國際貿易實務與操作

InternationalTradePracticeandOperation1Chapter12IntellectualPropertyRightsTeachingObjectives1.Introducetheconceptofintellectualpropertyrights.2.Outlinetypesofintellectualpropertyrights.3.Explainlawsandregulationsgoverningtheprotectionoftheserights.4.DiscussthefunctionsofTRIPSunderWTO.2Section1IntellectualPropertyRights1.IntellectualPropertyRights(IPR)andtheSocialPurposeofProtectionReasonstoprotectintellectualproperty:-togivestatutoryexpressiontothemoralandeconomicrightsofcreatorsandtotherightsofthepublicinaccessingthosecreations.-topromotecreativityandthedisseminationandapplicationofitsresults,andtoencouragefairtradeLegalFrameworkstoProtectIPR:(1)TheConventionEstablishingtheWorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(1967).Itgivesalistofeightsubjectmattersprotectedbyintellectualpropertyrights.(2)ParisConventionfortheProtectionofIndustrialPropertyin1883andtheBerneConventionfortheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorksin1886.BothtreatiesareadministeredbytheWIPO.3Section1IntellectualPropertyRights(3)Themostdirectsource:nationallaws.(4)Multilateralagreements:theBerneConventionandtheAgreementontheTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(5)Othersources:regionalagreementandbilateralandplurilateralagreementsamongcountrieswhichcontainprovisionsonintellectualproperty(suchastheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement).2.DifferentFormsofIntellectualPropertyRightsTwocategories:

(1)

IndustrialProperty,(2)CopyrightandRelatedRights.4Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsIndustrialPropertyPatentsforinventionsTrademarksIndustrialdesignsGeographicalindicationsCopyrightandRelatedRights

LiteraryworksArtisticworksArchitecturaldesignsPerformingartists

Producersofphonograms

Broadcastersintheirradioandtelevisionprograms5Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsPatentApatentisanexclusiverightgrantedforaninvention,whichisaproductoraprocessthatprovidesanewwayofdoingsomething,oroffersanewtechnicalsolutiontoaproblem.Lengthofprotection:foralimitedperiod,generally20years.Conditionstobeprotected:(1)ofpracticaluse;(2)showanelementofnovelty(3)showaninventivestep(4)Itssubjectmattermustbeacceptedas“patentable”underlaw.Thefilingofapatentapplication:(1)thetitleoftheinvention,(2)anindicationofitstechnicalfield;(3)thebackgroundandadescriptionoftheinvention,(4)various“claims”.6Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsCase12-1(Scheiberv.DolbyLaboratories,Inc.):Facts:

ScheiberlicensedtoDolbyhispatentwhichexpiredin1993intheUSbutlastedto1995inCanada.DolbyagreedtopayroyaltiesonallpatentsatalowerrateuntilthelastCanadianpatentexpiredin1995.OncetheUSpatentsexpired,Dolbyrefusedtopaymoreroyalties.Question:ShouldDolbycontinuetopayloyaltywhentheU.S.patentexpiredin1993?7Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsTrademarkAtrademarkisadistinctivesign,whichidentifiescertaingoodsorservicesasthoseproducedorprovidedbyaspecificpersonorenterprise.TypesofTrademarks:(1)oneoracombinationofwords,letters,andnumerals.(2)drawings,symbols,three-dimensionalsignssuchastheshapeandpackagingofgoods,(3)audiblesignssuchasmusicorvocalsounds,(4)fragrances,or(5)colorsusedasdistinguishingfeatures.Othercategoriesofmarks:(6)Collectivemarks:ownedbyanassociationwhosemembersusethemtoidentifythemselveswithalevelofqualityandotherrequirementssetbytheassociation.(7)Certificationmarks:givenforcompliancewithdefinedstandards,e.g.“ISO9000”.qualitystandards.Registrationoftrademarks8Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsCase12-2(InternationalCosmeticsExchangev.Gapardis):

Facts:TheNewYork-basedICEagreedtobetheexclusivedistributorforaFrenchbrandofcosmeticstrademarked“Fair&White”forCLM,aFrenchcompany.Later,CLMstoppedsellingproductstoitandselectedGapardis,aMiamiCompanyasitsexclusivedistributor.ICEthenhadimitationproductsmadeandsoldas“Fair&White”.Question:DidCLM(Frenchcorperation)breachedthedistributionagreementwithICE(theU.S.distributor)?DidICEhavetherighttoobtaincounterfeitgoodstosellinstead?9Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsCase12-3(Gateway,Inc.v.CompanionProducts,Inc)Facts:Gateway,Inc.,whichsellscomputers,computerproducts,computerperipherals,andcomputeraccessoriesthroughouttheworld,registeredablack-and-whitecow-spotsdesigninassociationwithcomputersandcomputerperipheralsasitstrademarkin1992.CompanionProducts,Inc.(CPI),sellsstuffedanimalstrademarkedas“StretchPets.”OneofCPI’stop-sellingproductsisablack-and-whitecowthatCPIidentifiesas“CodyCow,”whichwasfirstsoldin1999.GatewayfiledasuitinafederaldistrictcourtagainstCPI,allegingtradedressinfringementandrelatedclaims.Questions:Whatis“tradedress”?Whatisthemajorfactorincasesinvolvingtradedressinfringement?Doesthatfactorexistinthiscase?10Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsIndustrialDesignAnindustrialdesignistheornamentaloraestheticaspectofanarticle.Thedesignmayconsistof:(1)three-dimensionalfeatures,suchastheshapeorsurfaceofanarticle,or(2)two-dimensionalfeatures,suchaspatterns,linesorcolor.Tobeprotected,anindustrialdesignmustbe:newororiginalandnonfunctional.Thetermofprotectionisgenerally5years,withthepossibilityoffurtherperiodsofrenewalupto,inmostcases,15years.GeographicalIndicationAgeographicalindicationisasignusedongoodsthathaveaspecificgeographicaloriginandpossessqualitiesorareputationthatareduetothatplaceoforigin.Mostcommonly,ageographicalindicationconsistsofthenameoftheplaceoforiginofthegoods.11Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsCopyrightandRelatedRightsCopyrightisthebodyoflawswhichgrantsauthors,artistsandothercreatorsprotectionfortheirliteraryandartisticcreations,whicharegenerallyreferredtoas“works”.Relatedrightsproviderightssimilaroridenticaltothoseofcopyright,althoughsometimesmorelimitedandofshorterduration.Therights-holdersofawork:

(1)holdtheexclusiverighttouseorauthorizeotherstousetheworkonagreedterms.(2)canprohibitorauthorize:itsreproduction,itspublicperformanceandcommunicationtothepublic,itsbroadcasting,itstranslation,itsadaptation.12Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsCase12-4(Scholastic,Inc.v.Stouffer):Facts:Stouffermadeanefforttopublishaseriesofchildren’sbooksin1986,however,sheendedupwithproducingonlyonestorybookletwhichtellsthestoryofcreaturescalled“Muggles”.Later,shesuedJ.K.Rowling,theauthoroftheHarryPotterseriesofbooks,forinfringementonhercopyrightandtrademarkofMuggles.Question:DidRowlinginfringeonStouffer’scopyrightandtrademarkofMuggles?13Section1IntellectualPropertyRightsCase12-5(WaltDisneyCo.v.BeijingPublishingPress):Facts:

BejingPublishingPress,BeijingChildren’sPublishingPress(Children’sPress),andtheBeijingDistributionOfficeofNewWorldBookstoreDistributionCentrepublishedanddistributedaseriesofbookscalled“CollectionofDisneyMoralTales”.AccordingtothelicenseagreementbetweenWaltDisneyCo.(Disney)andMaxwellCompanysignedin1987,MaxwellhadexclusiverightstopublishandsellwithinChinaChinese-languagepublicationsbasedonDisneyWorldcharacters,butMaxwellmaynotassignthegrantedlicensetothethirdparty.MaxwellassignedtheauthorizationfromDisneytoChildren’sPressin1991.ThenMaxworldCompany–ajointventurebetweenChildren’sPressandMaxwell–providedconfirmationbytheforeignpartyofthecopyrightcontractrelatingtotheDisneyCollection.Question:DidtheChineseentitiesinfringethecopyrightofDisney?14Section2TheAgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights1.BasicPrinciplesNon-discriminationfeaturesprominently:nationaltreatment-treatingone’sownnationalsandforeignersequally,andmost-favoured-nationtreatment(MFN)-equaltreatmentfornationalsofalltradingpartnersintheWTO.TheTRIPSAgreementhasanadditionalimportantprinciple:intellectualpropertyprotectionshouldcontributetotechnicalinnovationandthetransferoftechnology.2.IntellectualPropertyRightsunderTRIPSCopyrighttermsmustextendto50yearsafterthedeathoftheauthor,althoughfilmsandphotographsareonlyrequiredtohavefixed50andtobeatleast25yearterms,respectively.(Art.7(2),(4))Copyrightmustbegrantedautomatically,andnotbaseduponany“formality”,suchasregistrationsorsystemsofrenewal.Computerprogramsmustberegardedas“literaryworks”undercopyrightlawandreceivethesametermsofprotection.15Section2TheAgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsNationalexceptionstocopyright(suchas“fairuse“intheUnitedStates)areconstrainedbytheBernethree-steptestPatentsmustbegrantedinall“fieldsoftechnology,”althoughexceptionsforcertainpublicinterestsareallowed(Art.27.2and27.3(1))andmustbeenforceableforatleast20years(Art.33).Exceptionstotheexclusiverightsmustbelimited,providedthatanormalexploitationofthework(Art.13)andnormalexploitationofthepatent(Art.30)isnotinconflict.…….Governmentshavetherighttotakeac