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專四必備語法一、時態、語態時態、語態需要掌握的要點:1.表達將來時的形式:(1)在時間、條件、讓步從句中,一般現在時代替將來時,但要注意區別從句的類型,如:I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時候再來電話。(賓語從句)比較:I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時我告訴他。(狀語從句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中,謂語動詞用一般現在時代替將來時,如:Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)2.完畢時是時態測試的重點,注意與完畢時連用的句型和時間狀語:(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時間、since、bythetime/when+表達過去發生情況的從句,主句用過去完畢時。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表達192023時已發生的情況)(2)by+將來時間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現在時的從句,主句用將來完畢時。如:BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數字)years/days/months,主句用現在完畢時,但在itis+具體時間since/before這一句型中,主句更多的時候不用完畢時。如:Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中,謂語動詞常用現在完畢時。如:Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when…句型中,主句常用過去完畢時。3.完畢進行時指動作在完畢時的基礎上還要繼續下去。如:Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.時態、語態答題思緒:(1)先根據選項的區別點擬定考題要點為時態,然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時間狀語,縮小選擇范圍,進而選出對的答案;(2)根據謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關系,擬定句子是積極語態還是被動語態。二、不定式1.不定式做主語(1)引導邏輯主語的介詞:不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導,但下列表達人的性格行為特性的形容詞做表語時,不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導:absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如:Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(2)不定式做主語補足語:掌握常用不定式做主語補足語的句型。注意不定式表達的動作發生的時間,并采用相應形式。如:besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todosth.2.不定式做賓語掌握規定接不定式做賓語的動詞:afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如:Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.3.不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數詞、形容詞最高級或next,last,only,nota,the,very等限定詞時,該名詞用不定式做定語。如:thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個登上月球的女性(2)假如其動詞規定不定式做賓語,相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)假如其形容詞形式規定接不定式做補語,相應的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如:ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo“對……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“對……好奇”abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表達方式、因素、時間、機會、權利等名詞用不定式做定語,這些名詞涉及:way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運動),effort等。如:IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習慣上用不定式做定語。如:Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.4.不定式做狀語不定式做狀語重要表達目的、限度、結果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結構引導目的狀語,soasto不能置于句首。如:(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to結構做限度狀語。如:Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結果狀語只能出現在句子的末尾,表達不快樂的結果,有時用only加強語氣。常見的不定式動詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如:Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表達肯定意義。如:Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息,我太快樂了。三、動名詞1.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞牢記下列規定接動名詞做賓語的動詞:acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如:Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.動名詞做介詞短語考生特別要辨認下列短語中的to是介詞,不是不定式符號:objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如:四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用,在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上應清楚:●現在分詞表達積極,表達動作在進行。●過去分詞表達被動,表達動作結束了的狀態或結果。1.分詞做定語,弄清現在分詞與過去分詞的區別分詞短語做定語相稱于省略了的定語從句,考生應掌握:(1)現在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有積極意義。如:It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相稱于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相稱于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?(相稱于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如:Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相稱于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相稱于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相稱于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)(3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語,但不具有被動意義:deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如:anescapedprisoner一個逃犯 ?aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個褪了色的窗簾 anewlyarrivedstudent一個新來的學生2.分詞做狀語,注意區分分詞的一般式與完畢式(1)表達時間,多置于句首,注意假如分詞表達的動作的時間先于謂語動詞,要用完畢式。如:Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start之前發生)(2)表達因素,置于句首句尾均可,根據情況有時要用完畢式,有時用一般式。如:Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表達隨著、方式,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttotheoutsideworld.(4)表達結果,置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表達補充說明(同位),置于句尾,用分詞的一般式。如:Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.3.分詞的獨立主格結構分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語,否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語,稱為分詞獨立主格結構。分詞獨立主格結構只是句子的一個部分。如:Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.五、非謂語動詞的其他考點1.接不定式或動名詞做賓語都可以,但在意思上有區別的動詞的用法meantodo想要(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)proposedoing建議(做某事)forgettodo忘掉(要做的事)remembertodo記得(要做某事)forgetdoing忘掉(已做的事)rememberdoing記得(已做過的事)goontodo繼而(做另一件事)stoptodo停下來去做另一件事goondoing繼續(做本來的事)stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(對將要做的事)遺憾regretdoing(對已做過的事)后悔2.不定式的習慣用法句型:cannothelpbutdocannotbutdocannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如:Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.3.動名詞的習慣用法句型:bebusy/activedoingsth.havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非謂語動詞的用法(1)做賓語時取決于謂語動詞的連續規定。如:Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect規定接不定式做賓語)(2)做目的狀語或限度狀語時用fortheretobe,做其他狀語用therebeing。如:Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.?(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做限度狀語)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做因素狀語)(3)引導主語用fortheretobe。如:Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語,用therebeing。如:Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虛擬語氣1.主從句謂語動詞的時態(1)掌握主從句謂語動詞的規范搭配: 主句?從句與現在事實相反?would/情態動詞過去式+do?were(不分人稱)/did與過去事實相反 would/情態動詞過去式+havedone haddone與將來事實相反 would/情態動詞過去式+do shoulddo/weretodo如:Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)區分主從句表達的不同時間概念:主從句謂語動詞所指時間不同,這叫做錯綜時間條件句,動詞形式應根據實際情況來調整。如:Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與現在事實相反,從句與過去事實相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句與現在事實相反,從句與過去事實相反)(3)辨認事實和假設混合句:Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime. (句子前半部分為假設情況,而“父母病了”是事實)Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分為假設,后半部分是事實)2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動詞需用(should+)動詞原形表達虛擬??忌鷳煜ぃ?1)下列動詞做謂語時,that賓語從句中的動詞用虛擬形式:desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如:Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補語時,that主語從句中動詞用虛擬形式:advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如:Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時,從句中動詞用虛擬形式:insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如:JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設條件不通過if從句表達,而是暗含在其他結構中??忌鷳煜ぃ?1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse;副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表達轉折假設。如:Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介詞短語暗含假設條件,常用的有:without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如:ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式完畢式或haended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如:Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態動詞完畢式暗示虛擬語氣。如:Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.4.常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完畢式表達虛擬的句型:wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose…hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing…Ifonly…Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動詞只用過去式)如:Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現在事實相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實相反)相稱于butfor。如:Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…謂語動詞視情況選用適當的形式。如:Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如:Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形,引導讓步虛擬從句,這種用法經常采用倒裝結構。如:Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.七、情態動詞注意情態動詞完畢式的用法有兩方面的含義:1.表達已經發生的情況(1)musthave+過去分詞,表達對已發生情況的肯定推測,譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如:MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”(2)can’t/couldn’thave+過去分詞,表達對已發生情況的否認推測,譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。如:Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表達對已發生的事情做不愿定、也許性很小的推測,或事實上主線沒發生,譯為“也許……”。如:AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiverplant,apotentiallyseriousleakageofradioactivewatermayhavebeenunknowinglycausedbyanelectrician.2.表達虛擬語氣(1)needn’thave+過去分詞,表達做了不必做的事,譯為“其實沒必要……”。如:Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+過去分詞,表達應當做某事但事實上未做,或本不應當做但事實上做了,譯為“本(不)應當……”。如:Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+過去分詞,表達動作按理該發生了,但事實上未發生,譯為“該……”,與should的完畢式含義類似。如:Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+過去分詞,表達過去本來可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以……”。如:Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞,表達過去可以做但實際未做,譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如:Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.3.幾個情態動詞??嫉木湫?1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨,最佳”,與hadbetter相近。如:Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好,怎么也但是分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如:Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto為usedto(do)的否認式。(4)should除了“應當”一層意思外,大綱還規定要掌握其“居然”的意思。如:Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級1.形容詞的句法功能形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語??忌鷳⒁猓?1)以“a”開頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語,可做表語或后置定語。(2)某些以副詞詞綴“-ly”結尾的詞是形容詞,如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞,注意用做系動詞時,規定形容詞做表語:remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。2.考比較級時,考生應把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞相應出現,即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結構。如:Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如:Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.(3)比較級的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather,尚有表達倍數比較的詞等,他們的位置是:修飾語+as…as…,或修飾語+more…than…。如:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting?”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表達比較概念:inferior,minor,senior,prior,preferto,superior,major,junior,preferable,differfrom,comparedwith,incomparisonwith,differentfrom,ratherthan。如:Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.3.最高級形式應注意的問題比較級形式表達最高級意義時,比較對象的范圍應用:anyother+單數名詞theother+復數名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來將比較級結構轉變成最高級意義的關鍵詞語,切不可漏掉,否則會導致邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說:Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。4.有關比較級的特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…與其說……不如說……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者同樣都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…兩者同樣都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas…so….正如……,……也……(用倒裝結構)Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行結構1.注意比較結構中相比較的內容在語法形式上是否相同。如:Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。(1)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞,但在結構上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如:Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)假如平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語,并且介詞相同,一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如:Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞1.與所指代的名詞在性、數、格上是否一致如:Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.2.that的指代作用that指代不可數名詞和單數可數名詞(如是復數,用those),后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現在比較結構中的thatof。如:Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代不確指的單數可數名詞,復數為ones。theone指代確指的單數可數名詞。如:Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.十一、主謂一致問題1.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結構修飾,所以距離較遠,考生易誤認主語。如:Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.2.關系代詞做主語的定語從句中,謂語的數要與先行詞一致。如:Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.3.動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語,謂語用單數。如:Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.4.主語帶有(together/along)with,suchas,aswellas,accompaniedby,including,ratherthan等附加成分,謂語的數不受附加成分的影響。如:Thepresidentofthecollege,togetherwiththedeans,isplanningaconferenceforthepurposeoflayingdowncertainregulations.5.表達時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時,謂語用單數。6.某些固定結構中謂語的數:agreatmany+可數名詞復數,謂語用復數manya+可數名詞單數,謂語用單數anumberof+可數名詞復數,謂語用復數thenumberof+可數名詞復數,謂語用單數themajorityof+可數名詞復數,謂語用復數each/every+可數名詞單數,謂語用單數neither/eitherof+可數名詞復數,謂語用單數morethanone+可數名詞單數,謂語用單數oneandahalf+可數名詞復數,謂語用單數thegreaterpartof/alargeproportionof/50%of/onethirdof/plentyof/therestof謂語的數與of后面的名詞一致十二、倒裝結構1.下列否認詞及具有否認意義的詞組修飾狀語時,若置于句首,句子的主謂要部分倒裝never,no,neither,notonly,hardly,scarcely,little,seldom,rarely,notuntil,nowhere,atnotime,onnoaccount,innorespect,innosense,bynomeans,innoway,nolonger,noless,nomore,nosoonerthan,undernocircumstances,invain,stillless。如:Notonlyisitsdirectattackontheirdiscipline,itbypassestheessenceofwhatsociologistsfocuson.Undernocircumstancesshouldwedoanythingthatwillbenefitourselvesbutharmtheinterestsofthestate.2.以only修飾狀語開頭的句子,句子的主謂要部分倒裝Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdatacanyoucometoasoundconclusion.3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子,句子的主謂要部分倒裝often,so,well,tosuchadegree,tosuchanextent,tosuchextremes,tosuchapoint,manyatime。如:Soinvolvedwiththeircomputersdothechildrenbecomethatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.4.以下列副詞開頭的句子,句子的主謂要所有倒裝(1)出于修辭需要,表達方向的副詞:out,down,in,up,away,on。如:Downjumpedtheburglarfromthetenthfloorwhenheheardsomeoneshoutedathim.(2)出于習慣用法:here,there,now,thus,hence,then。如:Nowisyourturn.Theregoesthebell.5.讓步從句的倒裝(1)as引導讓步狀語從句,必須采用倒裝結構,但不是主謂倒裝,而是將被強調的內容置于句首。如:MuchasIhavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequalher,inthoroughness,whateverthejob.(2)出現在句型be+主語+其他,comewhatmay中。如:Ourcivilizationhasaccumulatedanincredibleamountofknowledge—beitscientificorartistic.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.Comewhatmay,I’llbeonyourside.6.比較從句的倒裝as,than引導的比較從句中,假如主語是名詞短語且較長,經常采用倒裝結構(不倒裝也可以)。注意:這種結構主語一般為名詞,假如是代詞則不倒裝。如:Hydrogenburnsmuchmorecleanlythandootherfuelsandiseasytoproduce.Readingistothemindasisexercisetothebody.十三、復合句——形容詞性(定語)從句1.特別要注意whose的用法whose在從句中做定語,修飾名詞。所以,假如關系代詞后面緊接的是名詞,且關系代詞又不在從句中做主語或賓語,那么,這個關系代詞就應當是whose。如:2.介詞+which的用法假如從句中主賓成分齊全,考生便可考慮關系代詞是否在從句中做狀語,而狀語通常用介詞短語充當,于是可以得知,關系代詞前面應有介詞,再分析所給的選項,根據與名詞的搭配作出對的選擇。如:Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.3.as與which用作關系代詞的區別(1)as與thesame,such,so,as等關聯使用。如:Astheforestgoes,sogoesitsanimallife.(2)as和which都可以引導非限定性定語從句,但as在句中的位置比較靈活,可出現在句首、句中、句末,而which只能出現在句末,特別是當先行詞是整個句子時。如:Asistrueinallinstitutions,juriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Asisgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.常見的這類結構有:ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenmentionedabove,ascanbeimagined,asisknowntoall,ashasbeenannounced,ascanbeseenfromthesefigures,asmight/couldbeexpected,asisoftenthecase,ashasbeenpointedout,asoftenhappens,aswillbeshown等。4.關系代詞that與which用于引導定語從句的區別(1)假如關系代詞在從句中做賓語,用that,which都可以,并且可以省略;(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything,nothing,little,all,everything時,關系代詞用that;(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾或由next,last,only,very修飾時,用that;(4)非限定性定語從句只能用which引導;(5)關系代詞前面假如有介詞,只能用which。5.but做關系代詞,用于否認句,相稱于who…not,that…not這個結構的特點是主句中常有否認詞或具有否認意義的詞。如:Therearefewteachersbutknowhowtouseacomputer.Thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedbyacomputer.十四、復合句——名詞性從句一個句子起名詞的作用,在句中做主語、賓語/介詞賓語、表語、同位語,那么這個句子就是名詞性從句。1.what/whatever的用法考生應把握:what是關系代詞,它起著引導從句并在從句中擔當一個成分這兩個作用。如:Theylosttheirwayintheforest,andwhatmademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.(what既引導主語從句又在從句中做主語)Waterwillcontinuetobewhatitistoday—nextinimportancetooxygen.(what既引導表語從句又在從句中做表語)2.whoever和whomever的區別whoever和whomever相稱于anyonewho,用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語還是做賓語。如:Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatstowhoevercomesfirst. ??(whoever在從句中做主語)3.有關同位語從句的問題(1)引導詞通常為that,但有時因名詞內容的需要,也可由whether及連接副詞why,when,where,how引導。that不表達任何意義,其他詞表達時間、地點、因素等。如:Theproblem,whereIwillhavemycollegeeducation,athomeorabroad,remainsuntouched.(2)同位語從句有時與先行詞隔開,注意辨認。如:Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6monthsold.4.whether與if在引導名詞性從句時的區別(1)主語從句只能用whether引導;(2)whether一般多用于賓語從句的肯定式,而if引導的從句可以有否認式;(3)whetherornot可以連在一起用,而ifornot則不能,ornot只能放在句末;(4)whether可以引導介詞賓語從句,if則不能;(5)賓語從句提至謂語前面時,只能用whether引導;(6)在question,ask后面一般只用whether,question的同位語從句也用whether引導;(7)后接不定式時,只能用whether。5.動詞believe,expect,fancy,imagine,suppose,think后的賓語從句如為否認式,一般將否認詞轉移到主句謂語上。十五、復合句——副詞性(狀語)從句副詞在句中起狀語作用,故假如起狀語作用的部分為一個句子,那么該句便是副詞性從句,也稱狀語從句。狀語從句可細分為:時間、地點、條件、因素、讓步、目的、結果、比較、方式等。狀語從句的測試重點為:考察考生對主從句之間邏輯意義關系的把握,看其是否能選擇對的的從屬連詞。1.條件狀語從句的??贾R點(1)if與unless的用法。if和unless都是引導條件狀語從句的連詞,考生應特別注意unless的用法,由于它表達反面條件,相稱于ifnot“假如不”、“除非”。如:Indebating,onemustcorrecttheopponent’sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythatwhathepresentsasproof,ifrelevant,issufficient.(2)復合連詞aslongas,solongas,asfaras,onconditionthat,intheeventthat;動詞及分詞provided(that),providing(that),giventhat,suppose/supposing(that),assuming,say等引導條件狀語從句。如:YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeetingprovidedyoudon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.Assumingheisdiligentinhisstudiesatordinarytimes,heissuretopassthetest.Intheeventthatshehasnotbeeninformed,Iwilltellher.(假如……)Youcangoswimmingonconditionthatyoudon’tgotoofarfromtheriverbank.(假如……)Supposeitrained,wewouldstillgo.(假如……)Sayitweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit?(假如……)(3)祈使句表達條件。如:Dresswarmly,orelseyou’llcatchcold.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,andyou’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.2.讓步狀語從句的??贾R點(1)as引導讓步從句,規定用倒裝結構,把強調的部分置于句首。如:Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.Humbleasitmaybe,thereisnoplacelikehome.(2)while引導讓步從句。如:Everybodycheatsalittle,somepsychologistssay,whileothersinsistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyhonestandsomewouldn’tcheatunderanycircumstances.(3)復合連接詞forallthat和分詞granting/granted(that)引導讓步從句。如:Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.Forallthatcomputerscanprovideuswithgreathelp,theyshouldn’tbeseenassubstitutesforfundamentalthinkingandreasoningskills.3.時

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