不同人群食品的營養要求孕婦的營養要求乳母的營養要求兒童食品的營養要求老年食品的營養要求特殊人群的營養要求Decisions:MakingChoicesWeCanLiveWith

ThefactisthatAmericanshavechoices—lotsofchoices.Ahealthylifestyleisnotdefinedsolelybythefoodon—ornoton—one’splate.Mealswithfriendsandfamily,enjoyingtraditionalfoods,samplingthecuisinesofothercultures,andincorporatingphysicalactivityintoaregularroutineareallpartofahealthfulwayoflife.DietaryGuidelinesforAmericans

AdequateNutrientsWithinCalorieNeedsWeightManagementPhysicalActivityFoodGroupstoEncourageFatsCarbohydratesSodiumandPotassiumAlcoholicBeveragesFoodSafetyNutritionLabelingandTheFoodGuidePyramid:ReflectingtheDietaryGuidelines

It’sAllAboutYou:RelatingtheDietaryGuidelinestoAmericanLife

BeRealistic:Makesmallchangesovertimeinwhatyoueatandthelevelofactivityyoudo.Afterall,smallstepsworkbetterthangiantleaps.BeAdventurous:Expandyourtastestoenjoyavarietyoffoods.BeFlexible:Goaheadandbalancewhatyoueatandthephysicalactivityyoudooverseveraldays.Noneedtoworryaboutjustonemealoroneday.BeSensible:Enjoyallfoods,justdon’toverdoit.BeActive:Walkthedog,don’tjustwatchthedogwalk.“Feelbettertoday.Stayhealthyfortomorrow.”Makesmartchoicesfromeveryfoodgroup.Findyourbalancebetweenfoodandphysicalactivity.Getthemostnutritionoutofyourcalories.AdultNutritionalFacts:Adults Metabolismslowsdown;generallytotalfoodintakeneedstobereduced. Exerciseisanimportantcomponenttobalancingfoodintakeandoutput. Sedentarylifestylecreatesagreaterneedfordailyexercise.仔細查看產品標簽（產品名稱、配料表、凈含量、廠名、廠址、生產日期、保質期、產品標準號）“乳”和“乳飲料”“果汁”和“果汁飲料”“巧克力”和“代可可脂”學會閱讀食品標簽山寨食品代可可脂：反式脂肪酸的一種，1.引起人體膽固醇升高2.對胎兒體重和II型糖尿病具有潛在影響3.老年癡呆癥的誘因之一2006年，國家規定：凡是代可可脂含量>5%的不能稱為“巧克力”，標簽上也須注明可可脂代可可脂食品標簽上規定：1.4+1的標注2.相應的營養素參考百分比營養參考素價值（NRV%）：某種食品提供每日某營養素或能量總需量的百分比營養標簽看上去很營養1.品名：鮮橙多（橙汁飲料）2.配料：水、白砂糖、橙濃縮汁、食品添加劑（維生素C,D-異抗壞血酸鈉）3.果汁含量：≥10%4.糖：4%5.能量：2%6.維生素C：25%食品標簽各種標識轉基因標識輻照食品標識孕婦的營養和膳食1.孕婦營養對母嬰健康的影響2.孕婦的營養生理特點3.孕婦營養需要4.孕婦的合理膳食孕婦營養對母嬰健康的影響1.孕婦營養與自身健康：孕婦攝取的熱能和各種營養素不但要維持自身需要且供給胎兒生長發育；嬰兒體格2.孕婦營養與胎兒健康胎兒、新生兒死亡率嬰兒智力孕婦的營養生理特點

消化功能改變腎臟負擔加重營養素吸收功能變化熱能代謝增強血容量增加水貯留量增加孕婦營養需要熱能增加：1.體重增加；2.基礎代謝率高；3.胎兒生長；4.母體胎盤及組織增加；5.貯備蛋白質、脂肪；蛋白質增加：1.貯留蛋白質2.子宮、胎盤、乳房發育；3.早期胎兒的必需氨基酸由母體供給；應保證氨基酸平衡，優質蛋白質占50%以上，蛋白質熱量占總熱量的15%攝食一定量的飽和和不飽和脂肪，攝入量適宜占總熱量的25~30%碳水化合物充足，占55~60%妊娠中最重要的礦物質為鈣磷、鐵、鋅和碘維生素：1.脂溶性維生素：VA需要量增加，VD和VE的需要量增加；2.孕婦新陳代謝旺盛，對VB1VB2和煙酸的需要量增加；葉酸、VB12與紅細胞成熟有關，需要量增加；VC需要量增加。孕婦的合理膳食妊娠早期：少食多餐，飲食少油膩，易消化，多提供碳水化合物高的谷類食物，多吃含鋅的食物，多吃水果蔬菜調節口味，促進消化；少量吃些乳、蛋、肉、禽；妊娠中期、后期：對熱能和營養素的需要量增加，應多攝取營養價值高的食品；（乳類食品、蛋類食品、畜禽肉和魚類、動物內臟、豆類食品、蔬菜水果等）乳母的營養和膳食熱能：蛋白質：脂類：礦物質：鈣、鐵、銅、鋅、碘維生素產褥期：對熱能和營養素需要量大，補充鈣劑、維生素強化食品或魚肝油；哺乳期：膳食與妊娠中期、后期相似，乳母需要量較孕婦多，應食品數量多。乳母的營養要求：熱能和各種營養素需要量增加兒童食品的營養要求1.營養特點：口腔；胃；腸；2.母乳喂養優點：含有嬰兒所需的各種營養素；含有抗體；有抗過敏作用；含脂肪酸比例適宜；含有豐富的維生素；蛋白質含量適宜、易消化；乳糖含量高于牛乳；有利于大腸中雙歧桿菌和乳酸菌的生長普通牛奶和母乳營養成分牛奶（100ml）母乳（100ml）蛋白質含量蛋白類型氨基酸脂肪成分微量元素含量維生素含量抗體乳糖3.50g以酪蛋白為主（78%）含硫氨基酸、酸性氨基酸較母乳高以飽和脂肪酸為主，缺乏亞油酸銅.鋅.鐵較母乳低VA.VD等較母乳少不含有低于母乳1.34g以白蛋白為主（60%）以不飽和脂肪酸為主，亞油酸為牛乳的7倍含有母乳中含量高嬰幼兒食品的營養要求母乳化奶粉強化嬰兒奶粉非乳類代乳食品

以谷類為基礎食品，強化蛋白質（包括奶蛋白和大豆蛋白，含量>15%），低糖低鹽、提高亞油酸，強化維生素和礦物質無乳糖奶、大豆乳、氨基酸牛乳、果糖牛乳、中鏈脂肪牛乳以牛奶為原料，向牛乳中添加及從牛乳中提取某些成分，使其質量和數量上接近母乳以牛奶為原料，加入一定量的大豆可溶物質，適量添加蔗糖、乳糖、某些微量元素和多種維生素，是嬰兒主食品嬰幼兒食品離乳食品療效食品兒童、青少年營養處于生長發育的關鍵時期，合理營養是保證正常生長發育的重要物質基礎；熱能和營養素攝取量應充足，比例適宜，食品多樣化，各種營養缺乏病降到最低；兒童、青少年營養要求1.一日三餐食品：早餐占30%，中餐占40%，晚餐占30%；2.課間加餐制：3.學校午餐制：4.強化食品：5.提高視力營養素：維生素A、B1、B2和鈣、鋅、硒；6.智力營養素：蛋白質、碳水化合物、亞油酸和磷脂、鈣、維生素B1、B2、煙酸；動物內臟、水產魚類、大豆、蛋類、核桃和芝麻、黃花菜等PreschoolChildrenSweetsshouldbelimitedinapreschoolchild’sdiet;nutrient-richfoodscanbeusedtosatisfyhunger.Aftertheageofone,achild’sgrowthrateslowsandwithit,theappetite;Childrendeveloptastesforcertainfoodsatanearlyage.Theeatinghabitsandattitudeschildrenlearnarelikelytolastalifetime.Itisimportanttostarthealthyeatinghabitsearly.SomesuggestionstohelpencourageyoungchildrentoeatavarietyoffoodsInviteafriendtoeat;you’llbeamazedhowmuchtheyeatwhentheirfriendsareeating.Whenintroducinganewfood,refertoitasagrown-upfood.Serveittothechildonlyifheorsherequestsitafterseeinghowmuchyouenjoyit.Serveyoungchildren’smealsontheirownsmall-sizeddishes.Givethemtinyservings,sotheycanhavesatisfactionofeatingeverythingontheplate.SomesuggestionstohelpencourageyoungchildrentoeatavarietyoffoodsServefingerfoodsoften.Childrenliketochoosefromavarietyoffoods,asinabuffet.Childrenwillusuallyeatthefoodstheyhavehelpedprepare.Varymealsituations-picnicinfrontofthefireplace,park,etc.Childrenusuallypreferrawvegetablestocooked.Avoidmakingdessertarewardforvegetableeating.Relaxandletmealtimebeatimeforeveryonetoenjoy.Usesnackstoimprovefoodhabits.

IronTeenfemalesneed15mg/dayTeenmalesneed12mg/dayGoodsources:meat,poultry,fish,cereal,beans,greenleafygreenvegetable.Absorptionhelp:VitaminCSources:FruitsAbsorptionBlockers:Coffee/tea,wholegrains,spinachandahighfiberdietNutrient-DenseFoodsNutrientdenseisahigher%ofNutrientsthan%ofCaloriesNutrientdense %ofNutrient vs.%ofcaloriesWhenitcomestoeating,don’tbeclueless.Hangwiththenutrient-densefoodsheavyonvitamins,minerals,andothernutrients.ExerciseMythsTrueorFalseThemoreyousweat,themorecaloriesyouburn.Walkingamileburnsthesameamountofcaloriesasrunningamile.Thebesttimetoexerciseisintheevening.Wateristhebestfluidreplacementtodrinkduringandafterexercise.Regularactivitydoesnothavethehealthbenefitsthatvigorousexerciseoffers.1.×Sweat(perspiration)hasnorelationtohowmanycaloriesyouburnorpermanentweightloss.Sweatismerelyyourbody’smechanismforreleasingheat.Therefore,neverweararubbersuitorheavyclothestopromoteweightloss,itcanbeverydangerous.2.√Becauseittakeslongertowalkamilethanrun,youexpendaboutthesameamountofcalories.3.×Thereisnosingle“besttime”toexercise.Thebesttimetoexerciseisthetimemostconvenientforyou.Regardlessofwhattimeadayyouexerciseyouwillgainbenefits.(Realizethatexercisingbeforebedactsasastimulantandexercisingrightafteramealmaybeuncomfortable.4.√Wateristhebestfluidreplacement.Sportdrinks(Gatorade,etc.)willnotgreatlyaffectyourperformanceunlessyouareexercisingformorethan2hourscontinuously.5.×Unlessyouaretrainingforaspecificevent,regularactivitywillimprovecardiovascularfitness.Dailyactivitiesmightincludesuchthingsasstretchbreaks,parkingfurtheraway,takingthestairs,goingforawalk,agameoftennis,yardwork,chasingkids,etc.Morevigorousexerciseisgood,butsoisdailyactivity.Expertsnowrecommendthateveryoneaccumulate30+minutesofactivity