalleddeepstructure.32.(55)surfacestructure:correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations；itisthatofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritteniscalledsurfacestructure.?33.(4)Saussure:hewasaSwisslinguist,andmadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.Hemadeitinordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.(18)vowel兀音:theairstreammeetswithnoobstruction阻撓ofanykinginthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileconsonantsaresomewhatobstructed.(18-19)consonant:itcanbeclassifiedin2ways,oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation清楚的發音.(1)linguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguageoitstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguagesingeneral.(2)generallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguistictotheresearchofotherareas.(百度)inflectionalaffix:曲折詞綴it’saffixthatcanchangethemeaningoftheword.Eg:care-careless.(32)openclass：thecontentwordsofalanguage,whichnewwordscanbeaddedregularly.(32)closedclass:conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronounsconsistofthegrammaticalwords.Thenumberofsuchwordsissmallandstablesincefewnewwordsareadded,thereforesuchwordshavebeenreferredtoasclosedclasswords.(3)sociolinguistics:isthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthe